Concentrated O/W Emulsion Stability of Non-Ionic Chitosan Oligomer Surfactants Modified by Epoxidized Fatty Chains at pH7: Influence of Emulsification Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis of Chitooligosaccharides (COS)
2.2. Functionalization of COS with C9 or C16 Epoxy Fatty Chains
2.3. Functionalization of COS with Epoxidized Cardanol
2.4. Calculation of the Grafting Efficiency
2.5. HLB Calculation
2.6. Zeta Potential
2.7. CMC and Surface Tension
2.8. Preparation of the Emulsions
2.9. Droplet Size
2.10. Rheological Behavior
2.11. Turbiscan
2.12. Microscopy Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization of COS-Based Surfactants
3.2. Optimization of Emulsification Protocol
3.2.1. Stirring Time
3.2.2. Stirring Speed
3.2.3. Surfactant Structure
3.3. Stability over 2 Months
3.3.1. Aggregation and Fusion of Droplets
3.3.2. Gravitational Separation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Surfactant | DS (%) | HLB | Zeta Potential at pH7 (mV) | CMC (g·L−1) | Surface Tension at 1 g·L−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DP10-C9 | 29.4 | 14.8 | +3.2 ± 1.56 | 0.204 | 28.6 |
DP10-C16 | 6.6 | 17.8 | +2.7 ± 1.37 | 0.756 | 51.8 |
DP10-card | 23 | 13.4 | +2.9 ± 1.46 | 0.411 | 39.5 |
DP20-C9 | 23.8 | 15.5 | +2.3 ± 1.67 | 0.602 | 42.2 |
DP20-C16 | 1.2 | 19.5 | +4.2 ± 2.17 | 0.782 | 52.9 |
DP20-card | 8.6 | 16.9 | +2.6 ± 1.62 | 0.706 | 43.1 |
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Berthalon, S.; Frugier, J.; Azema, N.; Negrell, C.; David, G. Concentrated O/W Emulsion Stability of Non-Ionic Chitosan Oligomer Surfactants Modified by Epoxidized Fatty Chains at pH7: Influence of Emulsification Conditions. Polysaccharides 2024, 5, 67-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides5020005
Berthalon S, Frugier J, Azema N, Negrell C, David G. Concentrated O/W Emulsion Stability of Non-Ionic Chitosan Oligomer Surfactants Modified by Epoxidized Fatty Chains at pH7: Influence of Emulsification Conditions. Polysaccharides. 2024; 5(2):67-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides5020005
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerthalon, Steve, Jérémy Frugier, Nathalie Azema, Claire Negrell, and Ghislain David. 2024. "Concentrated O/W Emulsion Stability of Non-Ionic Chitosan Oligomer Surfactants Modified by Epoxidized Fatty Chains at pH7: Influence of Emulsification Conditions" Polysaccharides 5, no. 2: 67-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides5020005