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Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 December 2024 | Viewed by 11771

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Tunnels and underground projects are an effective and direct way to expand land use space, reduce population congestion, ease traffic, and improve urban ecological environment. The vigorous development of underground space has become an inevitable trend of urban development. Currently, tunnels and underground projects have presented characteristics such as micro-deformation, small spacing, large cross-section, large burial depth, high precision, long distance, ultra-large scale, etc. Constructions are often influenced by the geotechnical engineering problems of hydrology and groundwater, underground geotechnical stability, and urban area safety, which seriously restrict the development and utilization of urban underground space, and even lay serious safety hazards for the construction of tunnels and underground projects. In particular, the high-stress surrounding rock of deeply buried tunnels is highly susceptible to collapse, rock explosion, and sudden water and mud, which not only seriously endangers the lives of people and equipment but also interferes with the construction schedule. Therefore, further research is needed from various related aspects, such as tunnel and underground engineering mechanics models, rock deformation process simulation, surrounding rock monitoring and support, etc.

In recent years, various research methods from theoretical, experimental, and numerical perspectives have been proposed to solve the three major technical problems of "water, soft rock and unpredictable deformation", effectively promoting the research progress in the field of tunneling and underground engineering. However, there are still large gaps in tunneling and underground engineering research due to the complex stress field‒temperature, field‒seepage, and field‒chemical field coupling relationships in the rock mass of tunnels and underground engineering.

The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together papers on different topics related to risk assessment, disaster prediction, advance warning, destabilization control, and post-disaster reconstruction in tunneling and underground engineering, such as three-dimensional similar model tests, multi-field coupled mechanics analytical models, and their engineering applications. Submissions relating to theory, experiments, techniques, numerical methods, and engineering projects are all welcomed, including both original research and review articles.

Prof. Dr. Hang Lin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • excavation unloading
  • hydraulic coupling
  • thermodynamic coupling
  • lining supports
  • rheological behavior
  • constitutive models
  • numerical techniques
  • reinforcement and monitoring techniques

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4152 KiB  
Article
Study on Frost Heave and Thaw Settlement Characteristics of Sanya Estuary Channel Soil Layer
by Xiuwen Wu, Jun Hu, Junxin Shi, Hui Xiang and Jiangtao Xia
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9761; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219761 - 25 Oct 2024
Viewed by 286
Abstract
In order to explore the frost heave and thaw settlement characteristics of soil layers in the Sanya Estuary Channel Project, the frost heave rate and thaw settlement coefficient of gravel sand, fine sand, silty clay, and clay are obtained. The most unfavorable soil [...] Read more.
In order to explore the frost heave and thaw settlement characteristics of soil layers in the Sanya Estuary Channel Project, the frost heave rate and thaw settlement coefficient of gravel sand, fine sand, silty clay, and clay are obtained. The most unfavorable soil layers are then compared and analyzed. The variation law of frost heave and thaw settlement performance of the most unfavorable soil layer under different water content is studied. The results are as follows: (1) The freezing stage of the passage through the typical soil layer is divided into four stages: frost shrinkage, rapid frost heave, slow frost heave, and frost heave stability. The melting stage is divided into three stages: slow thaw settlement, rapid thaw settlement, and thaw settlement stability. (2) The most unfavorable soil layer in the typical soil layer of the Sanya Estuary Channel Project is silty clay, with a frost heave rate and thaw settlement coefficient of 4.51% and 5.88% at −28 °C. (3) The frost heave and thaw settlement performance of the most unfavorable soil layer is linearly related to water content. The larger the water content, the greater the frost heave rate and thaw settlement coefficient, and the more prone to damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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14 pages, 1722 KiB  
Article
Research on an Equivalent Algorithm for Predicting Gas Content in Deep Coal Seams
by Hongbao Chai, Jianguo Wu, Lei Zhang, Yanlin Zhao and Kangxu Cai
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9601; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209601 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 466
Abstract
This document introduces a novel equivalent algorithm for forecasting gas content within deep coal seams, which is subject to constraints stemming from the advancements and precision achieved in well and roadway engineering endeavors. This algorithm meticulously acknowledges that coal seam gas content comprises [...] Read more.
This document introduces a novel equivalent algorithm for forecasting gas content within deep coal seams, which is subject to constraints stemming from the advancements and precision achieved in well and roadway engineering endeavors. This algorithm meticulously acknowledges that coal seam gas content comprises three fundamental components: the inherent gas emission rate of the equivalent stratum, the residual gas content retained within the coal seam itself, and the influence imparted by the gas content within the coal seam. Furthermore, the approach thoroughly considers variations in the level of porosity development within the coal seam and its surrounding rock formations, as well as the occurrence of gas within these structures. The equivalent layer is classified into two distinct groups: the sandstone zone and the clay zone. The sandstone zone utilizes pertinent parameters pertaining to fine sandstone, whereas the clay zone distinguishes between clay rock and thick mudstone. The influencing factor considerations solely encompass natural elements, such as the coal seam’s occurrence and geological structure. The residual gas content employs either existing measured parameters or acknowledged experimental parameters specific to the coal seam. Based on this predictive approach, an intelligent auxiliary software (V1.0) for mine gas forecasting was devised. The software calculates the gas content of deep coal seams within the mine at intervals of 100 m × 100 m, subsequently fitting the contour lines of gas content across the entire area. The gas content predictions derived from this equivalent algorithm demonstrate robust adaptability to variations in gas content caused by construction activities, and the prediction results exhibit an acceptable level of error on-site. Notably, the prediction process is not constrained by the progress of tunnel engineering, ensuring that the prediction outcomes can accurately represent the distribution characteristics of deep coal seam gas content. After a year of application, the prediction results have consistently met on-site requirements, providing a scientific foundation for the implementation of effective gas prevention and control measures in the mining area. Furthermore, this approach can effectively guide the formulation of medium- and long-term gas prevention and control plans for mines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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20 pages, 4146 KiB  
Article
A Simulation Study of FRP-PCM Reinforcement for Tunnel Linings with Void Defects
by Qiwei Lin, Yujing Jiang, Jing Wang and Satoshi Sugimoto
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9440; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209440 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 418
Abstract
Voids behind tunnel linings can be formed either during or after the construction phase, occurring due to inadequate backfilling, substandard workmanship, water erosion, or gravitational forces. Investigations into numerous tunnels in which collapses occurred while in operation have indicated that voids behind the [...] Read more.
Voids behind tunnel linings can be formed either during or after the construction phase, occurring due to inadequate backfilling, substandard workmanship, water erosion, or gravitational forces. Investigations into numerous tunnels in which collapses occurred while in operation have indicated that voids behind the liner constitute the primary contributors to these failures. Consequently, it is imperative to devise lining reinforcement strategies tailored to the specific conditions encountered in the field. Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) represents a viable alternative construction material that has been widely utilized in the reinforcement of concrete structures. It is essential to quantitatively assess the reinforcing effect of FRP grids when they are employed in the restoration of deteriorated tunnel linings, thereby facilitating the development of effective maintenance designs. In this study, we aimed to enhance the sensitivity analysis of the reinforcement method by evaluating the impact of voids through the analysis of bending moments and axial forces within the tunnel lining. The effects of voids based on the different locations in which they occur were explored numerically through an Elastoplast finite element analysis. The study involved simulating tunnel linings that had been reinforced with FRP grids and assessing the effects of such reinforcement in tunnels afflicted with various structural problems. Based on the outcomes of these simulations, the internal forces within the lining are scrutinized, and the efficacy of the reinforcement is appraised. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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16 pages, 3338 KiB  
Article
Study of Damage Mechanism and Evolution Model of Concrete under Freeze–Thaw Cycles
by Ning Zhao and Shuailong Lian
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7693; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177693 - 30 Aug 2024
Viewed by 616
Abstract
Researching the mechanical characteristics of concrete subjected to the freeze–thaw cycle is crucial for building engineering in cold climates. As a result, uniaxial compression tests were performed on concrete samples exposed to various freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles, and the measurements of the pore size [...] Read more.
Researching the mechanical characteristics of concrete subjected to the freeze–thaw cycle is crucial for building engineering in cold climates. As a result, uniaxial compression tests were performed on concrete samples exposed to various freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles, and the measurements of the pore size distribution, porosity, and P-wave velocity of the saturated concrete samples were obtained, both before and after being exposed to the F–T cycles. Concrete’s F–T damage mechanism and damage evolution model were thoroughly examined. Using rock structure and moisture analysis test equipment to observe the T2 spectrum, the results showed that the F–T cycles can cause the internal structure of the samples to deteriorate. Porosity and F–T cycles have a positive correlation, although P-wave velocity has a negative correlation with the F–T cycles. As the F–T cycles increased, the specimens’ peak strength and elastic modulus steadily declined, while the peak strain clearly exhibited an increasing trend. A microscopic F–T damage model that takes into account the pore size distribution was developed, based on the relative changes in the pore structure distribution (PSD), before and after the F–T cycles. The concrete sample damage evolution law under various F–T cycles was examined using the following metrics: total energy, pore size distribution, static and dynamic elastic moduli, porosity, and P-wave velocity. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and peak strain tests were used to evaluate the accuracy of the pore size distribution damage model, as well as that of five other widely used damage models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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17 pages, 10351 KiB  
Article
A Recognition and Classification Method for Underground Acoustic Emission Signals Based on Improved CELMD and Swin Transformer Neural Networks
by Xuebin Xie and Yunpeng Yang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4188; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104188 - 15 May 2024
Viewed by 691
Abstract
To address the challenges in processing and identifying mine acoustic emission signals, as well as the inefficiency and inaccuracy issues prevalent in existing methods, an enhanced CELMD approach is adopted for preprocessing the acoustic emission signals. This method leverages correlation coefficient filtering to [...] Read more.
To address the challenges in processing and identifying mine acoustic emission signals, as well as the inefficiency and inaccuracy issues prevalent in existing methods, an enhanced CELMD approach is adopted for preprocessing the acoustic emission signals. This method leverages correlation coefficient filtering to extract the primary components, followed by classification and recognition using the Swin Transformer neural network. The results demonstrate that the improved CELMD method effectively extracts the main features of the acoustic emission signals with higher decomposition accuracy and reduced occurrences of mode mixing and end effects. Furthermore, the Swin Transformer neural network exhibits outstanding performance in classifying acoustic emission signals, surpassing both convolutional neural networks and ViT neural networks in terms of accuracy and convergence speed. Moreover, utilizing preprocessed data from the improved CELMD enhances the performance of the Swin Transformer neural network. With an increase in data volume, the accuracy, stability, and convergence speed of the Swin Transformer neural network continuously improve, and using preprocessed data from the enhanced CELMD yields superior training results compared to those obtained without preprocessing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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20 pages, 6579 KiB  
Article
The Bolt Anchorage Performance of Fractured Rock under a Freeze–Thaw Cycle Load
by Fengyan Han and Yu Chen
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4152; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104152 - 14 May 2024
Viewed by 711
Abstract
In circumstances influenced by freeze–thaw cycles, the strength of rock diminishes, necessitating an in-depth investigation into its corresponding anchoring support schemes. This study conducted experiments on rocks with and without fractures at angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° subjected to freeze–thaw cycles of [...] Read more.
In circumstances influenced by freeze–thaw cycles, the strength of rock diminishes, necessitating an in-depth investigation into its corresponding anchoring support schemes. This study conducted experiments on rocks with and without fractures at angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° subjected to freeze–thaw cycles of 0, 10, 20, and 30 iterations. It explored the effects of fracture inclination, anchoring conditions, and freeze–thaw cycles on the mechanical properties of rock. The primary findings from the experiments are as follows: (1) fracture inclination significantly impacts rock strength, with the most pronounced deterioration observed in samples with a 45° fracture, exhibiting strengths and elastic moduli at 28.4% and 73.4%, respectively, of those of fracture-free samples; (2) anchoring effectively controls deformation but concurrently induces stress concentrations, resulting in Y-shaped crack formation around the anchoring rod; (3) the degree of strength reduction due to freeze–thaw cycles is angle-dependent, with fracture-free and 90° fracture samples exhibiting diminished strength post freezing, while the 45° fracture samples’ strength remains largely unchanged. Additionally, this study employed a numerical model, coupling a discrete element method (DEM) with a finite difference method (FDM), to simulate experimental conditions, yielding conclusions consistent with experimental outcomes, and notably revealing a prevalence of tensile cracks over shear cracks within samples under uniaxial compression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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23 pages, 19304 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation Study on Deformation Mechanism of Tunnel–Landslide Orthogonal Systems and Early Warnings of Imminent Sliding
by Meng Mi, Zhigang Tao, Shihui Pang, Keyuan Liu and Ke Qin
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2790; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072790 - 27 Mar 2024
Viewed by 650
Abstract
This paper takes a tunnel through a landslide in Northwest China as an example, constructs a mechanical model of a tunnel–landslide orthogonal system, and explores the deformation mechanism of a tunnel–landslide system and the technology of early warnings of near-slips. Given the problem [...] Read more.
This paper takes a tunnel through a landslide in Northwest China as an example, constructs a mechanical model of a tunnel–landslide orthogonal system, and explores the deformation mechanism of a tunnel–landslide system and the technology of early warnings of near-slips. Given the problem that it is difficult to accurately monitor the deformation and damage characteristics of the tunnel–landslide system using conventional methods, FLAC3D was used to analyze the deformation mechanism of the tunnel–landslide orthogonal system and numerical simulation of the NPR constant resistance large deformation anchors for the early warning of near-slips. Based on the strength reduction method, by reducing the mechanical parameters of the shear strength of the slip zone and simulating different degrees of landslides, we obtained the change rules of the displacement and the axial force of the NPR constant-resistance large deformation anchor cable in the tunnel–landslide orthogonal system, established the warning mode of the Newtonian force tunnel–landslide orthogonal system, and successfully issued a near-slip warning in actual engineering applications. The above research is of great significance to the stability monitoring and risk assessment of tunnel–landslide systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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20 pages, 6928 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Effects of Hob Temperature on the Rock-Breaking Characteristics of Sandstone Strata
by Yun-Gui Pan, You-Liang Chen, Xi Du, Hui-Dong Tong, Fei-Yu Tang, Xiao-Jian Wu, Su-Ran Wang, Shao-Ming Liao and Bin Peng
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2258; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062258 - 7 Mar 2024
Viewed by 743
Abstract
To explore the effect of hob temperature on the rock-breaking characteristics of full-section tunnel boring machines (TBMs) in sandstone strata, high-temperature furnace heating experiments of sandstone and physical and mechanical experiments at room temperature and high temperatures were conducted to obtain the mechanical [...] Read more.
To explore the effect of hob temperature on the rock-breaking characteristics of full-section tunnel boring machines (TBMs) in sandstone strata, high-temperature furnace heating experiments of sandstone and physical and mechanical experiments at room temperature and high temperatures were conducted to obtain the mechanical properties of sandstone at different temperatures. The mechanical properties at different temperatures were calibrated using PFC3D to obtain micro-mechanical and thermodynamic parameters and establish a rock-breaking model. The orthogonal experiments were used to establish the simulation experiments of rock breaking under different temperatures, confining pressure conditions, knife tip distances, and penetration degrees. The results show that the hob tip force is gradually increasing with an increase in the confining pressure. When below 600 °C, there is little temperature transfer from particle to particle as the temperature increases. At this time, with the two sides of the rock slag flaking, the hob knife tip force is the first to reduce. After 600 °C, with the expansion of the rock extrusion hob, the temperature rises on both sides; at this time, the hob tip force also increased. The hob tip force is minimal at a tip distance of 70 mm and an S/P of 14. As the surrounding pressure increases, the rock-breaking efficiency of the hobber decreases. The highest rock-breaking efficiency is achieved at 25 °C and 600 °C. The rock-breaking efficiency is highest when the knife tip distance is designed to be 70 mm, and when the S/P is 14. The three-dimensional constitutive analysis of rock-breaking particles showed that the increment caused by the hob temperature is mainly distributed in the normal force direction in the surrounding rock without any confining pressure, and the increment caused by the hob temperature exposed to the confining pressure occurs in all directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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16 pages, 6372 KiB  
Article
Research on a Grading Evaluation System for Water Inflow in Three-Hole Parallel Subsea Tunnels Considering Inter-Tunnel Influence
by Zhiming Han, Keyu Yan, Zhengguo Zhu and Huimin Cui
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12761; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312761 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 932
Abstract
Water inflow analysis is critical for subsea tunnel construction. However, existing studies largely concentrate on the inflow issues pertaining to single-hole tunnels. To address current practical engineering problems, a three-hole parallel configuration is common for subsea tunnels, which may alter water inflow patterns [...] Read more.
Water inflow analysis is critical for subsea tunnel construction. However, existing studies largely concentrate on the inflow issues pertaining to single-hole tunnels. To address current practical engineering problems, a three-hole parallel configuration is common for subsea tunnels, which may alter water inflow patterns due to the influence of their seepage fields. Herein, numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the water inflow characteristics of a three-hole parallel subsea tunnel. Specifically, the impact of various factors on the water inflow phenomenon, including the permeability coefficient of the surrounding rock, the depth of the seawater, the depth of the tunnel, the spacing between tunnels, and the relative size of the tunnels, are comprehensively studied. Furthermore, based on the principles of the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematics, an exhaustive assessment framework is developed to evaluate the water inflow of three-hole parallel subsea tunnels. The results indicate that there is a mutual influence between the three parallel tunnels, differing from the predicted water inflow, which is overestimated in a single-hole tunnel model. Therefore, the water inflow assessment for a three-hole parallel subsea tunnel system should account for the inter-tunnel influences. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for the design of waterproofing and drainage systems in three-hole subsea tunnels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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16 pages, 5668 KiB  
Article
The Inversion Method Applied to the Stress Field around a Deeply Buried Tunnel Based on Surface Strain
by Xiaobing Yan, Qiqi Hao, Rui Yang, Jianyu Peng, Fengpeng Zhang and Sanyuan Tan
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12507; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212507 - 20 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1073
Abstract
To identify the magnitude and direction of in situ stress in deeply buried tunnels, an inversion method for the stress field was proposed based on a finite number of measurement points of surface strain. Firstly, elastic strain data of finite points on the [...] Read more.
To identify the magnitude and direction of in situ stress in deeply buried tunnels, an inversion method for the stress field was proposed based on a finite number of measurement points of surface strain. Firstly, elastic strain data of finite points on the surface of tunnel surrounding rock were acquired using the borehole stress relief method at the engineering site. Secondly, a finite element model of the tunnel surrounding rock with plastic damage was established, and the parameters of the finite element model were substituted using the SIGINI subroutine. Then, an improved Surrogate Model Accelerated Random Search (SMARS) was developed using genetic algorithm programming on the MATLAB™ platform to invert and attain the globally optimal boundary conditions. Finally, the obtained optimal boundary conditions were applied to the numerical model to calculate the stress distribution in the engineering site. The reliability of this method was validated through a three-dimensional example. The method has been successfully applied to the stress-field analysis of deep tunnels in Macheng Iron Mine, Hebei Province, China. The research results show that this method is a low-cost, reliable approach for stress-field inversion in the rock around a tunnel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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23 pages, 4882 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Testing and Analysis of Clay Soil Stabilization Using Waste Marble Powder
by Ibrahim Haruna Umar, Hang Lin and Awaisu Shafiu Ibrahim
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(16), 9274; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169274 - 15 Aug 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3681
Abstract
Soil stabilization is a critical step in numerous engineering projects, preventing soil erosion, increasing soil strength, and reducing the risk of subsidence. Due to its inexpensive cost and potential environmental benefits, waste materials, such as waste marble powder (WMP), have been used as [...] Read more.
Soil stabilization is a critical step in numerous engineering projects, preventing soil erosion, increasing soil strength, and reducing the risk of subsidence. Due to its inexpensive cost and potential environmental benefits, waste materials, such as waste marble powder (WMP), have been used as additives for soil stabilization in recent years. This study investigates waste marble powder’s effects on unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and clayey soil’s ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) at different water contents and curing times, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) are also used to predict the UCS and UPV values based on three input variables (percentage of waste marble dust, curing time, and moisture content). Geo-engineering experiments (Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, specific gravity, UCS, and UPV) and analytical methods (ANNs) are used. The study results indicate that the soil is high-plasticity clay (CH) using the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), and adding waste marble powder (WMP) can significantly improve the UCS and UPV of clay soils, especially at optimal water content, curing times of 28 days, and 60% WMP. It is found that the ANN models accurately predict the UCS and UPV values with high correlation coefficients approaching 1. In addition, this study shows that the optimum water content and curing time for stabilized clay soils depend on the grade and amount of waste marble powder utilized. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of waste marble dust as a soil stabilization additive and the usefulness of ANNs in predicting UCS and UPV values. This study’s results are relevant to engineers and researchers working on soil stabilization projects, such as foundations and backfills. They can contribute to the development of sustainable and cost-effective soil stabilization solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Tunneling and Underground Engineering)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OF COLLAPSE IN LA HIGUERA HYDROPOWER TUNNEL, CHILE
Author: Schlotfeldt
Highlights: Advances in in understanding durability problems due to laumontite in tunnels in volcanic rocks Advances in design methods in tunnel design in volcanic rock with laumontite rich zones

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