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3 pages, 174 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue on Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II

by Cecilia Surace

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 5027; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13085027 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 669

Abstract

The emphasis of this Special Issue is on showcasing the most recent advancements in the field of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), accounting for all its applications in mechanical systems and civil structures or infrastructures [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II)

Research

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18 pages, 3679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Severity of Open and Closed Cracks Using the Strain Energy Loss and the Hill-Climbing Method

by Cristian Tufisi, Catalin V. Rusu, Nicoleta Gillich, Marius Vasile Pop, Codruta Oana Hamat, Christian Sacarea and Gilbert-Rainer Gillich

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7231; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147231 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1393

Abstract

Evaluating the integrity of structures is an important issue in engineering applications. The use of vibration-based techniques has become a common approach to assessing cracks, which are the most frequently occurring damage in structures. When involving an inverse method, it is necessary to [...] Read more.

Evaluating the integrity of structures is an important issue in engineering applications. The use of vibration-based techniques has become a common approach to assessing cracks, which are the most frequently occurring damage in structures. When involving an inverse method, it is necessary to know the influence of the position and the geometry of the crack on the modal parameter changes. The geometry of the crack, both in size and shape, defines the damage severity (DS). In this study, we present a method (DS-SHC) used for estimating the DS for closed and open transverse cracks in beam-like structures using the intact and damaged beam deflections under its weight and a Stochastic Hill Climbing (SHC) algorithm. After describing the procedure of applying DS-SHC, we calculate for a prismatic cantilever beam the severities for different crack types and depths. The results are tested by comparing the DS obtained with DS-SHC with those acquired from dynamic tests made using professional simulation software. We obtained a good fit between the severities determined in these two ways. Subsequently, we performed laboratory experiments and found that the severities obtained with the DS-SHC method can accurately predict the frequency changes due to the crack. Hence, these severities are a valuable tool for damage detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II)

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16 pages, 6508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modal Identification of Structures with Interacting Diaphragms

by Rosario Ceravolo, Erica Lenticchia, Gaetano Miraglia, Valerio Oliva and Linda Scussolini

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 4030; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12084030 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1860

Abstract

System identification proves in general to be very efficient in the extraction of modal parameters of a structure under ambient vibrations. However, great difficulties can arise in the case of structures composed of many connected bodies, whose mutual interaction may lead to a [...] Read more.

System identification proves in general to be very efficient in the extraction of modal parameters of a structure under ambient vibrations. However, great difficulties can arise in the case of structures composed of many connected bodies, whose mutual interaction may lead to a multitude of coupled modes. In the present work, a methodology to approach the identification of interconnected diaphragmatic structures, exploiting a simplified analytical model, is proposed. Specifically, a parametric analysis has been carried out on a numerical basis on the simplified model, i.e., a multiple spring–mass model. The results were then exploited to aid the identification of a significant case study, represented by the Pavilion V, designed by Riccardo Morandi as a hypogeum hall of the Turin Exhibition Center. The structure is indeed composed of three blocks separated by expansion joints, whose characteristics are unknown. As the main result, light was shed on the contribution of the stiffness of the joints to the global dynamic behavior of structures composed of interacting diaphragms, and, in particular, on the effectiveness of the joints of Pavilion V. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II)

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21 pages, 17107 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Interferometric Satellite Data in Structural Health Monitoring: An Application to the Effects of the Construction of a Subway Line in the Urban Area of Rome

by Giulia Delo, Marco Civera, Erica Lenticchia, Gaetano Miraglia, Cecilia Surace and Rosario Ceravolo

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031658 - 5 Feb 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1862

Abstract

In recent years, the use of interferometric satellite data for Structural Health Monitoring has experienced a strong development. The urban environment confirms its fragility to adverse natural events, made even more severe by climate change. Hence, the need to carry out continuous monitoring [...] Read more.

In recent years, the use of interferometric satellite data for Structural Health Monitoring has experienced a strong development. The urban environment confirms its fragility to adverse natural events, made even more severe by climate change. Hence, the need to carry out continuous monitoring of structures and artefacts appears increasingly urgent. Furthermore, satellite data could considerably increase the feasibility of traditional Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) approaches. This study aims to explore this remote sensing approach, focusing on the representation techniques that can be adopted to highlight their advantages and provide an interpretation of the results. In particular, the study analyzes records from the urban area of Rome (Italy), subject to the construction of a new subway line. These data are exploited to create a velocity map to highlight the possible subsidence phenomenon induced by excavations. Then, the paper focuses on single buildings or building complexes through the entropy-energy representation. Beyond the different limitations caused by the input data, a correlation is identified between the results of the two representation techniques. Accordingly, the effects of excavation on the urban area are demonstrated, and the methodologies are validated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II)

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19 pages, 7006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Application of Instantaneous Spectral Entropy for the Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines

by Marco Civera and Cecilia Surace

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031059 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 1769

Abstract

For economic and environmental reasons, the use of renewable energy sources is a key aspect of the ongoing transition to a sustainable industrialised society. Wind energy represents a major player among these natural, carbon-neutral sources. Nevertheless, wind turbines are often subject to mechanical [...] Read more.

For economic and environmental reasons, the use of renewable energy sources is a key aspect of the ongoing transition to a sustainable industrialised society. Wind energy represents a major player among these natural, carbon-neutral sources. Nevertheless, wind turbines are often subject to mechanical faults, especially due to ageing. To alleviate Operation and Maintenance costs, Vibration-Based Inspection and Condition Monitoring have been proposed in recent times. This research proposes Instantaneous Spectral Entropy and Continuous Wavelet Transform for anomaly detection and fault diagnosis, departing from gearbox vibration time histories. The approach is validated on experimental data recorded from a turbine suffering bearing failure and total gearbox replacement. From a computational point of view, the proposed algorithm was found to be efficient and therefore even potentially applicable for real-time monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II)

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19 pages, 6428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response-Only Parametric Estimation of Structural Systems Using a Modified Stochastic Subspace Identification Technique

by Chang-Sheng Lin and Yi-Xiu Wu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11751; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411751 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1970

Abstract

The present paper is a study of output-only modal estimation based on the stochastic subspace identification technique (SSI) to avoid the restrictions of well-controlled laboratory conditions when performing experimental modal analysis and aims to develop the appropriate algorithms for ambient modal estimation. The [...] Read more.

The present paper is a study of output-only modal estimation based on the stochastic subspace identification technique (SSI) to avoid the restrictions of well-controlled laboratory conditions when performing experimental modal analysis and aims to develop the appropriate algorithms for ambient modal estimation. The conventional SSI technique, including two types of covariance-driven and data-driven algorithms, is employed for parametric identification of a system subjected to stationary white excitation. By introducing the procedure of solving the system matrix in SSI-COV in conjunction with SSI-DATA, the SSI technique can be efficiently performed without using the original large-dimension data matrix, through the singular value decomposition of the improved projection matrix. In addition, the computational efficiency of the SSI technique is also improved by extracting two predictive-state matrixes with recursive relationship from the same original predictive-state matrix, and then omitting the step of reevaluating the predictive-state matrix at the next-time moment. Numerical simulations and experimental verification illustrate and confirm that the present method can accurately implement modal estimation from stationary response data only. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II)

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15 pages, 5177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fast, Accurate, and Reliable Detection of Damage in Aircraft Composites by Advanced Synergistic Infrared Thermography and Phased Array Techniques

by Janardhan Padiyar M., Luca Zanotti Fragonara, Ivan Petrunin, Joao Raposo, Antonios Tsourdos, Iain Gray, Spyridoyla Farmaki, Dimitrios Exarchos, Theodore E. Matikas and Konstantinos G. Dassios

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2778; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062778 - 19 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2539

Abstract

This paper presents an advanced methodology for the detection of damage in aircraft composite materials based on the sensor fusion of two image-based non-destructive evaluation techniques. Both of the techniques, phased-array ultrasonics and infra-red thermography, are benchmarked on an aircraft-grade painted composite material [...] Read more.

This paper presents an advanced methodology for the detection of damage in aircraft composite materials based on the sensor fusion of two image-based non-destructive evaluation techniques. Both of the techniques, phased-array ultrasonics and infra-red thermography, are benchmarked on an aircraft-grade painted composite material skin panel with stringers. The sensors systems for carrying out the inspections have been developed and miniaturized for being integrated on a vortex-robotic platform inspector, in the framework of a larger research initiative, the Horizon-2020 ‘CompInnova’ project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II)

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21 pages, 5463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model-Based SHM Strategy for Gears—Development of a Hybrid FEM-Analytical Approach to Investigate the Effects of Surface Fatigue on the Vibrational Spectra of a Back-to-Back Test Rig

by Franco Concli, Ludovico Pierri and Claudio Sbarufatti

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052026 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1649

Abstract

Transmissions are extensively employed in mechanical gearboxes when power conversion is required. Being able to provide specific maintenance is a crucial factor for both economics and reliability. However, although periodic transmission maintenance increases the systems’ longevity, it cannot prevent or predict sporadic major [...] Read more.

Transmissions are extensively employed in mechanical gearboxes when power conversion is required. Being able to provide specific maintenance is a crucial factor for both economics and reliability. However, although periodic transmission maintenance increases the systems’ longevity, it cannot prevent or predict sporadic major failures. In this context, structural health monitoring (SHM) represents a possible solution. Identifying variations of a specific measurable signal and correlating them with the type of damage or its location and severity may help assess the component condition and establish the need for maintenance operation. However, the collection of sufficient experimental examples for damage identification may be not convenient for big gearboxes, for which destructive experiments are too expensive, thus paving the way to model-based approaches, based on a numerical estimation of damage-related features. In this work, an SHM approach was developed based on signals from numerical simulations. To validate the approach with experimental measurements, a back-to-back test rig was used as a reference. Several types and severities of damages were simulated with an innovative hybrid analytical–numerical approach that allowed a significant reduction of the computational effort. The vibrational spectra that characterized the different damage conditions were processed through artificial neural networks (ANN) trained with numerical data and used to predict the presence, location, and severity of the damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II)

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Review

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25 pages, 744 KiB

Open AccessReview

Scour Detection with Monitoring Methods and Machine Learning Algorithms—A Critical Review

by Sinem Tola, Joaquim Tinoco, José C. Matos and Eugene Obrien

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031661 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Foundation scour is a widespread reason for the collapse of bridges worldwide. However, assessing bridges is a complex task, which requires a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. This literature review first presents recent scour detection techniques and approaches. Direct and indirect monitoring and [...] Read more.

Foundation scour is a widespread reason for the collapse of bridges worldwide. However, assessing bridges is a complex task, which requires a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. This literature review first presents recent scour detection techniques and approaches. Direct and indirect monitoring and machine learning algorithm-based studies are investigated in detail in the following sections. The approaches, models, characteristics of data, and other input properties are outlined. The outcomes are given with their advantages and limitations. Finally, assessments are provided at the synthesis of the research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring II)

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