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Applied Sciences
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Applied Biomechanics: Sport Performance and Injury Prevention III
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Applied Biomechanics: Sport Performance and Injury Prevention III

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 4340

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Enrique Navarro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: running; kicking in soccer; hamstring injury; refereeing in soccer; performance analysis in swimming; strength exercises
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Santiago Veiga

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Sports, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: performance analysis; technical analysis; coordination analysis; skill acquisition; aquatic sports
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Alejandro San Juan Ferrer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: sports biomechanics; injury prevention and treatment; fatigue; strength evaluation; biomechanics; physiology and exercise programs in chronic diseases (e.g., cancer); physical activity and ergonomics at work
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is our pleasure to present this Special Issue, entitled “Applied Biomechanics: Sport Performance and Injury Prevention III”, the third to be released on this topic. There are a wider variety of reasons as to why this issue is extremely topical and important, but they can be summarized in only two topics: the social and economic impact of sport, and the role of biomechanics in sport training.

The economic impact of professional sport is obvious, but we must also consider the importance of recreational sport. The number of recreational sports events grows day by day; at present, nonprofessional athletes train regularly, use high-cost equipment, and control their performance using portable sensors. However, while the beneficial effects of sport on health have been widely reported, it is known that the incidence of sport injuries in both professional and amateur athletes is now increasing, producing a concomitant increase in health care costs due mainly to injury rehabilitation treatments.

On the other hand, sports performance should be understood as the search for the best results and the reduction of injury risk. The paradigm of improving performance and preventing injury is currently a fundamental topic in sport sciences. There are many factors that determine human performance, but possibly one of the most important is the mechanical efficacy of movements (i.e., sport technique). In this sense, sports biomechanics, as a science that seeks to optimize human movements, plays an important role in sports training and injury prevention.

We know that the number of scientific publications on sports sciences is currently exceptionally large, and thankfully it grows day by day. However, it is our aim for this Special Issue to serve as a forum of discussion on sports biomechanics and injury prevention to host results of sports science studies. We encourage authors to submit works focused on the biomechanical analysis of motor skills in sports (individual and collective) and its relationships with injuries in both men and women professional/recreational athletes.

Prof. Dr. Enrique Navarro
Dr. Santiago Veiga
Dr. Alejandro San Juan Ferrer
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomechanical analysis
  • injury biomechanics
  • joint biomechanics
  • sport injury
  • injury prevention
  • rehabilitation
  • reconditioning
  • hamstring strain
  • motor skills
  • mechanical efficacy
  • sports technique
  • individual sports
  • collective sports
  • performance analysis
  • hard walk
  • football
  • soccer
  • soccer refereeing
  • swimming
  • running
  • sprinting
  • kicking
  • throwing
  • golf
  • jumping
  • skiing
  • fencing
  • balance skills
  • strength training
  • electromyography
  • motion capture system
  • 2D analysis
  • inverse dynamics
  • movement energy
  • accelerometry
  • inertial sensors

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 887 KiB  
Article
Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Jumping Asymmetries on Linear and Change-of-Direction Speed Performance of Female Soccer Players
by Georgios Svynos, Yiannis Michailidis, Pavlos Kotsakis, Athanasios Mandroukas, Ioannis Metaxas, Ioannis Gissis and Thomas I. Metaxas
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3901; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093901 - 02 May 2024
Viewed by 437
Abstract
In recent years, along with the remarkable development of women’s soccer, significant attention has been given to the study of asymmetry in lower limbs. However, there is uncertainty about whether and to what extent jumping asymmetries affect the performance of female soccer players. [...] Read more.
In recent years, along with the remarkable development of women’s soccer, significant attention has been given to the study of asymmetry in lower limbs. However, there is uncertainty about whether and to what extent jumping asymmetries affect the performance of female soccer players. The aims of this study were to examine (a) possible asymmetries in jumping ability and (b) the correlations between asymmetries and performance of female soccer players in 10 m and 30 m speed tests, as well as in change-of-direction speed tests. The study involved 12 adolescent (age: 15.8 ± 0.8 years, body mass: 59.4 ± 7 kg and height: 160.5 ± 5.1 cm) and 10 adult female soccer players (age: 22.3 ± 4.4 years, body mass: 62.2 ± 7.5 kg and height: 165.7 ± 6.1 cm). Pearson’s correlations showed no statistically significant relationships between vertical and horizontal asymmetries and time in 10 m, 30 m and 505 change-of-direction speed tests for adolescent players. In adult players, a significantly high correlation was found between asymmetries in single-leg hop tests (for distance) and time in 505 change-of-direction speed tests (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). Adult players showed higher asymmetry values in vertical and horizontal jump tests, but these asymmetries were not significant (p > 0.05). Practitioners are recommended to implement strength and power training programs, as well as injury prevention protocols, aiming to reduce asymmetries, in order to minimize the risk of injuries, and potentially improve performance of female soccer players in certain fitness tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics: Sport Performance and Injury Prevention III)
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15 pages, 7010 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation Research on Aerodynamic Characteristics during Take-Off Phase in Ski Jumping
by Qi Hu, Weidi Tang and Yu Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031221 - 01 Feb 2024
Viewed by 543
Abstract
In view of the inability to directly and accurately obtain an athlete’s aerodynamic force during the take-off phase through the wind tunnel test, the athlete’s aerodynamic force and surrounding flow field form under different take-off postures are obtained through numerical simulation research, and [...] Read more.
In view of the inability to directly and accurately obtain an athlete’s aerodynamic force during the take-off phase through the wind tunnel test, the athlete’s aerodynamic force and surrounding flow field form under different take-off postures are obtained through numerical simulation research, and the effects of different take-off modes on the aerodynamic characteristics during take-off in ski jumping are discussed. The multi-body system composed of the athlete and skis was selected as the research object. By using a partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) turbulence model and a 3D numerical simulation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the aerodynamic characteristics of the athlete under different take-off postures were predicted. The take-off modes include the knee-push-hip (KPH) mode and hip-drive-knee (HDK) mode, and the hip joint angle of the HDK mode is significantly greater than that of the KPH mode. First, the aerodynamic force ratio of the athlete’s torso and legs is obviously large. Although the aerodynamic forces of arms themselves are not obvious, they have a great impact on the overall aerodynamic characteristics of the athlete, so the posture of the arms cannot be ignored. The total drag and moment of the HDK mode are significantly higher than that of the KPH mode, and the lift-to-drag ratio of the HDK mode is significantly lower than that of the KPH mode. At first, the total lift of the HDK mode is higher than that of the KPH mode, but in the last attitude, the total lift of the HDK mode does not rise but fall, and finally, the total lift of the HDK mode is lower than that of the KPH mode. The aerodynamic characteristics change dramatically during the take-off phase, and the aerodynamic characteristics of the two take-off modes are quite different, and these changes and differences are difficult to observe during real training and at the competition site. The KPH mode has an obvious aerodynamic advantage over the HDK mode. During the take-off process, the athlete should increase the force generated by the knee joint extension and appropriately reduce the speed of the hip joint extension, control the using force order of the lower limb joints, and push the hip joint extension by the knee joint extension in order to avoid issues, such as the hip joint angle being too large, the hip joint extension angle being too fast, the center of gravity being too far back, and other problems. Studying the aerodynamic characteristics during the take-off phase provides valuable insights for athletes to achieve favorable flight postures after take-off, offering scientific guidance to improve their training strategies and enhance their competitive performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics: Sport Performance and Injury Prevention III)
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11 pages, 1431 KiB  
Article
Kinetic, Physiological and Fatigue Level Differences Depending on the Menstrual Cycle Phase and Running Intensity
by Carolina Domínguez-Muñoz, Juan del Campo, Alberto García, José Guzmán, Rafael Martínez-Gallego and Jesús Ramón-Llin
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10879; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910879 - 30 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1016
Abstract
Background: Depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle an athlete is in, some kinetic, physiological, and fatigue variables will show differences. The aim of this study is to analyze whether there are changes in these variables over the course of the menstrual [...] Read more.
Background: Depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle an athlete is in, some kinetic, physiological, and fatigue variables will show differences. The aim of this study is to analyze whether there are changes in these variables over the course of the menstrual cycle. Methods: Eight regularly practicing women runners and triathletes performed a maximal treadmill test and a submaximal test (6′ stages at 50%, 60%, and 80% of maximal aerobic speed) in each of the phases of the menstrual cycle: bleeding phase (day 2.4 ± 0.7), follicular phase (day 10.4 ± 2.2), and luteal phase (day 21.8 ± 2.1). Running dynamics were measured (using RunScribe) at the end of each test, as were lactate concentration, heart rate, and fatigue (evaluated on a scale of 0–5). Results: Higher shock (G) values were recorded in the bleeding phase (η2 = 0.27) and higher vertical spring stiffness (kN/m) was recorded in the follicular phase (η2 = 0.25). The phase of the menstrual cycle had a significant effect on average and peak heart rate, which was significantly higher in the follicular phase (η2 = 0.45 and η2 = 0.48, respectively). Conclusions: Higher vertical spring stiffness was observed in the follicular phase, in addition to higher peak and average heart rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics: Sport Performance and Injury Prevention III)
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12 pages, 3086 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Non-Newtonian Fluid Midsole Footwear on Lower Limb Biomechanics after 5 km of Running in High Temperature
by Jingyi Ye, Lidong Gao, Enze Shao, Bálint Kovács, Jiao Li and Yaodong Gu
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8024; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148024 - 09 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1714
Abstract
This study’s aim was to examine the effect of non-Newtonian fluid (NN) shoe and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) shoe on human lower limb biomechanics and muscle activation during running in hot temperatures. Thirty-five men utilizing a rearfoot strike ran 5 km at a [...] Read more.
This study’s aim was to examine the effect of non-Newtonian fluid (NN) shoe and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) shoe on human lower limb biomechanics and muscle activation during running in hot temperatures. Thirty-five men utilizing a rearfoot strike ran 5 km at a self-selected tempo at an average summer temperature of 41.7 ± 1.0 °C and relative humidity of 80.7 ± 3.5%. The kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation of the right leg were monitored from landing until the pedal was off the ground. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to investigate the main effects of the shoe condition, temperature, and interaction effect. Wearing NN at high temperature resulted in increased hip range of motion (ROM) (p = 0.001). The knee torque increased significantly when wearing EVA and NN shoes after the temperature increased (p = 0.006). When wearing EVA and NN, the ground reaction force (GRF) and loading rate (LR) increased significantly after the temperature increased (p = 0.001; p = 0.009). When wearing NN after running for 5 km at a high temperature, the displacement range of center of pressure (COP) was significantly reduced (p < 0.001), while the EVA was significantly increased (p < 0.001). Neither pair of shoes substantially altered muscle activity. After excluding the factor of fatigue, the increase in temperature not only changed the properties of the material inside the shoe, but also changed the parameters of the biomechanics of the human lower limbs. After the temperature increases, the shoes made of non-Newtonian fluid materials can quickly stabilize under the condition of increased shear stress and reduce the displacement of the human body. Thus, it indicated that non-Newtonian fluid shoes may lower the risk of injury when running in extremely hot conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics: Sport Performance and Injury Prevention III)
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