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Applied Sciences
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Emerging Issues of Urban Water Systems Modeling and Analysis
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Emerging Issues of Urban Water Systems Modeling and Analysis

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 18090

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Do Guen Yoo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 18323, Republic of Korea
Interests: water resources (hydrosystems) engineering; water distribution system modelling and analysis; water-related disaster adaptation and management, optimization, artificial intelligence (AI) and digital twin (DT)-based data analysis and physical modelling in water area
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Ali Sadollah

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Culture, Bahar st, Shahid Qamushi st, Ashrafi Esfahani Bulvar
Interests: optimization and metaheuristics; soft computing methods; high performance computing; computational intelligence, engineering optimization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues

Urban water systems (UWSs) are the most essential part of public infrastructure and face multiple challenges related to future uncertainties in providing a more sustainable and resilient service. UWSs typically include water collection, storage, treatment, transport (via tunnels and pipelines), sewer, and drainage facilities.
Because of the large scale and complexity of urban water systems, water behavior prediction through accurate computer modeling and analysis is essential, and predicted results should be reflected in actual planning, design, and operation. The modeling procedure and results can be varied depending on the implementation model dimension (1d, 2d, and 3d), governing equations, calibration and verification techniques, simulation scenarios (normal / abnormal), and type of observed data.
The goal of this Special Issue is to concentrate on emerging topics of urban water systems modeling, especially in water supply and drainage networks. Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • New hydraulic and water quality modeling and analysis techniques in UWSs;
  • Optimal design of urban water supply and drainage systems;
  • (Dynamic) calibration and verification issues;
  • Modeling-based UWSs response and recovery under catastrophic failure events;
  • Big data and analytic challenges for the design and management of UWSs;
  • Rainfall–runoff modeling in drainage system under climate change and urbanization;
  • Optimization algorithms for dealing with large networks (any civil infrastructure can be covered).

Prof. Do Guen Yoo
Prof. Ali Sadollah
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Urban water systems
  • Modeling and analysis
  • Hydraulic and water quality
  • Optimal design and management
  • Optimization/meta-heuristic algorithm

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 7720 KiB  
Article
Burst Detection in Water Distribution Systems: The Issue of Dataset Collection
by Andrea Menapace, Ariele Zanfei, Manuel Felicetti, Diego Avesani, Maurizio Righetti and Rudy Gargano
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8219; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228219 - 20 Nov 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2236
Abstract
Developing data-driven models for bursts detection is currently a demanding challenge for efficient and sustainable management of water supply systems. The main limit in the progress of these models lies in the large amount of accurate data required. The aim is to present [...] Read more.
Developing data-driven models for bursts detection is currently a demanding challenge for efficient and sustainable management of water supply systems. The main limit in the progress of these models lies in the large amount of accurate data required. The aim is to present a methodology for the generation of reliable data, which are fundamental to train anomaly detection models and set alarms. Thus, the results of the proposed methodology is to provide suitable water consumption data. The presented procedure consists of stochastic modelling of water request and hydraulic pipes bursts simulation to yield suitable synthetic time series of flow rates, for instance, inlet flows of district metered areas and small water supply systems. The water request is obtained through the superimposition of different components, such as the daily, the weekly, and the yearly trends jointly with a random normal distributed component based on the consumption mean and variance, and the number of users aggregation. The resulting request is implemented into the hydraulic model of the distribution system, also embedding background leaks and bursts using a pressure-driven approach with both concentrated and distributed demand schemes. This work seeks to close the gap in the field of synthetic generation of drinking water consumption data, by establishing a proper dedicated methodology that aims to support future water smart grids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues of Urban Water Systems Modeling and Analysis)
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18 pages, 2043 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Cyber-Attack Detection Accuracy from Urban Water Systems Using Extreme Learning Machine
by Young Hwan Choi, Ali Sadollah and Joong Hoon Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8179; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228179 - 18 Nov 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2076
Abstract
This study proposes a novel detection model for the detection of cyber-attacks using remote sensing data on water distribution systems (i.e., pipe flow sensor, nodal pressure sensor, tank water level sensor, and programmable logic controllers) by machine learning approaches. The most commonly used [...] Read more.
This study proposes a novel detection model for the detection of cyber-attacks using remote sensing data on water distribution systems (i.e., pipe flow sensor, nodal pressure sensor, tank water level sensor, and programmable logic controllers) by machine learning approaches. The most commonly used and well-known machine learning algorithms (i.e., k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, artificial neural network, and extreme learning machine) were compared to determine the one with the best detection performance. After identifying the best algorithm, several improved versions of the algorithm are compared and analyzed according to their characteristics. Their quantitative performances and abilities to correctly classify the state of the urban water system under cyber-attack were measured using various performance indices. Among the algorithms tested, the extreme learning machine (ELM) was found to exhibit the best performance. Moreover, this study not only has identified excellent algorithm among the compared algorithms but also has considered an improved version of the outstanding algorithm. Furthermore, the comparison was performed using various representative performance indices to quantitatively measure the prediction accuracy and select the most appropriate model. Therefore, this study provides a new perspective on the characteristics of various versions of machine learning algorithms and their application to different problems, and this study may be referenced as a case study for future cyber-attack detection fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues of Urban Water Systems Modeling and Analysis)
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16 pages, 3363 KiB  
Article
Seismic Reliability Assessment of Water Supply Systems Considering Critical Paths
by Chan Wook Lee, Hyuk Jae Kwon and Do Guen Yoo
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8056; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228056 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2072
Abstract
In general, studies of the seismic reliability of water supply systems through hydraulic analysis models fall into three categories: (1) model development through hydraulic analysis, (2) establishment of post-earthquake recovery strategies, and (3) robust design in preparation for earthquakes and the development of [...] Read more.
In general, studies of the seismic reliability of water supply systems through hydraulic analysis models fall into three categories: (1) model development through hydraulic analysis, (2) establishment of post-earthquake recovery strategies, and (3) robust design in preparation for earthquakes and the development of improvement techniques. In this study, with regard to the design of earthquake resistance techniques, which is the third category, a seismic reliability assessment was conducted that considers the water supply system, and a plan to maximize the seismic reliability was determined as a result of the analysis. The degree of improvement in seismic reliability was quantified for water supply systems with various sources and water supply routes via modeling of seismic protection for each water supply route. Korea’s A industrial water system, which has a history of large-scale earthquakes, was divided into nine paths, and the reliability of the water supply system and the cost of earthquake resistance were calculated and compared between the different paths. A water supply path consists of a combination of pipes of various sizes and lengths, and the amount of water to be supplied differs between paths. Quantifying the effect of the water supply system and the seismic reliability of a route is intended to provide a basic methodology for identifying the critical path that should be the target of seismic protection when money and resources available for construction are limited. This methodology was used to confirm that the reliability of the water supply, the demand for water, and the cost of earthquake resistance should be considered together to establish an earthquake resistance strategy for the critical path in a water supply system. We expect that the results of this study will be used to establish detailed strategies for preliminary reinforcement against earthquake damage based on critical paths rather than all or individual pipelines in a water supply network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues of Urban Water Systems Modeling and Analysis)
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15 pages, 3248 KiB  
Article
Decision of Water Quality Measurement Locations for the Identification of Water Quality Problems under Emergency Link Pipe Operation
by Chan Wook Lee and Do Guen Yoo
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2707; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082707 - 14 Apr 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2406
Abstract
This study suggests a methodology for the decision of water quality measurement locations in order to identify water quality problems within a pipe network system under abnormal conditions. A water supply system conversion due to the occurrence of tank or pump problems between [...] Read more.
This study suggests a methodology for the decision of water quality measurement locations in order to identify water quality problems within a pipe network system under abnormal conditions. A water supply system conversion due to the occurrence of tank or pump problems between water supply zones was set as a possible abnormal scenario and the water flow direction sensitivity of the pipeline was quantified to estimate the water quality monitoring priority. The proposed methodology was applied to a new city, A, in South Korea, and the results are analyzed in detail and presented. The proposed methodology can be used as a method to select water quality monitoring points when establishing an operation plan for emergency link pipes. It is also expected that it can be applied in the evaluation of the adequacy of the previously established emergency link pipe operation plan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues of Urban Water Systems Modeling and Analysis)
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17 pages, 3531 KiB  
Article
Development of a Multiscenario Planning Approach for Urban Drainage Systems
by Soon Ho Kwon, Donghwi Jung and Joong Hoon Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051834 - 6 Mar 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3154
Abstract
A traditional urban drainage system (UDS) planning approach generally considers the most probable future rainfall scenario. However, this single scenario (i.e., scenario-optimal) planning approach is prone to failure under recent climatic conditions, which involve increasing levels of uncertainty. To overcome this limitation, an [...] Read more.
A traditional urban drainage system (UDS) planning approach generally considers the most probable future rainfall scenario. However, this single scenario (i.e., scenario-optimal) planning approach is prone to failure under recent climatic conditions, which involve increasing levels of uncertainty. To overcome this limitation, an alternative is to consider multiple scenarios simultaneously. A two-phase multi-scenario-based UDS planning approach was developed. Scenario-optimal solutions were determined for a set of scenarios in Phase I, as the traditional planning approach, while common elements across the scenarios were identified and used to consider components-wise regret cost concept for Phase II optimization, from which a compromise solution was sought. The storm water management model was dynamically linked with the harmony search algorithm for each phase optimization model. The proposed approach was demonstrated in the planning of the grid-type drainage networks of S-city. The compromise solution was compared with the scenario-optimal solutions (Phase I) with respect to cost effectiveness and system performance under scenarios that were not considered in the planning phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues of Urban Water Systems Modeling and Analysis)
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15 pages, 2507 KiB  
Article
Development of Practical Design Approaches for Water Distribution Systems
by Young Hwan Choi, Ho Min Lee, Jiho Choi, Do Guen Yoo and Joong Hoon Kim
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(23), 5117; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235117 - 26 Nov 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2200
Abstract
The optimal design of water distribution systems (WDSs) should be economical, consider practical field applicability, and satisfy hydraulic constraints such as nodal pressure and flow velocity. However, the general optimal design of a WDSs approach using a metaheuristic algorithm was difficult to apply [...] Read more.
The optimal design of water distribution systems (WDSs) should be economical, consider practical field applicability, and satisfy hydraulic constraints such as nodal pressure and flow velocity. However, the general optimal design of a WDSs approach using a metaheuristic algorithm was difficult to apply for achieving pipe size continuity at the confluence point. Although some studies developed the design approaches considering the pipe continuity, these approaches took many simulation times. For these reasons, this study improves the existing pipe continuity search method by reducing the computation time and enhancing the ability to handle pipe size continuity at complex joints that have more than three nodes. In addition to more practical WDSs designs, the approach considers various system design factors simultaneously in a multi-objective framework. To verify the proposed approach, the three well-known WDSs to apply WDS design problems are applied, and the results are compared with the previous design method, which used a pipe continuity research algorithm. This study can reduce the computation time by 87% and shows an ability to handle complex joints. Finally, the application of this practical design technique, which considers pipe continuity and multiple design factors, can reduce the gap between the theoretical design and the real world because it considers construction conditions and abnormal situations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues of Urban Water Systems Modeling and Analysis)
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14 pages, 4029 KiB  
Article
Identification of Critical Pipes Using a Criticality Index in Water Distribution Networks
by Malvin S. Marlim, Gimoon Jeong and Doosun Kang
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(19), 4052; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9194052 - 27 Sep 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3282
Abstract
A water distribution network (WDN) is a critical infrastructure that must be maintained, ensuring a proper water supply to widespread customers. A WDN consists of various components, such as pipes, valves, pumps, and tanks, and these elements interact with each other to provide [...] Read more.
A water distribution network (WDN) is a critical infrastructure that must be maintained, ensuring a proper water supply to widespread customers. A WDN consists of various components, such as pipes, valves, pumps, and tanks, and these elements interact with each other to provide adequate system performance. If the elements fail due to internal or external interruptions, this may adversely impact water service to different degrees depending on the failed elements. To determine an appropriate maintenance priority, the critical elements need to be identified and mapped in the network. To identify and prioritize the critical elements (here, we focus on the pipes only) in the WDN, an element-based simulation approach is proposed, in which all the composing pipes of the WDN are reviewed one at a time. The element-based criticality is measured using several criticality indexes that are newly proposed in this study. The proposed criticality indexes are used to quantify the impacts of element failure to water service degradation. Here, four criticality indexes are developed: supply shortage (SS), economic value loss (EVL), pressure decline (PD), and water age degradation (WAD). Each of these indexes measures different aspects of the consequences, specifically social, economic, hydraulic, and water quality, respectively. The separate values of the indexes from all pipes in a network are then combined into a singular criticality value for assessment. For demonstration, the proposed approach is applied to four real WDNs to identify and prioritize the critical pipes. The proposed element-based simulation approach can be used to identify the critical components and setup maintenance scheduling of WDNs for preparedness of failure events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues of Urban Water Systems Modeling and Analysis)
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