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Recent Advances in Adipokines—2nd Edition
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Recent Advances in Adipokines—2nd Edition

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 3544

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Christa Buechler

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
Interests: adipose tissue; obesity; sepsis; inflammatory bowel disease; chemerin
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, “Recent Advances on Adipokines—Second Edition”, will cover a selection of original research articles and review articles related to adipokines.

Soluble proteins produced from adipose tissue are referred to as adipokines irrespective of their cellular source. White fat tissue is organized into different depots in the body. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues are the best studied compartments. Adipose tissues are also localized around organs such as the heart and kidneys. Brown adipose tissue differs greatly from white fat and has its own set of secreted hormones, the so-called “brown adipokines”.

To date, more than 500 adipokines have been described, and most of them are associated with overweight/obesity. Whilst levels of various adipokines are increased in serum of the obese, others decline. Associations between adipokines and cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, different types of cancers, and many more diseases have been identified. Further research has focused on the role of these proteins in immune responses, in autoimmune diseases and as antimicrobial peptides. Adipokines in serum, plasma, saliva or urine may emerge as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers for various diseases.

Adipokine receptors are mostly not well characterized. Cell type and tissue expression, regulation using different metabolites and signalling pathways have to be studied in more detail. Adipokine receptor agonists/antagonists may finally become new therapeutic targets.

Prof. Dr. Christa Buechler
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adiponectin
  • receptor
  • agonist
  • biomarker
  • inflammation
  • cancer

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1186 KiB  
Communication
Chemerin Levels in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and a Normal Weight versus Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: An Observational, Cross-Sectional Study
by Aishee B. Mukherji, Victoria Idowu, Lei Zhao, Lawrence L. K. Leung, Sa Shen, Latha Palaniappan and John Morser
Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12050983 - 30 Apr 2024
Viewed by 200
Abstract
Chemerin acts as both a chemotactic agent and an adipokine that undergoes proteolytic cleavage, converting inactive precursors into their active forms before being subsequently inactivated. Elevated chemerin levels are linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). This study aimed to elucidate [...] Read more.
Chemerin acts as both a chemotactic agent and an adipokine that undergoes proteolytic cleavage, converting inactive precursors into their active forms before being subsequently inactivated. Elevated chemerin levels are linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). This study aimed to elucidate the effects of T2D and obesity on chemerin levels by comparing plasma samples from individuals with a normal weight and T2D (BMI < 25; NWD group n = 22) with those from individuals who are overweight or obese and have T2D (BMI ≥ 25; OWD group n = 39). The total chemerin levels were similar in the NWD and OWD groups, suggesting that T2D may equalize the chemerin levels irrespective of obesity status. The cleavage of chemerin has been previously linked to myocardial infarction and stroke in NWD, with potential implications for inflammation and mortality. OWD plasma exhibited lower levels of cleaved chemerin than the NWD group, suggesting less inflammation in the OWD group. Here, we showed that the interaction between obesity and T2D leads to an equalization in the total chemerin levels. The cleaved chemerin levels and the associated inflammatory state, however, differ significantly, underscoring the complex relationship between chemerin, T2D, and obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Adipokines—2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 10417 KiB  
Article
Chemerin in Participants with or without Insulin Resistance and Diabetes
by Lei Zhao, Jonathan Zhou, Fahim Abbasi, Mohsen Fathzadeh, Joshua W. Knowles, Lawrence L. K. Leung and John Morser
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040924 - 22 Apr 2024
Viewed by 434
Abstract
Chemerin is a chemokine/adipokine, regulating inflammation, adipogenesis and energy metabolism whose activity depends on successive proteolytic cleavages at its C-terminus. Chemerin levels and processing are correlated with insulin resistance. We hypothesized that chemerin processing would be higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes [...] Read more.
Chemerin is a chemokine/adipokine, regulating inflammation, adipogenesis and energy metabolism whose activity depends on successive proteolytic cleavages at its C-terminus. Chemerin levels and processing are correlated with insulin resistance. We hypothesized that chemerin processing would be higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in those who are insulin resistant (IR). This hypothesis was tested by characterizing different chemerin forms by specific ELISA in the plasma of 18 participants with T2D and 116 without T2D who also had their insulin resistance measured by steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during an insulin suppression test. This approach enabled us to analyze the association of chemerin levels with a direct measure of insulin resistance (SSPG concentration). Participants were divided into groups based on their degree of insulin resistance using SSPG concentration tertiles: insulin sensitive (IS, SSPG ≤ 91 mg/dL), intermediate IR (IM, SSPG 92–199 mg/dL), and IR (SSPG ≥ 200 mg/dL). Levels of different chemerin forms were highest in patients with T2D, second highest in individuals without T2D who were IR, and lowest in persons without T2D who were IM or IS. In the whole group, chemerin levels positively correlated with both degree of insulin resistance (SSPG concentration) and adiposity (BMI). Participants with T2D and those without T2D who were IR had the most proteolytic processing of chemerin, resulting in higher levels of both cleaved and degraded chemerin. This suggests that increased inflammation in individuals who have T2D or are IR causes more chemerin processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Adipokines—2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 757 KiB  
Article
Altered Red Blood Cell Fatty Acid and Serum Adipokine Profiles in Subjects with Obesity
by Asier Léniz, Alfredo Fernández-Quintela, Sara Arranz, Kevin Portune, Itziar Tueros, Eunate Arana, Luis Castaño, Olaia Velasco and María P. Portillo
Biomedicines 2023, 11(12), 3320; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11123320 - 15 Dec 2023
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Abstract
Background: Adipokines, as well as the fatty acid profile of red blood cell (RBC) membranes, are known to play important roles in the development and progression of metabolic complications induced by obesity. Thus, the objective of this study is to compare the serum [...] Read more.
Background: Adipokines, as well as the fatty acid profile of red blood cell (RBC) membranes, are known to play important roles in the development and progression of metabolic complications induced by obesity. Thus, the objective of this study is to compare the serum adipokine profile and the RBC membrane fatty acid profile of normal-weight and obese adults, and to analyze their relationship with serum biochemical parameters. Methods: An observational case–control study was performed in 75 normal-weight and obese adult subjects. Biochemical serum parameters, eight serum adipokines and the RBC membrane fatty acid profiles were measured. Associations between parameters were established using regression analysis. Results: Subjects with obesity showed increased levels of leptin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and overexpressed nephroblastoma (NOV/CCN3), decreased adiponectin, and similar levels of vaspin and chemerin compared to normal-weight subjects. Significant positive and negative correlations were found with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), respectively. An increase in the total ω-6 fatty acids in the RBC membrane fatty acid profiles in subjects with obesity was observed, because of higher levels of both dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA), and decreased total ω-3 fatty acids, mainly due to lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The ω-6/ω-3 ratio in the RBCs was significantly higher, suggesting an inflammatory status, as was also suggested by a reduced adiponectin level. A negative association between DGLA and adiponectin, and a positive association between DHA and serum triglycerides, was observed. Conclusions: Important alterations in serum adipokine and RBC fatty acid profiles are found in subjects with obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Adipokines—2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 1612 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Relationship between Plasma Adiponectin, Gender, and Underlying Diseases in Severe Illness
by Patricia Mester, Ulrich Räth, Stephan Schmid, Martina Müller, Christa Buechler and Vlad Pavel
Biomedicines 2023, 11(12), 3287; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11123287 - 12 Dec 2023
Viewed by 790
Abstract
Adiponectin is low in obesity, plays a crucial role in metabolic health, and, moreover, possesses immunoregulatory properties. However, studies examining its levels in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis have yielded conflicting results. While females typically have higher systemic adiponectin [...] Read more.
Adiponectin is low in obesity, plays a crucial role in metabolic health, and, moreover, possesses immunoregulatory properties. However, studies examining its levels in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis have yielded conflicting results. While females typically have higher systemic adiponectin levels than males, research on sex-specific associations in this context is limited. In this study of 156 SIRS/sepsis patients, including those with liver cirrhosis, we aimed to explore the relationship between plasma adiponectin, body mass index (BMI), gender, disease severity, and underlying etiological conditions. Our findings revealed that patients with liver cirrhosis, who are susceptible to infections, exhibited elevated circulating adiponectin levels, irrespective of sex. When excluding cirrhosis patients, plasma adiponectin levels were similar between male SIRS/sepsis patients and controls but lower in female patients compared to female controls. Plasma adiponectin was inversely related to BMI in female but not male patients. Further analysis within the non-cirrhosis subgroup demonstrated no significant differences in adiponectin levels between sexes among SIRS, sepsis, and septic shock patients. Ventilation, dialysis, and vasopressor therapy had no discernible impact on adiponectin levels in either sex. A negative correlation between adiponectin and C-reactive protein (CRP) existed in males only. Notably, patients with pancreatitis showed the lowest plasma adiponectin concentrations, although sex-specific differences were not significant. Infection with Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria had minimal effects on plasma adiponectin levels in both sexes. However, infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 led to decreased adiponectin levels in females exclusively. Multivariate analysis considering all factors affecting plasma adiponectin levels in males or females identified BMI in females and CRP levels in males to predict plasma adiponectin levels in SIRS/sepsis patients. Additionally, our study observed a trend where the 25 patients who did not survive had higher plasma adiponectin levels, particularly among males. In summary, our investigation highlights the influence of underlying diseases and sex on plasma adiponectin levels in SIRS/sepsis patients, shedding light on potential implications for disease management and prognosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Adipokines—2nd Edition)
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Review

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17 pages, 1123 KiB  
Review
Influence of Adipokines on Metabolic Dysfunction and Aging
by Seongjoon Park and Isao Shimokawa
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040873 - 15 Apr 2024
Viewed by 491
Abstract
Currently, 30% of the global population is overweight or obese, with projections from the World Obesity Federation suggesting that this figure will surpass 50% by 2035. Adipose tissue dysfunction, a primary characteristic of obesity, is closely associated with an increased risk of metabolic [...] Read more.
Currently, 30% of the global population is overweight or obese, with projections from the World Obesity Federation suggesting that this figure will surpass 50% by 2035. Adipose tissue dysfunction, a primary characteristic of obesity, is closely associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities, such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, collectively termed metabolic syndrome. In particular, visceral fat accretion is considered as a hallmark of aging and is strongly linked to higher mortality rates in humans. Adipokines, bioactive peptides secreted by adipose tissue, play crucial roles in regulating appetite, satiety, adiposity, and metabolic balance, thereby rendering them key players in alleviating metabolic diseases and potentially extending health span. In this review, we elucidated the role of adipokines in the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders while also exploring the potential of certain adipokines as candidates for longevity interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Adipokines—2nd Edition)
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