Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Neuropsychology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 May 2024 | Viewed by 5227

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Interdepartmental Pain Center, Pathophysiology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Interests: hypnosis; pain; hypnotic analgesia; neurophysiology of hypnosis; fibromyalgia

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hypnosis is an area of scientific inquiry and clinical practice that dates back over 250 years. Although it has remained an elusive concept for science for a long time, explosive advances in neuroscience in recent decades have provided a "bridge of understanding" between classical neurophysiological studies and psychophysiological studies of cognitive, affective, and sensory systems. These studies have shed new light on the neural bases of the hypnotic experience, enabling neuroscience to consider and use hypnosis as a viable and appropriate tool to explore and modulate complex human behavior and experience, such as pain.

With the use of neuroscientific techniques, hypnosis can be probed into brain mechanisms, and reciprocally, serve as a means of studying hypnosis itself. Neuroscientists have identified intriguing domains of investigation such as attentional processes, processing and control of pain, as well as the investigations of mnestic processes, and conscious and unconscious processes.

Moreover, a new area of research aims to map the core processes of psychotherapy and the neurobiology underlying them. Hypnosis research offers powerful techniques to isolate psychological processes, allowing their neural bases to be mapped, enhancing research and clinical applications.

The current Special Issue aims to gather recent studies and findings on the neural bases of hypnosis, providing new mechanistic insights on some of the most prominent brain mechanisms of hypnosis from a neurophysiological and neurocognitive perspective.

We invite papers on two types of research:

  • intrinsic research concerned with the functional anatomy of hypnosis per se, the so-called 'neutral hypnosis,' or 'default hypnosis,' and the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying hypnotic experience in dynamic conditions;
  • instrumental research, or extrinsic studies, which use hypnosis and suggestion to study a wide range of cognitive and emotional processes and create 'virtual analogues' of neurological and psychopathological conditions for elucidating their underpinnings and positively transforming treatment approaches.

Dr. Giuseppe De Benedittis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • hypnosis
  • brain mechanisms
  • neuroimaging studies
  • EEG studies
  • neurostimulation studies
  • neurochemical studies
  • hypnotizability
  • hypnotic analgesia
  • neurocognitive studies

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Review

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13 pages, 268 KiB  
Review
Hypnotic Modulation of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity
by Giuseppe De Benedittis
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030249 - 04 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1349
Abstract
Hypnosis, a time-honored therapeutic approach, has gained widespread recognition for its effectiveness in addressing a range of psychological and somatic disorders. While its primary effects are mediated by central top–down mechanisms, hypnosis also exerts peripheral influence by modulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS). [...] Read more.
Hypnosis, a time-honored therapeutic approach, has gained widespread recognition for its effectiveness in addressing a range of psychological and somatic disorders. While its primary effects are mediated by central top–down mechanisms, hypnosis also exerts peripheral influence by modulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Psychophysiological measures, such as heart rate (HR) and its variability (HRV), electrodermal activity (EDA), respiratory rate (RR), and the analgesia nociceptive index (ANI), serve as reliable indicators of ANS activity. Studies have consistently demonstrated hypnosis’ ability to significantly impact ANS functions, lowering sympathetic activity and enhancing parasympathetic tone. This effect is particularly pronounced during relaxation procedures and is influenced by mediating factors like hypnotizability and task conditions. Despite methodological limitations, this review highlights the potential of enhanced ANS modulation through hypnosis, including its connections to the central nervous system (CNS), to optimize therapeutic outcomes in patients with psychosomatic disorders associated with ANS dysfunction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis)
41 pages, 911 KiB  
Review
Brain Functional Correlates of Resting Hypnosis and Hypnotizability: A Review
by Vilfredo De Pascalis
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020115 - 24 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1703
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and variations in hypnotizability by examining research employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG) methods. Key focus areas include functional brain imaging correlations in hypnosis, EEG band [...] Read more.
This comprehensive review delves into the cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and variations in hypnotizability by examining research employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG) methods. Key focus areas include functional brain imaging correlations in hypnosis, EEG band oscillations as indicators of hypnotic states, alterations in EEG functional connectivity during hypnosis and wakefulness, drawing critical conclusions, and suggesting future research directions. The reviewed functional connectivity findings support the notion that disruptions in the available integration between different components of the executive control network during hypnosis may correspond to altered subjective appraisals of the agency during the hypnotic response, as per dissociated and cold control theories of hypnosis. A promising exploration avenue involves investigating how frontal lobes’ neurochemical and aperiodic components of the EEG activity at waking-rest are linked to individual differences in hypnotizability. Future studies investigating the effects of hypnosis on brain function should prioritize examining distinctive activation patterns across various neural networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis)
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12 pages, 761 KiB  
Review
Physiological Correlates of Hypnotizability: Hypnotic Behaviour and Prognostic Role in Medicine
by Eleonora Malloggi and Enrica L. Santarcangelo
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(12), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13121632 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 912
Abstract
Studies in the field of experimental hypnosis highlighted the role of hypnotizability in the physiological variability of the general population. It is associated, in fact, with a few differences which are observable in the ordinary state of consciousness and in the absence of [...] Read more.
Studies in the field of experimental hypnosis highlighted the role of hypnotizability in the physiological variability of the general population. It is associated, in fact, with a few differences which are observable in the ordinary state of consciousness and in the absence of suggestions. The aim of the present scoping review is summarizing them and indicate their relevance to the neural mechanisms of hypnosis and to the prognosis and treatment of a few medical conditions. Individuals with high, medium and low hypnotizability scores display different cerebral functional differences—i.e., functional equivalence between imagery and perception/action, excitability of the motor cortex, interoceptive accuracy—possibly related to brain structural and functional characteristics, and different control of blood supply at peripheral and cerebral level, likely due to different availability of endothelial nitric oxide. These differences are reviewed to support the idea of their participation in hypnotic behaviour and to indicate their prognostic and therapeutic usefulness in a few medical conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis)
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11 pages, 214 KiB  
Technical Note
Calm Contact Technique Based on the Endocrinological Mechanism of Hypnosis—A Theoretical Proposal
by Katalin Varga and Zita S. Nagy
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14010083 - 15 Jan 2024
Viewed by 926
Abstract
This paper proposes the “calm contact” technique: an imaginative scenario where someone is in gentle contact with a loved one where the essence of the experience is to enjoy safety and calmness in peaceful social contact. The theoretical background is outlined by combining [...] Read more.
This paper proposes the “calm contact” technique: an imaginative scenario where someone is in gentle contact with a loved one where the essence of the experience is to enjoy safety and calmness in peaceful social contact. The theoretical background is outlined by combining the brain mechanisms of stress reactions and hypnosis. In addition to the ancient stress responses (flight or fight or freeze), there are oxytocin-based options at the human level: tend and befriend behavior and the state of calm and connection, which is not a stress reaction but a resting reaction. These social-based reactions could prevent the organism from the primitive freezing response. Some studies proved that “hypnosis” as a setting reduces cortisol levels and could raise oxytocin levels. The beneficial mechanisms of the “calm contact” technique are analyzed in relation to “social support” and the psychoaffective effects of central oxytocin. The subjective effects of the proposed technique are outlined based on reports of healthy volunteers. The “calm contact” technique could be an alternative or adjunct to the “safe place” technique, applying the recent findings of endocrinological brain mechanisms of hypnosis. Clinical implications and limitations are briefly summarized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis)
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