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Coatings
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Protective Coatings in Extreme Environments
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Protective Coatings in Extreme Environments

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 January 2025 | Viewed by 9623

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Guodong Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: materials science; surface engineering; coated composite materials; thermal protection coating; high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) technology; plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technology
Dr. Yi Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: plasma surface modification; HiPIMS; cathode arc ion plating; ion implantation; PIC/MC numerical simulation; high-entropy alloy coating; DLC films; hard films; grain boundary diffusion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite you to submit your work to this Special Issue on “Protective Coatings in Extreme Environments”, especially research on the preparation, characterization, and application of coatings serving in complex and harsh environments, such as in the combustion chamber of aero engines, the surface of hypersonic vehicle, gas turbine blades, die casting mold, and cutting tools.

The application of coatings in extreme environments has always been a thorny issue. For example, coating needs to maintain superior red hardness, high-temperature oxidation resistance, radiation resistance, low surface energy, corrosion resistance in an environment with ultra-high temperature, high pressure, strong radiation, or high corrosion characteristics. In order to improve the protective function of the coating in the preparation of such an environment, it is usually necessary to adopt a special method for the coating design, preparation, and verification.

We invite scientists to contribute to their new results achieved regarding the investigation of thin films and coatings exhibiting the above-mentioned characteristics in extreme environments. The topics of interest for this Special Issue include (but are not restricted to) the following:

  • Heat-resistant coating;
  • Anti-corrosion coatings;
  • Hard yet tough coatings;
  • Protective coatings obtained by PVD, PEO, CVD, and other techniques;
  • Surface interface characterization;
  • Service/failure evaluation of the coating.

Dr. Guodong Li
Dr. Yi Xu 
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • extreme environments
  • surface engineering
  • protective coating
  • magnetron sputtering
  • plasma electrolytic oxidation
  • nanocomposite coating
  • super hydrophobic coating

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 13060 KiB  
Article
Revealing High-Temperature Oxidation and Tensile Behaviors along with Underlying Mechanisms of a Titanium Alloy with Precipitated Titanium Silicide
by Jinwen Lu, Kaile Ji, Longchao Zhuo, Bingqing Chen, Hui Shao, Wangtu Huo and Yongqing Zhao
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2020; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122020 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1357
Abstract
Titanium alloys, with their impressive strength relative to their weight, resistance to corrosion, and compatibility with biological systems, have found extensive applications in various industries. In high-temperature environments, especially within the aerospace sector, it is essential to advance titanium alloys that boast enhanced [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys, with their impressive strength relative to their weight, resistance to corrosion, and compatibility with biological systems, have found extensive applications in various industries. In high-temperature environments, especially within the aerospace sector, it is essential to advance titanium alloys that boast enhanced resistance to oxidation and superior mechanical characteristics. This work investigates the oxidation characteristics and mechanical performances at high temperatures of a titanium alloy with titanium silicide particles. Oxidation at temperatures of 600–700 °C over a span of 8–32 h led to the formation of protective oxide layers and moderate oxidation rates. However, accelerated oxidation and oxide spallation occurred after exposed at 800 °C for a period of 16 h, indicating inadequate oxidation resistance over 800 °C. Subsequent tensile tests at 650 °C revealed intricate dislocation patterns in the α-Ti matrix and their strong interaction with interfaces of α-Ti/Ti5Si3, which is indicative of an efficient load transfer between the precipitates and the matrix. Overall, this study offers fresh perspectives on the oxidation kinetics and the deformation processes of titanium alloys with in-situ Ti5Si3 particles at high temperatures. These insights will guide subsequent alloy development endeavors aiming to broaden the use of titanium alloys in increasingly challenging high-temperature settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Coatings in Extreme Environments)
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16 pages, 3797 KiB  
Article
The Development of a Novel Thin Film Test Method to Evaluate the Rain Erosion Resistance of Polyaspartate-Based Leading Edge Protection Coatings
by Stephen M. Jones, Nadine Rehfeld, Claus Schreiner and Kirsten Dyer
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1849; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111849 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1880 | Correction
Abstract
The relationship between the bulk thermomechanical properties and rain erosion resistance of development polyaspartate-based coatings as candidate leading edge protection (LEP) materials for wind turbine blades is investigated by the combined application of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and rain erosion testing (RET) within [...] Read more.
The relationship between the bulk thermomechanical properties and rain erosion resistance of development polyaspartate-based coatings as candidate leading edge protection (LEP) materials for wind turbine blades is investigated by the combined application of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and rain erosion testing (RET) within a novel test method (DMA+RET). This method introduces the use of DMA+RET to both monitor the change in thermomechanical properties with respect to raindrop impact and subsequently rationalise differences in rain erosion resistance between coating formulations of comparable composition. The application of this combined process has demonstrated the importance of relatively high viscoelastic moduli at increased strain rates and creep recovery after RET as key material properties to be considered for LEP material development, whereas previous research presented in the scientific literature has primarily focussed on the use of routine characterisation procedures by tensile testing or stand-alone DMA to evaluate coating formulations prior to rain erosion testing. This journal article therefore presents a novel method to evaluate key material properties relevant to rain erosion resistance before and after subjection to raindrop impact using standard ASTM G73 RET equipment. The test method is demonstrated on a novel polyaspartate-based coating, PA-U, that exhibits notable rain erosion resistance in comparison to commercial LEP products. PA-U exhibited negligible mass loss after 30 h of rain erosion testing and favourable thermomechanical properties (E″ = 35 MPa at critical strain; equilibrium recoverable compliance of 0.05 MPa−1) in comparison to alternative formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Coatings in Extreme Environments)
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16 pages, 8332 KiB  
Article
Study on Discharge Characteristics and Microstructural Evolution of PEO Coatings Based on an Al/Ti Tracer Substrate
by Guodong Li, Guang Li and Yuan Xia
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091507 - 25 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1288
Abstract
In this study, samples underwent plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment using Al/Ti tracer substrates for 5, 10, 20, 35, and 55 min. The ionization states were determined using Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). Microstructural and elemental analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy equipped [...] Read more.
In this study, samples underwent plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment using Al/Ti tracer substrates for 5, 10, 20, 35, and 55 min. The ionization states were determined using Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). Microstructural and elemental analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The structural organization and phase composition of the coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The research findings indicate that the early discharge stage is dominated by discharge within the pre-deposited Al layer, which undergoes gradual oxidation along the thickness direction, while Ti (0.25 wt%) is found on the coating surface. The power increase was 56% of the total increase from min 5 to min 10 of discharge. As discharge time increased, the spectral peaks corresponding to Ti gradually became stronger and were accompanied by gradual enhancement of the crystallinity of the anatase and rutile phases within the coating. The coating surface displayed closed and semi-closed pores in the middle of the discharge. After 55 min of discharge, amorphous SiO2 was observed and Ti content on the coating surface increased to 4.59 wt%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Coatings in Extreme Environments)
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13 pages, 5310 KiB  
Article
Effect of Coating Thickness on the Atomic Oxygen Resistance of Siloxane Coatings Synthesized by Plasma Polymerization Deposition Technique
by Lin Zhao, Xuesong Leng, Bowen Bai, Rui Zhao, Zeyun Cai, Jianchao He, Jin Li and Hongsheng Chen
Coatings 2023, 13(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010153 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1984
Abstract
Atomic oxygen in the low Earth orbit (LEO) environment is highly oxidizing. Due to the high flight speed of spacecraft, the relative kinetic energy of high-flux atomic oxygen bombarding the spacecraft surface can reach up to about 5 eV. Therefore, atomic oxygen is [...] Read more.
Atomic oxygen in the low Earth orbit (LEO) environment is highly oxidizing. Due to the high flight speed of spacecraft, the relative kinetic energy of high-flux atomic oxygen bombarding the spacecraft surface can reach up to about 5 eV. Therefore, atomic oxygen is one of the most dangerous space environment factors in LEO, which seriously affects the safe operation and service life of spacecraft in orbit. In order to meet the requirements for the high reliability and long lifetime of spacecraft, effective protection measures must be taken on their sensitive surfaces. Siloxane is a coating with an organic–inorganic hybrid structure. Compared with SiO2 and other inorganic atomic oxygen protective coatings, it has better flexibility and is better at anti-atomic oxygen performance. In this paper, the plasma polymerization deposition technique was used to prepare large-area siloxane coatings on different substrates with different thicknesses for improving atomic oxygen resistance by optimizing the process parameters. The thickness of the coating was measured by different methods, and the results showed that the thickness distribution was consistent. By observing the surface morphology of the coating, it was uniform and compact without obvious defects, so the uniformity of large-area coating was also ideal. The adhesion and heat/humidity resistance of siloxane coatings were examined by pull-off testing and damp-heat testing, respectively. The results showed that the siloxane coatings with a thickness of about 400 nm exhibited better physical properties. At the same time, the ground simulation testing of atomic oxygen confirmed that siloxane coatings with a thickness of 418 nm presented the best performance of atomic oxygen resistance. The atomic oxygen erosion yield of siloxane coatings with a thickness of 418 nm was as low as 5.39 × 10−27 cm3/atoms, which was three orders of magnitude lower than that of the uncoated Kapton substrate and presented a good anti-atomic oxygen performance. Meanwhile, it has also successfully passed the damp-heat test. The coating thickness is only several hundred nanometers and does not increase the weight of the spacecraft, which makes it a relatively ideal LEO atomic oxygen protection material. Furthermore, a possible mechanism was proposed to explicate the physicochemical process of atomic oxygen attacking the coating materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Coatings in Extreme Environments)
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10 pages, 2040 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Target Erosion for Planar Magnetron Sputtering Systems
by Alexander Kolesnikov, Yury Kryukov, Marat Gafurov and Viktor Bodnarchuk
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1807; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121807 - 24 Nov 2022
Viewed by 2249
Abstract
Based on the analysis of the correlation between plasma glow and the magnetic field over a magnetron target, a model for predicting the shape of the target erosion of MSS is proposed. The magnetic field distribution is obtained upon direct measurement or calculation [...] Read more.
Based on the analysis of the correlation between plasma glow and the magnetic field over a magnetron target, a model for predicting the shape of the target erosion of MSS is proposed. The magnetic field distribution is obtained upon direct measurement or calculation using the ELCUT software, which allows one to calculate the magnetic field based on the magnetron model. A special software has been developed for the calculation of the depletion profile of a target in a planar MSS. It allows one to predict the target erosion during the design phase of MSS, thus reducing the efforts required for designing a multi-magnet system of magnetron. The software has to be tested by comparing the calculated profile of the target erosion with the real one for different types of MSS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Coatings in Extreme Environments)
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