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5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances

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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2024 | Viewed by 15014

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dejan Drajic

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: 5G and beyond; machine to machine (M2M) communications; internet of things (IoT); fourth industrial revolution (4IR); wireless sensors networks (WSN)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Zoran Cica

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Guest Editor

School of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: 5G core network; hybrid 5G-satellite communications; big data; internet of things (IoT); network protocols and standards

Dr. Philipp Svoboda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Institute of Telecommunications (ITC 389), Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
Interests: power electronics; battery management systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

5G mobile telecommunications systems provide the infrastructure for emerging/modern applications that will enable the introduction of new services in the domain of IoT, smart cities, agriculture, industry 4.0 and V2V communications. However, 5G and future generations (6G) of mobile telephony face different types of, often contradictory, requirements. There are still plenty of challenges and room to improve existing 5G links in terms of link quality and spectral efficiency. On the other hand, encouraged by the recent advances in satellite communications, especially related to satellites in low orbit, the research community is considering the strategy of building a universal communication network (6G), which will integrate low-orbit satellite communication links into the 5G ecosystem, thus achieving hybrid communication where the end terminal will be able to to communicate with both mobile and satellite networks. Innovations in modern telecommunications are driving new research opportunities such as applying artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), Big data in 5G.

In this "Special Issue", the special focus is on improving the performance of the 5G system (improvement of link capacity, reduction of interference, fading, more efficient handover...), concrete applications of 5G telecommunication systems in modern industry, hybrid communications (integration) with other complementary telecommunication systems and application of modern AI/ML/Big data methods for processing the collected data and improving the performance of both the 5G network and services.

Topics of interests include but not limited to:

5G based IoT applications in Smart cities, agriculture and Industry 4.0
5G link analysis, spectral efficiency, link adaptation
Link/Cell/Network level simulations
Hybrid communications
Satellite communication links integration into the 5G ecosystem
Vertical and horizontal handovers improvements
MIMO communications, channel modeling, simulations
V2V communications
AI and ML technologies in 5G
Big data technologies in 5G
Digital Twins in 5G and beyond
Network slicing in 5G and beyond

Dr. Dejan Drajic
Dr. Zoran Cica
Dr. Philipp Svoboda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

5G
IoT
hybrid communications
handover
MIMO
V2V
AI
ML
big data
satellite

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optically Transparent Honeycomb Mesh Antenna Integrated into OLED Light Source

by Mustapha El Halaoui, Pascal Dupuis, Olivier Pigaglio, Adel Asselman, Georges Zissis and Laurent Canale

Electronics 2024, 13(2), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020289 - 8 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1052

Abstract

The co-integration of antennas with lighting sources appears as an effective way to distribute broadband networks closer to users, lowering interference and transmitted power, as well as to reduce energy consumption in future lighting systems. We here present an original contribution to the implementation of transparent and invisible antennas with OLED light sources. To validate the proposed approach, the honeycomb mesh technique was used, and an optical transparency of 75.4% was reached. The transparent mesh antenna was compared with the non-transparent full-metal antenna in terms of radio-electrical parameters. Our prototype was designed using copper films deposited on a glass substrate. The simulation results of the S-parameters and the radiation patterns were validated against measurements performed in an anechoic chamber. The directivity and gain obtained were

6.67

dBi and

4.86

dBi at

5.16

G

Hz

, respectively. To study the effect of antenna integration with OLEDs, optical and photometric characterizations with and without the antenna were measured, and the colorimetric parameters were then treated using the IES TM-30-18 standard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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23 pages, 798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VNF Migration in Digital Twin Network for NFV Environment

by Ying Hu, Guanbo Min, Jianyong Li, Zhigang Li, Zengyu Cai and Jie Zhang

Electronics 2023, 12(20), 4324; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12204324 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1152

Abstract

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) allows for the dynamic provisioning of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs), adapting services to the complex and dynamic network environment to enhance network performance. However, VNF migration and energy consumption pose significant challenges due to the dynamic nature of the physical network. In order to maximize the acceptance rate of Service Function Chain Requests (SFCR), and reduce VNF migration and energy consumption as much as possible, we summarize several related factors such as the node hosting state, link hosting state, energy consumption, migrated nodes, and whether the mapping is successful. We define the Markov decision process by considering the factors mentioned above. Next, we design the VNF migration algorithm utilizing actor–critic models, graph convolution networks, and LSTM networks. In order to reduce the risk of trial and error during training and prediction in deep reinforcement learning scenarios, we designed a network architecture based on a digital twin (DT). In simulation experiments, compared with the FF algorithm that greedily selects the first available node, our AC_GCN algorithm significantly improves the acceptance rate of SFC requests by 2.9 times more than the FF algorithm in small topology experiments, and 27 times more than the FF algorithm in large topology experiments. Compared with the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm, which does not consider all the above factors together, for the small topology experiment, our AC_GCN algorithm outperforms the DRL algorithm in terms of request acceptance rate by 13%, underperforms compared to the DRL algorithm in terms of energy consumption by 3.8%, and underperforms compared to the DRL algorithm in terms of the number of migrated nodes for 22%; for the large topology experiment, our AC_GCN algorithm outperforms the DRL algorithm in terms of the request acceptance rate by 7.7%, outperforms the DRL algorithm in terms of energy consumption by 0.4%, and outperforms the DRL algorithm in terms of the number of migrated nodes by 1.6%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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18 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Beamforming-Based Enhanced Handover Scheme with Adaptive Threshold for 5G Heterogeneous Networks

by Ziyang Zhang, Zheng Jiang, Bei Yang and Xiaoming She

Electronics 2023, 12(19), 4131; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194131 - 3 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1059

Abstract

In order to tackle the explosive growth of data traffic and the number of terminals, 5G heterogeneous network (HetNet) has become an important evolution direction of 5G networking architecture. Densely deployed micro base stations (gNBs) in 5G HetNets will dramatically increase the handover frequency of user equipment (UE), resulting in more handover failures, and seriously reducing the user experience of mobile UE. Aiming at tackling this problem, this paper proposes a beam enhancement handover scheme with an adaptive threshold. Firstly, different beamforming gains are configured for the mobile UE in the overlapping area of two gNBs to improve the signal strength received by the UE at the edge of gNB coverage. Secondly, for mobile UE with different speeds, adaptive handover decision parameters are configured, and reference signal receiving strength (RSRP) as well as reference signal receiving quality (RSRQ) are used for joint handover decisions to achieve reliable handover. The simulation results verify that the proposed scheme can effectively improve the signal strength of the edge area, and the adaptive joint handover decision algorithm based on UE speed can also effectively improve the handover success probability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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15 pages, 5149 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Energy-Aware Mode Selection for D2D Resource Allocation in 5G Networks

by Hung-Chin Tsai, Shang-Juh Kao, Ya-Ling Huang and Fu-Min Chang

Electronics 2023, 12(19), 4054; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194054 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 749

Abstract

This paper proposes an energy-aware mode-selection mechanism for device-to-device (D2D) resource allocation in the coexisting 5G network environment of D2D users and traditional cellular users by taking into consideration the mechanisms of mode selection, transmit power, and spectrum resource allocation simultaneously. In the proposed approach, all spectrum resources are fully shared by traditional cellular users and D2D users. We first determine the communication mode of all users after considering the transmission opportunity of traditional cellular users and analyzing the interference degree of different D2D communication modes. Next, we divide all users into three tiers according to the distances between users and the base station to solve the interference problem generated by excessing transmit power in uplink transmission. Afterward, based on the different communication modes, corresponding spectrum resource allocation mechanisms using the Hungarian algorithm are developed. We simulate a single cell environment using Python language and perform several simulations for different pairs of traditional cellular users and D2D users. The simulation results reveal that the proposed approach outperforms the proposed approach by Hou et al. in system throughput. With power control, the energy efficiency of the proposed approach could be enhanced by 20%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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20 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed and Lightweight Software Assurance in Cellular Broadcasting Handshake and Connection Establishment

by Sourav Purification, Jinoh Kim, Jonghyun Kim, Ikkyun Kim and Sang-Yoon Chang

Electronics 2023, 12(18), 3782; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183782 - 7 Sep 2023

Viewed by 758

Abstract

With developments in OpenRAN and software-defined radio (SDR), the mobile networking implementations for radio and security control are becoming increasingly software-based. We design and build a lightweight and distributed software assurance scheme, which ensures that a wireless user holds the correct software (version/code) for their wireless networking implementations. Our scheme is distributed (to support the distributed and ad hoc networking that does not utilize the networking-backend infrastructure), lightweight (to support the resource-constrained device operations), modular (to support compatibility with the existing mobile networking protocols), and supports broadcasting (as mobile and wireless networking has broadcasting applications). Our scheme is distinct from the remote code attestation in trusted computing, which requires hardwarebased security and real-time challenge-and-response communications with a centralized trusted server, thus making its deployment prohibitive in the distributed and broadcasting-based mobile networking environments. We design our scheme to be prover-specific and incorporate the Merkle tree for the verification efficiency to make it appropriate for a wireless-broadcasting medium with multiple receivers. In addition to the theoretical design and analysis, we implement our scheme to assure srsRAN (a popular open-source software for cellular technology, including 4G and 5G) and provide a concrete implementation and application instance to highlight our scheme’s modularity, backward compatibility to the existing 4G/5G standardized protocol, and broadcasting support. Our scheme implementation incorporates delivering the proof in the srsRAN-implemented 4G/5G cellular handshake and connection establishment in radio resource control (RRC). We conduct experiments using SDR and various processors to demonstrate the lightweight design and its appropriateness for wireless networking applications. Our results show that the number of hash computations for the proof verification grows logarithmically with the number of software code files being assured and that the verification takes three orders of magnitude less time than the proof generation, while the proof generation overhead itself is negligible compared to the software update period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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15 pages, 8096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Mutual Coupling Suppression between Two Closely Spaced Planar Monopole Antenna Elements for 5G New Radio Massive MIMO System Applications

by Rao Shahid Aziz, Slawomir Koziel, Leifur Leifsson and Stanislaw Szczepanski

Electronics 2023, 12(12), 2630; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122630 - 12 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1497

Abstract

5G NR (new radio) introduces the concept of massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology, in which a larger number of antenna arrays are installed on the transceiver. Due to the increased number of antenna elements allocated close to each other (approximately at a distance of half a wavelength), mutual coupling becomes a serious problem leading to performance degradation of the MIMO communication system. In this communication, two different configurations of closely spaced antenna array elements are studied. In order to reduce the mutual coupling, a combination of a metamaterial-based frequency-selective surface (FSS), a metallic strip, and a slot element in the ground plane is examined. It is found that the proposed technique significantly suppresses mutual coupling from −12 dB to −25 dB. Both designs are fabricated and experimentally validated. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measurements. The proposed mutual coupling reduction technique may be suitable for massive MIMO systems in fifth-generation (5G) new radio applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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20 pages, 4322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Handover Decision-Making Algorithm for 5G Heterogeneous Networks

by Mark Irwin Goh, Abbas Ibrahim Mbulwa, Hoe Tung Yew, Aroland Kiring, Seng Kheau Chung, Ali Farzamnia, Ali Chekima and Manas Kumar Haldar

Electronics 2023, 12(11), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112384 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

The evolution of 5G small cell networks has led to the advancement of vertical handover decision-making algorithms. A mobile terminal (MT) tends to move from one place to another and, as the 5G network coverage is small, user network access will change frequently and lead to a high probability of unnecessary handover, which is a waste of network resources and causes degradation of service quality. This paper aims to reduce the number of unnecessary handovers in 5G heterogeneous networks by proposing a handover decision-making algorithm that integrates the dwelling time prediction technique and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The proposed algorithm reduces the number of unnecessary handovers by estimating the connection time to a small cell network using the dwell time prediction technique. The TOPSIS evaluates the network quality and chooses the best network based on user preference. The result shows that the proposed handover algorithm reduces the number of unnecessary handovers to small cell networks in high-speed scenarios. It also saves the network connection cost by up to 27.51% compared with the TOPSIS-based handover algorithm. As for throughput achievement, the proposed algorithm yields an improvement of 5.12%. The proposed algorithm significantly reduces the number of unnecessary handovers in the high-speed scenario while fulfilling user preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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20 pages, 3082 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Analysis of Congestion Control Mechanisms for Cooperative Awareness in IoV Environments

by Lakhdar Kamel Ouladdjedid, Carlos Tavares Calafate, Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache and Younes Guellouma

Electronics 2023, 12(3), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030512 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1297

Abstract

Traditional vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) have evolved toward the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) during the past ten years with the introduction of 5G communication technology and the growing number of vehicles linked to the Internet. The coexistence of IEEE 802.11p and 5G becomes critical to build a heterogeneous IoV system that benefits from both technologies, being that the IEEE 802.11p standard remains the best option for direct communications and safety-critical applications. The IEEE 1609 standard family and the ETSI ITS-G5 standard family both use the IEEE 802.11p standard as a MAC mechanism. To avoid dangerous situations, vehicles require the periodic exchange of awareness messages. With the increase in vehicle density, the MAC layer will suffer from radio channel congestion problems, which in turn will have a negative impact on the safety application requirements. Therefore, the decentralized congestion control (DCC) mechanism has been specified by ETSI to mitigate channel congestion; this was achieved by adapting transmission parameters such as transmit power and data rate. However, several studies have demonstrated that DCC has drawbacks and suffers from poor performance when the channel load is very high. This paper investigates a new promising DCC technique called transmission timing control (TTC), to reduce the channel load for periodic cooperative awareness. It consists of spreading the transmissions over time to avoid contention on the transmission channel. The objective of the paper is to propose an analytical study to calculate the probability of successful transmission using TTC. Obtained results showed a convergence between the applied experiments and our mathematical model, achieving an error margin of only 5%, which confirms the validity of the equation proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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15 pages, 3518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parasitic-Aware Simulation-Based Optimization Design Tool for Current Steering VGAs

by Nehad Mansour, Mohamed Elnozahi and Hani Ragaai

Electronics 2023, 12(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010132 - 28 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1290

Abstract

Designing millimeter-wave variable gain amplifiers (VGAs) is very challenging owing to the parasitic effects of the interconnects of both active and passive devices. An automated parasitic-aware optimization RF design tool is proposed in this paper to address this challenge. The proposed tool considers the parasitic effects prior to layout. It employs a knowledge-aware optimization technique. The augmentation between parasitic-aware and knowledge-aware techniques speeds up the design process and leads to a design as close to the final design after finalizing the layout. The proposed tool gives limitless and guaranteed converged solutions in a wide range of RF frequencies. A four-bits current steering VGA design is used as a validation of the tool. The tool is tested on three different frequencies using the 65 nm-technology node. The three tested frequencies (7, 10, and 13 GHz) show a root mean square gain error at approximately 0.1 dB and a phase variation at approximately 3.5° within a 16-dB gain control range. To our knowledge, it is the first reported automated design tool for a current steering VGA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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14 pages, 3118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wireless Communication Channel Scenarios: Machine-Learning-Based Identification and Performance Enhancement

by Amira Zaki, Ahmed Métwalli, Moustafa H. Aly and Waleed K. Badawi

Electronics 2022, 11(19), 3253; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193253 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

Wireless communication channel scenario classification is crucial for new modern wireless technologies. Reducing the time consumed by the data preprocessing phase for such identification is also essential, especially for multiple-scenario transitions in 6G. Machine learning (ML) has been used for scenario identification tasks. In this paper, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) is used instead of ElasticNet in order to reduce the computational time of data preprocessing for ML. Moreover, the computational time and performance of different ML models are evaluated based on a regularization technique. The obtained results reveal that the LASSO operator achieves the same feature selection performance as ElasticNet; however, the LASSO operator consumes less computational time. The achieved run time of LASSO is 0.33 s, while the ElasticNet corresponding value is 0.67 s. The identification for each specific class for K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and k-Means and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves and Area Under the Curve (AUC) scores. The KNN algorithm has the highest class-average AUC score at 0.998, compared to SVM, k-Means, and GMM with values of 0.994, 0.983, and 0.989, respectively. The GMM is the fastest algorithm among others, having the lowest classification time at 0.087 s, compared to SVM, k-Means, and GMM with values of 0.155, 0.26, and 0.087, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)

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