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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical and Autonomous Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2023) | Viewed by 23437

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tao Zhang

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Guest Editor

School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Interests: autonomous positioning of underwater vehicle; collaborative positioning; automatic driving; simultaneous localization and mapping; path planning; target recognition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Hyo-Sang Shin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Autonomous and Intelligent Systems Group, Centre for Autonomous and Cyberphysical Systems, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
Interests: unmanned aerial vehicles; decision making on multi-agent systems; distributed sensing and estimation; data-centric guidance and control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Xiang Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
Interests: inertial navigation systems; initial alignment techniques; integrated navigation systems; autonomous navigation; sensors; MEMS sensors calibration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Gaoge Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
Interests: multi-sensor fusion; positioning and navigation; SLAM; route planning; wireless network tracking; nonlinear filtering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Information technology is tightly linked with intelligent transportation systems, and some of these related technologies include wireless communication, computational technologies, floating car data/floating cellular data, sensing technologies, and video vehicle detection; intelligent transportation systems technologies include theoretical and application topics such as emergency vehicle notification systems, automatic road enforcement, collision avoidance systems, and some cooperative navigation systems. Transportation systems can involve humans, vehicles, shipments, information technology, and the physical infrastructure, all interacting in complex ways. Many aspects of transportation systems are uncertain, dynamic, and nonlinear, and such systems may be highly sensitive to perturbations. Controls can involve multiple distributed and hierarchical agents. Humans who invariably play critical roles in transportation systems have a diversity of objectives and a wide range of skills and education. Transportation systems are usually large-scale in nature and are invariably geographically distributed.

Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

Fourth Industrial Revolution and Transport: Implications for Transport Behavior.
Intelligent Control Frontier Technology and its Development Trend.
Toward Smart Cities (Focusing on Transportation).
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies.
Communications (Intervehicle and Vehicle-to-Roadside).
Computing and Processing.
Robotics and Control Systems.
Signal Processing and Analysis.
Decision Systems (Expert Systems, Intelligent Agents).
Information Systems (Databases, Data Fusion, Security).
Man-Machine Interfaces (Displays, Artificial Speech).
Imaging and Real-Time Image Analysis.
Sensors (Infrastructure and Vehicle-Based).
Reliability and Quality Assurance.
Technology Forecasting and Transfer.
Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Transportation.
Cooperative Driving Automation: System Planning, Control, Security, and Performance Evaluation.
Robustness and Resilience of Transport Networks to Major Disruptions.
Autonomous Navigation, Guidance and Control for Vehicles.

Prof. Dr. Tao Zhang
Prof. Dr. Hyo-sang Shin
Dr. Xiang Xu
Dr. Gaoge Hu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

robotics and control systems
communication
signal processing
decision systems
image processing
sensors
deep Learning
autonomous navigation
position, navigation and timing (PNT)

Related Special Issue

Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2nd Edition in Electronics

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

30 pages, 7920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expressway ETC Transaction Data Anomaly Detection Based on TL-XGBoost

by Fumin Zou, Rouyue Shi, Yongyu Luo, Zerong Hu, Huan Zhong and Weihai Wang

Electronics 2024, 13(1), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13010202 - 2 Jan 2024

Viewed by 640

Abstract

China’s widely adopted expressway ETC system provides a feasible foundation for realizing co-operative vehicle–infrastructure integration, and the accuracy of ETC data, which forms the basis of this scheme, will directly affect the safety of driving. Therefore, this study focuses on the abnormal data in an expressway ETC system. This study combines road network topology data and capture data to mine the abnormal patterns of ETC data, and it designs an abnormal identification model for expressway transaction data based on TL-XGBoost. This model categorizes expressway ETC abnormal data into four distinct classes: missing detections, opposite lane detection, duplicated detection and reverse trajectory detection. ETC transaction data from a southeastern Chinese province were used for experimentation. The results validate the model’s effectiveness, achieving an accuracy of 98.14%, a precision of 97.59%, a recall of 95.44%, and an F1-score of 96.49%. Furthermore, this study conducts an analysis and offers insights into the potential causes of anomalies in expressway ETC data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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23 pages, 1899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ITSS: An Intelligent Traffic Signaling System Based on an IoT Infrastructure

by Satyananda Champati Rai, Samaleswari Pr Nayak, Biswaranjan Acharya, Vassilis C. Gerogiannis, Andreas Kanavos and Theodor Panagiotakopoulos

Electronics 2023, 12(5), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051177 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2512

Abstract

Recently, there has been a huge spike in the number of automobiles in the urban areas of many countries, particularly in India. The number of vehicles are increasing rapidly and with the existing infrastructure, the traffic systems stand still during peak hours. Some of the main challenges for traffic management are the movement of overloaded vehicles beyond their restricted zone and time, reckless driving, and overlooking road safety rules. This paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-based real-time Intelligent Traffic Signal System (ITSS), which consists of inductive loops and a programmable micro-controller to determine traffic density. Inter-communication in the centralized control unit sets the timer of the traffic light and synchronizes with the traffic density in real-time for smooth mobility of vehicles with less delay. Additionally, to prioritize emergency vehicles over other vehicles in the same lane, a pre-emption mechanism has been integrated through infrared sensors. The result of traffic density determines the timer of the light post in real-time, which in result enhances the smooth flow of vehicles with reduced delay for travelers. Using its automatic on-demand traffic signaling system, the presented solution has advantages over fixed systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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13 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Stochastic Data Using Copulas for Applications in the Validation of Autonomous Driving

by Katrin Lotto, Thomas Nagler and Mladjan Radic

Electronics 2022, 11(24), 4154; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244154 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1589

Abstract

The verification and validation processes of fully automated vehicles are linked to an almost intractable challenge of reflecting the real world with all its interactions in a virtual environment. Influential stochastic parameters need to be extracted from real-world measurements and real-time data, capturing all interdependencies, for an accurate simulation of reality. A copula is a probability model that represents a multivariate distribution, examining the dependence between the underlying variables. This model is used on drone measurement data from a roundabout containing dependent stochastic parameters. With the help of the copula model, samples are generated that reflect the real-time data. The resulting applications and possible extensions are discussed and explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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18 pages, 2017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vehicle Motion Prediction Algorithm Based on Artificial Potential Field Correction and Fuzzy C-Mean Driving Intention Classification

by Wenda Ma, Yuan Zhu and Zhihong Wu

Electronics 2022, 11(23), 3857; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233857 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1452

Abstract

Predicting the trajectories of surrounding vehicles plays an important role in the driving safety of autonomous vehicles. It impacts the decision making, path planning, and vehicle motion control process in autonomous vehicles. However, due to the uncertainty of vehicle dynamics, driving intention, and the complexity of the surrounding environment, there are interactions between vehicles and other issues, and their motion prediction faces great challenges. This paper proposes a trajectory prediction algorithm combining driving intention classification and environmental interaction correction to overcome the leading vehicle movement prediction problem. In order to solve the problems of uncertainty in predicting vehicle driving intention and nonlinearity between future vehicle movements and the environment, a driving intention recognition based on the Fuzzy C-mean algorithm and a forward vehicle motion prediction algorithm combining multi-model prediction results are proposed. The artificial potential field method is also used to model vehicle interaction and correct the trajectory prediction results. Finally, the real vehicle data validation proves that this algorithm has high prediction accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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18 pages, 7652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation Index for IVIS Integration Test under a Closed Condition Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process

by Jialiang Chen, Huizhe Li, Zhaozheng Hu, Kai Liu and Yue Hou

Electronics 2022, 11(22), 3830; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223830 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1452

Abstract

The intelligent vehicle infrastructure system (IVIS) requires systematic testing before being put into large-scale applications. IVIS testing under closed conditions includes stress tests for typical scenarios and extreme scenario strength testing. To extract IVIS integration test indicators under closed conditions, this article constructed a hierarchical framework of IVIS’s evaluation indexes in the stress tests and the strength tests. The hierarchical framework of IVIS stress test evaluation indicators reflect the highway construction area under typical scenarios, and the hierarchical framework of IVIS strength test evaluation indicators reflect the highway merging area under extreme scenarios. Both are based on the test requirements of the stress test and strength test, with safety as the evaluation objective. Second, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to calculate the weights of the test evaluation indicators of the two scenarios. Finally, the activity-based classification (ABC) method was used after ranking the weight results in order to extract the key factors that have the maximum impact on safety in the scenarios. In this paper, we proved the practicality and feasibility of the AHP-ABC extraction method in the IVIS integration testing evaluation index and guided the development and testing of the IVIS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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8 pages, 2186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Optimization of a Resonant Micro-Optic Gyroscope Based on a Transmissive Silica Waveguide Resonator

by Wei Zhang, Wenyao Liu, Huiting Guo, Jun Tang and Jun Liu

Electronics 2022, 11(20), 3355; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203355 - 18 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1569

Abstract

In order to optimize the performance of a resonant micro-optic gyroscope, a well-designed transmissive structure, which was obtained by optimizing the transmission coefficient of a coupler was used as the core component of a planar waveguide optical gyroscope. By analyzing the relationship between the resonator’s transmission coefficient and the gyroscope’s scale factor, the optical waveguide resonator sensing element with optimal parameters for the resonant micro-optic gyroscope was obtained. A scale factor of 1.34 mV/°/s was achieved using an open-loop system, and a bias stability of 183.7 °/h over a one-hour test was successfully demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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14 pages, 5031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Application-Oriented Method Based on Cooperative Map Matching for Improving Vehicular Positioning Accuracy

by Nanhao Zhou, Wei Chen, Changzhen Li, Luyao Du, Donghua Zhang and Ming Zhang

Electronics 2022, 11(19), 3258; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193258 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345

Abstract

Accurate vehicular positioning is important for intelligent and connected vehicles (ICVs). However, in urban canyons, vehicles that rely solely on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) are susceptible to factors such as signal blocking and multi-path, reducing the positioning performance. In this paper, an application-oriented cooperative map matching (CMM) method is proposed, and a low-cost Global Positioning System (GPS)/BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) integrated positioning system is designed. The road constraints of a real traffic environment, which simplifies the computational complexity and facilitates practical applications, are modeled. The positioning system is designed to collect and store the positioning data for experimental analysis. Static and dynamic experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the CMM method. From the experimental results, the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the positioning with CMM correction in the static experiment are reduced by 9.0% and 4.9%, respectively. In the dynamic experiment, compared with the original positioning error, the MAE is reduced by 44.2% while the RMSE is reduced by 24.3%. The results show that the proposed method can improve vehicular positioning accuracy effectively in both static and dynamic environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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15 pages, 2785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Security Risk Assessment Method Based on Improved FTA-IAHP for Train Position System

by Yang Yang, Guangwu Chen and Di Wang

Electronics 2022, 11(18), 2863; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182863 - 10 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1227

Abstract

The positioning system based on satellite navigation can meet the requirements of CTCS-4 train control, improve the transportation efficiency, reduce the operation and maintenance costs, which is the trend of train positioning system in the future, and the security risk assessment is of great significance to the future application of this system. In this paper, combined with the self-developed train positioning system based on satellite navigation, and an improved fault tree-interval analytic hierarchy process (FTA-IAHP) method for evaluating the safety risk of train positioning system is proposed. Firstly, a security risk assessment model based on FTA-IAHP is established by combining FTA and IAHP. Secondly, two judgment matrices are constructed by using the basic events and structural importance based on FTA, and the IAHP model based on expert scoring, the difference between FTA and IAHP is adjusted by combining the weighting factor. The new method of trial of weighting can determine the degree of each factor in the system fault. This method has great significance to the safety design and protection of the new train positioning system based on satellite navigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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14 pages, 5249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Simulation of a Novel Single-Chip Integrated MEMS Accelerometer Gyroscope

by Yang Gao, Lin Meng, Jinwu Tong, Zhihu Ruan and Jia Jia

Electronics 2022, 11(15), 2451; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152451 - 6 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1760

Abstract

This paper presents the design and simulation of a single-chip integrated MEMS accelerometer gyroscope by integrating a Coriolis vibratory ring gyroscope and a differential resonant accelerometer into one single-chip structure, measuring both the acceleration and the angular velocity (or the angle). At the same time, it has the advantages of small volume, low cost, and high precision based on the characteristics of a ring gyroscope and resonant accelerometer. The proposed structure consists of a microring gyroscope and a MEMS resonant accelerometer. Tthe accelerometer is located inside the gyroscope and the two structures are concentric. The operating mechanisms of the ring gyroscope and the resonant accelerometer are first introduced. Then, the whole structure of the proposed single-chip integrated accelerometer gyroscope is presented, and the structural components are introduced in detail. Modal analysis shows the resonant frequencies of upper and lower DETFs in resonant accelerometer are 28,944.8 Hz and 28,948.0 Hz, and the resonant frequencies of the ring gyroscope (

n = 2

) are 15,768.5 Hz and 15,770.3 Hz, respectively. The scale factor of the resonant accelerometer is calculated as 83.5 Hz/g by the analysis of the input–output characteristic. Finally, the thermal analysis fully demonstrates that the single-chip integrated accelerometer gyroscope has excellent immunity to temperature change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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14 pages, 1365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recursive Least Squares Based Refinement Network for Vehicle Trajectory Prediction

by Shengyi Li, Qifan Xue, Dongfeng Shi, Xuanpeng Li and Weigong Zhang

Electronics 2022, 11(12), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11121859 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1538

Abstract

Trajectory prediction of surrounding objects plays a pivotal role in the field of autonomous driving vehicles. In the current rollout process, it suffers from an accumulation of errors, which has a negative impact on prediction accuracy. This paper proposes a parametric-learning recursive least-squares (RLS) method integrated with an encoder–decoder framework for trajectory prediction, named the recursive least-squares-based refinement network (RRN). Through the generation of several anchors in the future trajectory, RRN can capture both local and global motion patterns. We conducted experiments on the prevalent NGSIM and INTERACTION datasets, which contain various scenarios such as highways, intersections and roundabouts. The promising results indicate that RRN could improve the performance of the rollout trajectory prediction effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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18 pages, 3724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Weld Scar Recognition in Small-Diameter Transportation Pipeline Positioning System

by Zhen Lv, Guochen Wang, Zicheng Wang, Huachuan Zhao and Wei Gao

Electronics 2022, 11(7), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071100 - 31 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1690

Abstract

In order to improve the positioning accuracy of the pipeline inspection gauge (PIG), a pipeline positioning method, based on weld location, is proposed. The position of the welding scar is recognized by wavelet transform modulus maxima (WTMM). Equidistant welding scars provide positioning references to the strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS)/dead reckoning (DR) navigation system, which is the positioning algorithm in PIG. The following improvements have been made in relation to prior research. First, we suggest a selection strategy for the optimal mother wavelet and decomposition level; based on the strategy, WTMM can recognize the collision response between the PIG and submerged weld in the burst noise for the inertial measurement unit (IMU) output. Then, characteristic position (CP), which is the site of the weld scar, and non-holonomic constraints are utilized to decrease the position and the attitude error. By doing such, the SINS/DR/CP algorithm is proposed. The positioning error of the modified algorithm is 0.129% in the experiment, which performs better than other algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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9 pages, 1060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Iterative Closest Contour Point Matching Navigation Algorithm Based on Geomagnetic Vector

by Yuan Ren, Lihui Wang, Kunjie Lin, Hongtao Ma and Mingzhu Ma

Electronics 2022, 11(5), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11050796 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2026

Abstract

The geomagnetic matching aided positioning system based on Iterative Closest Contour Point (ICCP) algorithm can suppress the accumulation error of the inertial navigation system and achieve the accurate positioning of the vehicle. Aiming at the problem that the ICCP algorithm is sensitive to heading error and easily mismatches in regions with similar geomagnetic general features, an improved ICCP matching algorithm based on geomagnetic vector is proposed. The ant colony algorithm is designed to improve the search strategy in a large probability range. The geomagnetic three-dimensional vector feature and the Hausdoff distance are employed as the objective function for multiple iterations, improving matching efficiency and accuracy. Simulation results show that compared with the traditional ICCP algorithm, the positioning error of the matching track, the heading error, and the matching time of the improved ICCP algorithm are reduced by 69.6%, 44.0% and 39.0%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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15 pages, 5889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel GPS Meaconing Spoofing Detection Technique Based on Improved Ratio Combined with Carrier-to-Noise Moving Variance

by Xuefen Zhu, Zhengpeng Lu, Teng Hua, Fan Yang, Gangyi Tu and Xiyuan Chen

Electronics 2022, 11(5), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11050738 - 27 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2844

Abstract

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) becomes vulnerable in a challenging environment, among which spoofing is the most dangerous threat. Meaconing, as the most convenient way to conduct spoofing, is widely studied around the world, and also leads to lots of research into corresponding anti-spoofing techniques. This paper develops a semi-hardware meaconing platform and proposes a novel GPS meaconing spoofing detection method based on Improved Ratio combined with Carrier-to-noise Moving variance (C/N₀ − MV). The effectiveness has been validated theoretically and experimentally. The proposed method is proven useful when the meaconing signal has 5 dB power gain over the authentic signal, presenting 98% detection rate whereas the classic Signal quality monitoring (SQM) method with the Ratio metric presents only 30%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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