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Electromagnetic Field Computation for Electrical Engineering Devices

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 3307

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Prof. Dr. João Paulo N. Torres

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1. Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
2. Academia Militar/CINAMIL, Av. Conde Castro Guimarães, 2720-113 Amadora, Portugal
Interests: photovoltaic systems; semiconductors; new materials; nanotechnology
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Dr. Ricardo Lameirinhas

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Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: photovoltaic systems; semiconductors; new materials; nanotechnology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electromagnetic field computation is crucial in electrical engineering device analysis, design, and optimisation. The importance of new electrical engineering devices lies in their ability to drive technological progress, improve efficiency, enhance safety, and contribute to various sectors of society. These devices enable the creation of innovative solutions, promote sustainable practices, and pave the way for a more connected and technologically advanced future. Electromagnetic field computation involves the mathematical modelling and simulation of electromagnetic fields using computational techniques.

With this in mind, we are pleased to announce a Special Issue focused on the importance of electromagnetic field computation. This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate research and advancements in this field. We invite submissions on various topics related to electromagnetic field computation in electric devices. Some potential areas of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

- Maxwell's equations as the foundation of electromagnetic field computation;
- Numerical methods, such as the finite difference method (FDM), finite element method (FEM), method of moments (MoM), and finite volume method (FVM);
- Boundary conditions, including perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundaries, perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundaries, and impedance boundary conditions;
- Material models and their properties for an accurate representation of electromagnetic behaviour;
- Simulation of new electronic devices, and exploring their electromagnetic characteristics and performance;
- Advancements in micro- and nanoscale optical devices incorporating electromagnetic field computation.

We welcome original research articles, reviews, and technical notes that contribute to the understanding and advancement of electromagnetic field computation in electrical engineering devices. Manuscripts should be submitted through our online submission system, following the guidelines provided on our journal's website.

We look forward to receiving your contributions and creating a comprehensive Special Issue showcasing electromagnetic field computation's importance in electrical engineering.

Prof. Dr. João Paulo N. Torres
Dr. Ricardo Lameirinhas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 4129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Evaluation of the Frequency-Dependent Impedance of Hemispherical Ground Electrodes through Finite Element Analysis

by Vitor Maló Machado, João Pereira Fernandes, Maria Eduarda Pedro and José Brandão Faria

Energies 2024, 17(2), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020452 - 17 Jan 2024

Viewed by 500

Abstract

Metallic electrodes are widely used in many applications, the analysis of their frequency-domain behavior is an important subject, particularly in applications related to earthing/grounding systems, from dc up into the MHz range. In this paper, a numerical evaluation of the frequency-dependent complex impedance of the hemispherical ground electrode is implemented. A closed-form solution for non-zero frequencies is still a difficult task to achieve as evidenced in a previous paper dedicated to the subject and, therefore, numerical approaches should be an alternative option. The aim of this article is to present a solution based on a numerical method using finite element analysis. In typical commercial FE tools, electric currents exhibit azimuthal orientation and, as such, the magnetic field has a null azimuthal component but non-null axial and radial components. On the contrary, a dual problem is considered in this work, with a purely azimuthal magnetic field. To overcome the difficulty of directly using a commercial FE tool, a novel formulation is developed. An innovative 2D formulation, the ι-form, is developed as a modification of the H-formulation applied to axisymmetric magnetic field problems. The results are validated using a classical 3D H-formulation; comparisons showed very good agreement. The electrode complex impedance is analyzed considering two different cases. Firstly, the grounding system is constituted by a hemispherical electrode surrounded by a remote concentric electrode; in the second case, the grounding system is constituted by two identical thin hemispherical electrodes. Computed results are presented and discussed, showing how the grounding impedance depends on the frequency and, also, on the radius of the remote concentric electrode (first case) or on the distance between the two hemispherical electrodes (second case). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Field Computation for Electrical Engineering Devices)

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16 pages, 5370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Closed-Form Expressions for Local Absorbing Boundary Conditions in Electromagnetic Scattering Problems and Their Implementation into Commercial FEM Software

by Marcin Ziolkowski and Stanislaw Gratkowski

Energies 2024, 17(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010089 - 22 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 584

Abstract

When solving open-region electromagnetic scattering problems using the standard finite element method, the infinite region exterior to the scatterer must be truncated with an artificial outer boundary. In the interior or finite part of the domain, finite elements can be used, but a boundary condition must be introduced at this artificial boundary to obtain a unique finite element solution. One class of boundary conditions designed for this purpose is called absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs). Several ABCs have been reported in the literature. These can be broadly classified into two categories: local and non-local. In this paper, we present new closed-form expressions for Nth-order local ABCs, equivalent to the well-known sequences of the Bayliss, Gunzburger, and Turkel boundary operators. To the best of our knowledge, these expressions have not yet been reported in the literature. Two- and three-dimensional problems are considered in this study. We also discuss the problem of incorporating custom ABCs into commercial finite element method programs, which are usually closed-source software packages. Two 2D electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems with known analytical solutions are analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Field Computation for Electrical Engineering Devices)

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16 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Complex Impedance of the Hemispherical Ground Electrode: An Open Analytical Problem

by José Brandão Faria, Maria Eduarda Pedro and Vitor Maló Machado

Energies 2023, 16(20), 7062; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207062 - 12 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 696

Abstract

The hemispherical ground electrode is a basic electrode whose analysis appears in many textbooks on electromagnetics in chapters dedicated to steady currents. Considering a soil with a given resistivity and an electrode with a given perimeter, the electrode DC resistance is simply calculated from the ratio resistivity/perimeter. Strangely, the generalization of this result to AC regimes is missing. The issue of the frequency-domain impedance of the hemispherical ground electrode has been avoided in the literature despite its trivial geometry. But the problem is indeed not easy; electromagnetic field calculation involves Legendre and Bessel functions; the application of boundary conditions involves an infinite set of points, and some integrals involved need to be calculated recursively. We analyzed the math and physics of the problem but failed to find a closed-form solution. This article with “negative results” can, however, be useful; on one hand it may prevent researchers from wasting their time following the same steps, and, on the other hand, it may attract the interest of new researchers to the subject, ultimately, accelerating its analytical solution (if the solution exists). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Field Computation for Electrical Engineering Devices)

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12 pages, 3420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Test Method for Shielding Effectiveness of Materials against Electromagnetic Pulse Based on Coaxial Flange

by Yifei Liu, Wei Wu, Xiang Chen, Xin Nie, Mo Zhao, Rui Jia and Jinxi Li

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6701; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186701 - 19 Sep 2023

Viewed by 729

Abstract

Aiming at the evaluation of the shielding effectiveness (SE) of materials against high-intensity electromagnetic pulse (EMP), the shielding mechanism in the frequency domain is investigated, and the factors that determine SE such as conductivity, thickness of material, and test frequency are analyzed. The attenuated waves of solid and perforated plate materials irradiated by EMP are simulated in CST. The results show that the two materials exhibit low-pass and high-pass filtering characteristics, respectively, which lead to a big difference in the transmitted waves (rise time and pulse width). Based on this, a time domain SE test method using coaxial flange is proposed which can obtain the incident and the transmitted and reflected waves, and the time domain SE of graphenes with different thicknesses (80, 100, 200, and 300 μm) are measured. The characteristics of the reflected and transmitted waves are analyzed in detail, and the change regulations comply with the theoretical shielding model well. The peak value SE and energy density SE, respectively, are calculated. Furthermore, the frequency domain SE can be obtained through the Fourier transform, so the method has a wide application in material SE performance evaluation against high-intensity EMP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Field Computation for Electrical Engineering Devices)

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