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DC and AC Insulated Power Cables and Hybrid Transmission Lines: Insights, Operating Experiences and New Challenges

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 11662

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Roberto Benato

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: multiconductor analysis and more generally the electric energy transmission
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sebastian Dambone Sessa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: power transmission line modeling and analysis; fault location algorithms; stationary electrochemical and hybrid energy storage; high-voltage direct current installations; availability assessment of power transmission systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Presently, the power systems community is witnessing an ever-growing increase of power-insulated cable installations around the world, both underground and submarine in DC and AC.

This is due to several key reasons:

  • To deal with the massive penetration of off-shore wind farms in the electrical networks;
  • To strengthen the electrical networks by means of insulated cable interties, in order to increase the regulating energy of the electrical system;
  • To cope with climate change and to increase the resilience of electrical grids, since insulated cables are immune to the effects of heavy snowfalls or strong winds;
  • The opportunity to rationalize the territorial resources using motorway and railway infrastructures (existing or planned ones) for cable line installation within them.

This Special Issue focuses on all the topics related to DC and AC insulated power cable lines for energy transmission or distribution and to hybrid overhead-insulated cable lines. More specifically, the topics of interest include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Modeling of HVAC/HVDC cables, or of hybrid overhead-cable lines;
  • Electrical and thermal simulations of meaningful operating configurations;
  • Installations;
  • Maintenance;
  • Reliability/availability;
  • Earthquake resilience;
  • Fault location methods;
  • Fault analyses;
  • Ampacity computations;
  • Measurement campaigns for meaningful installation conditions;
  • New concepts in planning and design;
  • Monitoring techniques;
  • Dynamic thermal ratings;
  • Comparison between entire cable lines and hybrid overhead-cable lines, including the burden on territory of overhead parts;
  • Economic analyses;
  • Management strategies for hybrid transmission lines;
  • Insulation aging;
  • Joints and terminations;
  • Power losses in three-core HVAC submarine cables;
  • New challenges in synergy between highway/railway infrastructures and power AC and DC cables (also review of existing installations).

Prof. Dr. Roberto Benato
Dr. Sebastian Dambone Sessa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 10561 KiB  
Article
Use of 3D-FEM Tools to Improve Loss Allocation in Three-Core Armored Cables
by Juan Carlos del-Pino-López and Pedro Cruz-Romero
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2434; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092434 - 24 Apr 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2141
Abstract
Loss allocation through analytical expressions in three-core lead-sheathed armored cables is challenging due to the complex geometry of this type of cable, commonly employed in submarine energy transmission systems (involving twisted conductors, sheaths and armor). Most of the expressions of the IEC standard [...] Read more.
Loss allocation through analytical expressions in three-core lead-sheathed armored cables is challenging due to the complex geometry of this type of cable, commonly employed in submarine energy transmission systems (involving twisted conductors, sheaths and armor). Most of the expressions of the IEC standard 60287 have not been properly adapted for three-core armored cables, leading to inaccurate values for the different losses, so important efforts are currently devoted to improving them. In this work, an improved ultra-shortened 3D finite element model (FEM) is employed for developing an in-depth analysis of the electromagnetic interactions that take place in 6 real cables, being especially focused on those aspects that are not considered in the IEC standard. As a result, important conclusions are derived regarding the losses in conductors and sheaths, which introduce different corrections for improving the accuracy of the IEC expressions. The new formulation is then employed to propose a simplified experimental armor loss allocation procedure. This is virtually applied through the FEM tool to more than 700 cable configurations, showing a remarkable improvement in the loss allocation over the IEC standard and previous experimental procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DC and AC Insulated Power Cables and Hybrid Transmission Lines: Insights, Operating Experiences and New Challenges)
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16 pages, 5903 KiB  
Article
Calorimetric Behaviour of Electric Cables
by Katarzyna Kaczorek-Chrobak, Jadwiga Fangrat and Bartłomiej K. Papis
Energies 2021, 14(4), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041007 - 15 Feb 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1786
Abstract
A routine cone calorimeter procedure, the theoretical analysis method, based on a set of ignitability data from the cone calorimeter, has been performed. The five sets of ignition times at different irradiance levels were used for obtaining experimental data needed for analysis. The [...] Read more.
A routine cone calorimeter procedure, the theoretical analysis method, based on a set of ignitability data from the cone calorimeter, has been performed. The five sets of ignition times at different irradiance levels were used for obtaining experimental data needed for analysis. The cone calorimeter tests were performed with horizontal specimens of the size 100 mm × 100 mm consisting of eight pieces of commercial poly(vinyl chloride) coaxial power cable. Specimen combustion was carried out under external heat flux of constant values equal to 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kW·m−2, respectively. Standard fire parameters and time to ignition were used for analysis. The results indicate that for each fire parameter, a rising trend with an increase in radiant heat flux has been observed. It was shown that the use of poly(vinyl chloride)-based cables is a potential fire safety hazard due to the emission of heat and a large amount of acid smoke. Quintiere’s theory has been shown as a useful tool for fire modelling by using the data from small-scale tests rather than large geometrical scale cable experiments. Large scale cable test (EN 50399) results are also presented and compared with cone calorimeter data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DC and AC Insulated Power Cables and Hybrid Transmission Lines: Insights, Operating Experiences and New Challenges)
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16 pages, 2312 KiB  
Article
Fire Behavior of Electrical Installations in Buildings
by Jadwiga Fangrat, Katarzyna Kaczorek-Chrobak and Bartłomiej K. Papis
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6433; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236433 - 4 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2619
Abstract
Electrical installations are a significant component of fire load inside a building, although they are often neglected in the overall fire safety analysis and are not subjected to any kind of fire safety evaluation of a building. A typical electrical installation unconnected to [...] Read more.
Electrical installations are a significant component of fire load inside a building, although they are often neglected in the overall fire safety analysis and are not subjected to any kind of fire safety evaluation of a building. A typical electrical installation unconnected to the mains was experimentally studied using a single burning item (SBI) test apparatus, fixed to two types of popular non-combustible or combustible (wooden-based) backgrounds simulating a typical building internal wall or ceiling. The semi-real scale test showed that poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) cable, commonly used in installations in buildings in Europe and used in SBI tests, showed high fire properties related to heat release, smoke production and flame spread to other interior elements. The results of the electrical circuit connected to the main measurements carried out showed a significant impact of the heating effect towards the uncovered surface socket, causing the possibility of easy ignition inside the installation. In conclusion, it was found that even a relatively simple and short section of electrical installation resulted in a significant increase in the heat release rate and smoke generation parameters, obtained during the SBI tests, and as a consequence a reduction of one or two reaction to fire euroclasses of construction materials for internal walls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DC and AC Insulated Power Cables and Hybrid Transmission Lines: Insights, Operating Experiences and New Challenges)
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12 pages, 3804 KiB  
Article
Combustible Material Content vs. Fire Properties of Electric Cables
by Katarzyna Kaczorek-Chrobak and Jadwiga Fangrat
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6172; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236172 - 24 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2413
Abstract
The fire load of buildings is significantly increased by means of electric cables, usually creating a long combustible base for fire to spread and in this way decreasing the fire safety of buildings. The aim of the study was to evaluate a relationship [...] Read more.
The fire load of buildings is significantly increased by means of electric cables, usually creating a long combustible base for fire to spread and in this way decreasing the fire safety of buildings. The aim of the study was to evaluate a relationship between the construction of the cables and their fire properties, especially the mass loss influence on other fire properties of cables. Six cables of different core numbers were tested by means of the standard test method EN 50399. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis and Attenuated Total Reflection—Fourier Transform Infrared analysis were performed on the separate outer sheath, bedding, and core insulations in order to determine the similarity of the materials’ chemical structures. It was found that: (1) the construction of the cable strongly influences the fire behavior due to the creation of a barrier for flame penetration and emission of combustion effluents though inside the closed agglomeration of non-combustible metallic cores (conductors), and the intumescent structures formed from aluminum trihydrate/zinc borate fillers and fire retardants in outer sheath material during the self-sustained combustion process after ignition of cables; (2) the inhomogeneous distribution of non-combustible inorganic fillers or different contents of fillers and flame retardants within the polymer fraction cause an unobvious fire behaviors of cables; and (3) the use of bedding in multicore cable construction results in lower values of combustion parameters (maximum average heat release rate, total heat release, maximum average smoke production rate, total smoke production), e.g., better fire properties of cables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DC and AC Insulated Power Cables and Hybrid Transmission Lines: Insights, Operating Experiences and New Challenges)
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18 pages, 5460 KiB  
Article
The Effect of the Axial Heat Transfer on Space Charge Accumulation Phenomena in HVDC Cables
by Giuseppe Rizzo, Pietro Romano, Antonino Imburgia, Fabio Viola and Guido Ala
Energies 2020, 13(18), 4827; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184827 - 15 Sep 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2006
Abstract
To date, it has been widespread accepted that the presence of space charge within the dielectric of high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables is one of the most relevant issues that limits the growing diffusion of this technology and its use at higher [...] Read more.
To date, it has been widespread accepted that the presence of space charge within the dielectric of high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables is one of the most relevant issues that limits the growing diffusion of this technology and its use at higher voltages. One of the reasons that leads to the establishment of space charge within the insulation of cables is the temperature dependence of its conductivity. Many researchers have demonstrated that high temperature drop over the insulation layer can lead to the reversal of the electric field profile. In certain conditions, this can over-stress the insulation during polarity reversal (PR) and transient over voltages (TOV) events accelerating the ageing of the dielectric material. However, the reference standards for the thermal rating of cables are mainly thought for alternating current (AC) cables and do not adequately take into account the effects related to high thermal drops over the insulation. In particular, the difference in temperature between the inner and the outer surfaces of the dielectric can be amplified during load transients or near sections with axially varying external thermal conditions. For the reasons above, this research aims to demonstrate how much the existence of “hot points” in terms of temperature drop can weaken the tightness of an HVDC transmission line. In order to investigate these phenomena, a two-dimensional numerical model has been implemented in time domain. The results obtained for some case studies demonstrate that the maximum electric field within the dielectric of an HVDC cable can be significantly increased in correspondence with variations along the axis of the external heat exchange conditions and/or during load transients. This study can be further developed in order to take into account the combined effect of the described phenomena with other sources of introduction, forming, and accumulation of space charge inside the dielectric layer of HVDC cables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DC and AC Insulated Power Cables and Hybrid Transmission Lines: Insights, Operating Experiences and New Challenges)
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