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Energies
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Overvoltage Protection of Electrical Networks
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Overvoltage Protection of Electrical Networks

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2020) | Viewed by 9396

Special Issue Editors

Prof. A. Manu Haddad

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Advanced High Voltage Engineering Research Centre, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
Interests: overvoltage protection; insulation systems; insulation coordination and earthing of electrical energy systems
Prof. Pantelis N. Mikropoulos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
High Voltage Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: high voltage enginneringelectrical discharges; earthing and lightning protection; insulation coordination for power systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrical power circuits are frequently subjected to transients due to external and internal surge overvoltages. External surges are mainly caused by lightning, whilst internal surges can be caused by switching manoeuvres or fault initiation and clearing. If uncontrolled or unlimited, such surges can cause extensive damage to equipment and lead to the endangering of the lives of personnel and the general public.

Overvoltage surges can be limited using simple spark gaps or more effectively using high performance modern zinc oxide ZnO surge arresters. The process of designing, selecting, and applying surge overvoltage protection schemes requires an improved understanding of the fault mechanism or lightning surge mechanism attachment to the circuit, the propagation criteria of the surge along the network, the design aspects of the electricity network and its equipment, the insulation withstand level, and the performance of the earthing system. In addition, the surge overvoltage device needs to be designed, selected, and positioned adequately for an effective overvoltage limitation and the protection of valuable equipment. The aim of such protection is to achieve insulation coordination for the system that is both effective and economical. An acceptable risk of failure of the system can result when the stress on the system versus the strength of its components are considered in the context of insulation coordination.

This Special Issue invites submissions of new research findings that address the above challenges for both distribution and transmission systems. Topics of interests include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • New/improved models of lightning attachment to ground structures (or lines connected to the structures) and resulting overvoltages
  • The mechanism of internal surges and their propagation on the network and extreme cases of internal surge magnitudes
  • New modelling techniques to enhance the transient studies of electrical networks
  • New transient models of power equipment
  • New measurements of lightning or switching surges on electrical networks
  • Transients in gas-insulated substations and their control (modelling and measurements)
  • Surge protection of transformers and gas-insulated substations
  • The application of surge arresters for overhead line and underground cable protection, TLA, EGLA, etc. (lightning and switching surges)
  • The application of surge arresters in substation and optimised locations within substations
  • New measurements, characteristics, and modelling of surge arresters
  • Condition monitoring of surge arresters and their ageing/degradation (measurements and practice)
  • Earthing systems properties (modelling and measurements) of electrical networks relevant to overvoltage protection

Prof. A. Manu Haddad
Prof. Pantelis N. Mikropoulos
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • transients 
  • surges 
  • overvoltages 
  • surge arresters 
  • transient modelling 
  • overvoltage protection 
  • lightning 
  • switching surges

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 5329 KiB  
Article
Non-Contact Measurement and Analysis of Trapped Charge Decay Rates for Cable Line Switching Transients
by Stephen Robson, Abderrahmane Haddad, Simon Dennis and Foroozan Ghassemi
Energies 2020, 13(5), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051142 - 03 Mar 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2384
Abstract
During reclosure of 275 kV cable circuits used for voltage control, excessive overvoltages were observed on the network. Such events cause onerous and costly failures. Transient simulations have shown that the normal voltage on its own cannot generate such excessive switching overvoltages. Initial [...] Read more.
During reclosure of 275 kV cable circuits used for voltage control, excessive overvoltages were observed on the network. Such events cause onerous and costly failures. Transient simulations have shown that the normal voltage on its own cannot generate such excessive switching overvoltages. Initial investigations by the network operator pointed towards trapped charge on the unearthed as the cause of the failures. Measurement of these trapped charge voltages and their slow decay without interfering with the charge has, to the author’s knowledge, not been done before in an operational substation. This work introduces a technique to measure trapped charge at a 275 kV substation using the Electrostatic Field Mill. Since the electric field is a proxy measurement of surface voltage, field mills can also be used to measure voltage. In this paper, an on-site substation measurement setup using an electrostatic field mill has been developed for the non-contact measurement of trapped charge voltage on a 275 kV underground cable circuit following switching operations at a National Grid substation. Results of field measurements within the substation and laboratory experimentation are discussed. It is demonstrated that with adequate calibration, achieved by using the known pre-switching power frequency steady state voltage, the slowly decaying DC voltage caused by the cable trapped charge can be measured using this non-contact technique. The correlation between the instantaneous time constant and the relative humidity is also analysed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overvoltage Protection of Electrical Networks)
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17 pages, 4872 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Very Fast Transients Using Black Box Macromodels in ATP-EMTP
by Jonathan James, Maurizio Albano, David Clark, Dongsheng Guo and Abderrahmane (Manu) Haddad
Energies 2020, 13(3), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030698 - 06 Feb 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3277
Abstract
Modelling for very fast transients (VFTs) requires good knowledge of the behaviour of gas insulated substation (GIS) components when subjected to high frequencies. Modelling usually takes the form of circuit-based insulation coordination type studies, in an effort to determine the maximum overvoltages and [...] Read more.
Modelling for very fast transients (VFTs) requires good knowledge of the behaviour of gas insulated substation (GIS) components when subjected to high frequencies. Modelling usually takes the form of circuit-based insulation coordination type studies, in an effort to determine the maximum overvoltages and waveshapes present around the system. At very high frequencies, standard transmission line modelling assumptions may not be valid. Therefore, the approach to modelling of these transients must be re-evaluated. In this work, the high frequency finite element analysis (FEA) was used to enhance circuit-based models, allowing direct computation of parameters from geometric and material characteristics. Equivalent models that replicate a finite element model’s frequency response for bus-spacer and 90° elbow components were incorporated in alternative transients program-electromagnetic transients program (ATP-EMTP) using a pole-residue equivalent circuit derived following rational fitting using the well-established and robust method of vector fitting (VF). A large model order is often required to represent this frequency dependent behaviour through admittance matrices, leading to increased computational burden. Moreover, while highly accurate models can be derived, the data extracted from finite element solutions can be non-passive, leading to instability when included in time domain simulations. A simple method of improved stability for FEA derived responses along with a method for identification of a minimum required model order for stability of transient simulations is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overvoltage Protection of Electrical Networks)
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17 pages, 5298 KiB  
Article
An Improved Statistical Method for Calculating Lightning Overvoltages in HVDC Overhead Line/Cable Systems
by Oscar Lennerhag, Jan Lundquist, Christiaan Engelbrecht, Tanumay Karmokar and Math H. J. Bollen
Energies 2019, 12(16), 3121; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163121 - 14 Aug 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2665
Abstract
HVDC cable systems connected to HVDC overhead lines are subject to fast front overvoltages emanating from the line when lightning strikes a shield wire (backflashover) or a pole conductor (shielding failure). Representative fast front overvoltage levels for HVDC cable systems are usually established [...] Read more.
HVDC cable systems connected to HVDC overhead lines are subject to fast front overvoltages emanating from the line when lightning strikes a shield wire (backflashover) or a pole conductor (shielding failure). Representative fast front overvoltage levels for HVDC cable systems are usually established without considering their statistical characteristics. A statistical method to determine overvoltages related to the acceptable mean time between failure (MTBF) for the cable system was developed previously. The method accounts for the statistical distribution of lightning current magnitudes as well as the attenuation of the overvoltage wave due to corona discharges on the line, since this effect dominates for system voltages up to about ±320 kV. To make the method suitable for higher system voltages as well, this article introduces an improved statistical method which also accounts for surge attenuation through resistive effects, soil ionization, and statistical treatment of overvoltages due to shielding failures. To illustrate the improved method, it is applied to a case study for a ±525 kV DC line. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overvoltage Protection of Electrical Networks)
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