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Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 31091

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Prof. Dr. Jiří Jaromír KLEMEŠ

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Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory (SPIL), Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
Interests: process; heat; power and water integration; environmental footprints; sustainable development; circular economy
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Prof. Dr. Paweł Ocłoń

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Energy Department, Faculty of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Krakow University of Technology, Al. Jana Pawła II, 31-864 Krakow, Poland
Interests: computational fluid dynamics; engineering thermodynamics; modeling and simulation
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Dr. Abdoulmohammad Gholamzadeh Chofreh

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Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory (SPIL), Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
Interests: global energy; strategic management for energy; energy planning; operations and supply chain management

Dr. Xuexiu Jia

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Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory (SPIL), Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
Interests: heat transfer; energy conversion; water resources assessment;
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Dear Colleagues,

Energy use and emissions should be accompanied by measures for their reduction. This is the focus of the PRES (Conference on Process Integration for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction) series of conferences, a major annual forum dedicated to the exchange of knowledge and networking. The 23rd conference, PRES’20, will take place as a virtual venue, based in and organized by Xi'an Jiaotong Xi’an University, in Xi’an, Shanxi, 17–21 August 2020 <pres20.icrp.xjtu.edu.cn/>. The conference targets a wide range of topics related to energy supply, conversion, and use, for improvement of the efficiency and sustainability of the concerned activities. Some of the topics include:

Process integration for sustainable development;
Process analysis, modeling, and optimization;
Total site integration;
Heat transfer and heat exchangers;
Energy-saving and clean technologies;
Sustainable processing and production;
Renewable and high-efficiency utility systems;
Energy storage;
Footprint minimization and mitigation;
Impact and supporting recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic;
Operations and supply chain management;
Numerical fluid flow and heat transfer simulation;
Work and heat exchanger networks;
Gas turbines and turbomachinery applications.

Following the venue, in collaboration with Energies (MDPI), authors of up to 50 high-quality papers from the conference are invited to submit follow-up articles extending the presented research in a dedicated Special Issue. This opportunity is also advertised on the conference web sites: <www.conferencepres.com> https://www.pres19.eu/

Prof. Dr. Jiří Jaromír KLEMEŠ
Prof. Paweł Ocłoń
Dr. Abdoulmohammad Gholamzadeh Chofreh
Dr. Xuexiu Jia
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Process integration
Energy efficiency
Footprint reduction
Energy transition

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 6946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Case Study of a Hybrid Wind and Tidal Turbines System with a Microgrid for Power Supply to a Remote Off-Grid Community in New Zealand

by Navid Majdi Nasab, Jeff Kilby and Leila Bakhtiaryfard

Energies 2021, 14(12), 3636; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123636 - 18 Jun 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4231

Abstract

This paper evaluates the feasibility of using a hybrid system consisting of wind and tidal turbines connected to a microgrid for power supply to coastal communities that are isolated from a main supply grid. The case study is Stewart Island, where the cost of electricity, provided by a central diesel power station, is higher than the grid network in New Zealand. Local residents believe that reducing the consumption of diesel and having a renewable source of electricity generation are two of the island’s highest priorities. Merging a tidal energy source (predictable) with wind (unpredictable) and diesel (back-up), through a microgrid, may be a way to increase reliability and decrease the cost of generation. Several off-grid configurations are simulated using HOMER and WRPLOT software. Using two wind and four tidal turbines, plus one diesel generator for back-up, is the best design in terms of lower greenhouse gas emissions, higher renewable fraction, and reduced net present cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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15 pages, 4682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CO₂ Capture from Flue Gas of a Coal-Fired Power Plant Using Three-Bed PSA Process

by Chu-Yun Cheng, Chia-Chen Kuo, Ming-Wei Yang, Zong-Yu Zhuang, Po-Wei Lin, Yi-Fang Chen, Hong-Sung Yang and Cheng-Tung Chou

Energies 2021, 14(12), 3582; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123582 - 16 Jun 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3292

Abstract

The pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process was used to capture carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant to reduce CO₂ emissions. Herein, CO₂ was captured from flue gas using the PSA process for at least 85 vol% CO₂ purity and with the other exit stream from the process of more than 90 vol% N₂ purity. The extended Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm was used for calculating the equilibrium adsorption capacity, and the linear driving force model was used to describe the gas adsorption kinetics. We compared the results of breakthrough curves obtained through experiments and simulations to verify the accuracy of the mass transfer coefficient. The flue gas obtained after desulphurization and water removal (13.5 vol% CO₂ and 86.5 vol% N₂) from a subcritical 1-kW coal-fired power plant served as the feed for the designed three-bed, nine-step PSA process. To determine optimal operating conditions for the process, the central composite design (CCD) was used. After CCD analysis, optimal operating conditions with a feed pressure of 3.66 atm and a vacuum pressure of 0.05 atm were obtained to produce a bottom product with a CO₂ purity of 89.20 vol% and a recovery of 88.20%, and a top product with a N₂ purity of 98.49 vol% and a recovery of 93.56%. The mechanical energy consumption was estimated to be 1.17 GJ/t-CO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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18 pages, 1699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Dimensions as a Design Objective in Heat Transfer Equipment: The Case of Plate and Fin Heat Exchangers

by Jorge García-Castillo and Martín Picón-Núñez

Energies 2021, 14(8), 2318; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082318 - 20 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2441

Abstract

To incorporate exchanger dimensions as a design objective in plate and fin heat exchangers, a variable that must be taken into consideration is the geometry of the finned surfaces to be used. In this work, a methodology to find the surface geometry that will produce the required heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop to achieve the design targets was developed. The geometry of secondary surfaces can be specified by the fin density, which represents the number of fins per unit length. All other geometrical features, as well as the thermo-hydraulic performance, can be derived from this parameter. This work showed the way finned surfaces are engineered employing generalised thermo-hydraulic correlations as a part of a design methodology. It also showed that there was a volume space referred to as volume design region (VDR) where heat duty, pressure drop, and dimensions could simultaneously be met. Such a volume design region was problem- and surface-specific; therefore, its limits were determined by the heat duty, the pressure drop, and the type of finned surface chosen in the design. The application of this methodology to a case study showed that a shell and tube heat exchanger of 227.4 m², with the appropriate fin density using offset strip-fins, could be replaced by a plate and fin exchanger with any combination of height, width, and length in the ranges of 0–0.58 m, 0–0.58 m, and 0–3.59 m. The approach presented in this work indicated that heat exchanger dimensions could be fixed as a design objective, and they could effectively be achieved through surface design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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38 pages, 2611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Objective Approach toward Optimal Design of Sustainable Integrated Biodiesel/Diesel Supply Chain Based on First- and Second-Generation Feedstock with Solid Waste Use

by Evgeniy Ganev, Boyan Ivanov, Natasha Vaklieva-Bancheva, Elisaveta Kirilova and Yunzile Dzhelil

Energies 2021, 14(8), 2261; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082261 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2011

Abstract

This study proposes a multi-objective approach for the optimal design of a sustainable Integrated Biodiesel/Diesel Supply Chain (IBDSC) based on first- (sunflower and rapeseed) and second-generation (waste cooking oil and animal fat) feedstocks with solid waste use. It includes mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models of the economic, environmental and social impact of IBDSC, and respective criteria defined in terms of costs. The purpose is to obtain the optimal number, sizes and locations of bio-refineries and solid waste plants; the areas and amounts of feedstocks needed for biodiesel production; and the transportation mode. The approach is applied on a real case study in which the territory of Bulgaria with its 27 districts is considered. Optimization problems are formulated for a 5-year period using either environmental or economic criteria and the remainder are defined as constraints. The obtained results show that in the case of the economic criterion, 14% of the agricultural land should be used for sunflower and 2% for rapeseed cultivation, while for the environmental case, 12% should be used for rapeseed and 3% for sunflower. In this case, the price of biodiesel is 14% higher, and the generated pollutants are 6.6% lower. The optimal transport for both cases is rail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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21 pages, 2361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Design and Operation Optimization for Utilizing Low-Grade Industrial Waste Heat in District Heating and Cooling

by Lingwei Zhang, Yufei Wang and Xiao Feng

Energies 2021, 14(8), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082190 - 14 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

In the process industry, a large amount of low-grade waste heat is discharged into the environment. Furthermore, district heating and cooling systems require considerable low-grade energy. The integration of the two systems has great significance for energy saving. Because the energy demand of consumers varies in periods, the design and operation of an industrial waste heat recovery system need to match with the fluctuations of district energy demand. However, the impact of the periodic changes on the integration schemes are not considered enough in existing research. In this study, a framework method for solving above problem is proposed. Industrial waste heat was integrated with a district heating and cooling system through a heat recovery loop. A three-step mathematical programming method was used in design and operation optimization for multiperiod integration. A case study was conducted, and the results show that the multiperiod optimization method can bring significant benefits to the system. By solving the mixed integer nonlinear programming model, the optimal operation plans of the integration in different periods can be obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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14 pages, 5168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Gravity-Driven Granular Flow around the Vertical Plate: Effect of Pin-Fin and Oscillation on the Heat Transfer

by Xing Tian, Jian Yang, Zhigang Guo and Qiuwang Wang

Energies 2021, 14(8), 2187; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082187 - 14 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1525

Abstract

In this paper, the heat transfer of pin-fin plate unit (PFPU) under static and oscillating conditions are numerically studied using the discrete element method (DEM). The flow and heat transfer characteristics of the PFPU with sinusoidal oscillation are investigated under the conditions of oscillating frequency of 0–10 Hz, amplitude of 0–5 mm and oscillating direction of Y and Z. The contact number, contact time, porosity and heat transfer coefficient under the above conditions are analyzed and compared with the smooth plate. The results show that the particle far away from the plate can transfer heat with the pin-fin of PFPU, and the oscillating PFPU can significantly increase the contact number and enhance the temperature diffusion and heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient of PFPU increases with the increase of oscillating frequency and amplitude. When the PFPU oscillates along the Y direction with the amplitude of 1 mm and the frequency of 10 Hz, the heat transfer coefficient of PFPU is increased by 28% compared with that of the smooth plate. Compared with the oscillation along the Z direction, the oscillation along the Y direction has a significant enhancement on the heat transfer of PFPU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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13 pages, 2141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Cogeneration Unit with Heat and Electricity Storage

by Josef Stetina, Michael Bohm and Michal Brezina

Energies 2021, 14(8), 2102; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082102 - 09 Apr 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1848

Abstract

A micro cogeneration unit based on a three-cylinder internal combustion engine, Skoda MPI 1.0 L compressed natural gas (CNG), with an output of 25 kW at 3000 RPM is proposed in this paper. It is a relatively simple engine, which is already adopted by the manufacturer to operate on CNG. The engine life and design correspond to the original purpose of use in the vehicle. A detailed dynamic model was created in the GT-SUITE environment and implemented into an energy balance model that includes its internal combustion engine, heat exchangers, generator, battery storage, and water storage tank. The 1D internal combustion engine model provides us with information on engine start-up time, actual effective power, friction power, and the amount of heat going to the cooling system and exhaust pipe. The catalytic converter was removed from the exhaust pipe, and the engine was always operating at full load; thus, engine power control is not considered. An energy storage system for an island operation of the entire power unit for a large, detached house was designed to withstand accumulated energy for a few days in the case of a breakout. To reach a low initial system cost, the possible implementation of worn-out battery packs toward emission reduction in terms of the second life of the battery is proposed. The energy and emission balance are carried out, and the service life of the engine is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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21 pages, 6435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Photovoltaic Electricity with Shallow Geothermal Systems for Residential Microgrids: Proof of Concept and Techno-Economic Analysis with RES2GEO Model

by Luka Perković, Domagoj Leko, Amalia Lekić Brettschneider, Hrvoje Mikulčić and Petar S. Varbanov

Energies 2021, 14(7), 1923; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071923 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

The European Union aims to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 55% before 2030 compared to 1990 as a reference year. One of the main contributions to GHG emissions comes from the household sector. This paper shows that the household sector, when organised into a form of prosumer microgrids, including renewable sources for electric, heating and cooling energy supply, can be efficiently decarbonised. This paper investigates one hypothetical prosumer microgrid with the model RES2GEO (Renewable Energy Sources to Geothermal). The aim is to integrate a carbon-free photovoltaic electricity source and a shallow geothermal reservoir as a heat source and heat sink during the heating and cooling season. A total of four cases have been evaluated for the Zagreb City location. The results represent a balance of both thermal and electric energy flows within the microgrid, as well as thermal recuperation of the reservoir. The levelised cost of energy for all cases, based on a 20-year modelling horizon, varies between 41 and 63 EUR/MWh. On the other hand, all cases show a decrease in CO₂ emissions by more than 75%, with the best case featuring a reduction of more than 85% compared to the base case, where electricity and gas for heating are supplied from the Distribution System Operator at retail prices. With the use of close integration of electricity, heating and cooling demand and supply of energy, cost-effective decarbonisation can be achieved for the household sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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18 pages, 4707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of Vibration Characteristics for Sensor Membrane in Transformer Oil

by Wenrong Si, Weiqiang Yao, Hong Guan, Chenzhao Fu, Yiting Yu, Shiwei Su and Jian Yang

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061662 - 17 Mar 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1554

Abstract

Membrane is the most important element of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer sensors. Studying the relationship between working medium viscosity and membrane vibration characteristics are critical to the sensor design because the transformer oil viscosity will cause viscous loss during membrane vibration. The numerical investigation of membrane vibration characteristics in transformer oil is performed based on the finite element method. Besides, the effect of energy loss caused by viscosity is examined. It is firstly showed that the membrane has the highest sensitivity for the first-order vibration mode, and the transformer oil reduces the fundamental frequency by 60%. Subsequently, when viscosity and heat loss are considered, the amplitude is less than one-fifth of that without energy loss. The viscosity has a more significant effect on the velocity and temperature fields when the vibration frequency is close to the natural frequency. Finally, viscosity has a remarkable impact on the time domain response. Mechanical energy is converted into thermal energy during the vibration and the amplitude will gradually decrease with time. The effect of energy loss caused by viscosity on the membrane vibration characteristics is revealed, which would be important for an oil-immersed membrane design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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14 pages, 4635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigations of Film Cooling and Particle Impact on the Blade Leading Edge

by Ke Tian, Zicheng Tang, Jin Wang, Milan Vujanović, Min Zeng and Qiuwang Wang

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041102 - 19 Feb 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2125

Abstract

As a vital power propulsion device, gas turbines have been widely applied in aircraft. However, fly ash is easily ingested by turbine engines, causing blade abrasion or even film hole blockage. In this study, a three-dimensional turbine cascade model is conducted to analyze particle trajectories at the blade leading edge, under a film-cooled protection. A deposition mechanism, based on the particle sticking model and the particle detachment model, was numerically investigated in this research. Additionally, the invasion efficiency of the AGTB-B1 turbine blade cascade was investigated for the first time. The results indicate that the majority of the impact region is located at the leading edge and on the pressure side. In addition, small particles (1 μm and 5 μm) hardly impact the blade’s surface, and most of the impacted particles are captured by the blade. With particle size increasing, the impact efficiency increases rapidly, and this value exceeds 400% when the particle size is 50 μm. Invasion efficiencies of small particles (1 μm and 5 μm) are almost zero, and the invasion efficiency approaches 12% when the particle size is 50 μm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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15 pages, 5162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Study of In-Tube Condensation and Evaporation Using Enhanced Heat Transfer (EHT) Tubes

by Boren Zheng, Jiacheng Wang, Yu Guo, David John Kukulka, Weiyu Tang, Rick Smith, Zhichuan Sun and Wei Li

Energies 2021, 14(4), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040867 - 07 Feb 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2311

Abstract

A study was carried out to determine in-tube evaporation and condensation performance of enhanced heat transfer tubes (EHT) using R410A, with the results being compared to a plain tube. The test tubes considered in the evaluation include: plain, herringbone (HB) and spiral (HX) microgrooves, herringbone dimple (HB/D), and hydrophobic herringbone (HB/HY). Experiments to evaluate the condensation were conducted at a saturation of 318 K, and at 279 K for evaporation. Mass flux (G) ranged between 40 to 230 kg m⁻²s⁻¹. Condensed vapor mass decreased from 0.8 to 0.2; and the mass of vaporized vapor increases from 0.2 to 0.8; heat flux increased with G. Inlet and outlet two-phase flow patterns at 200 kg m⁻²s⁻¹ were recorded and analyzed. Enhanced tube heat transfer condensation performance (compared to a plain tube) increased in the range from 40% to 73%. The largest heat transfer increase is produced by the herringbone–dimple tube (HB/D). In addition to providing drainage, the herringbone groove also helps to lift the accumulated condensate to wet the surrounding wall. Evaporation thermal performance of the enhanced tubes are from 4% to 46% larger than that of smooth tube with the best performance being in the hydrophobic herringbone tube (HB/HY). This enhancement can be attributed to an increase in the number of nucleation sites and a larger heat transfer surface area. Evaporation and condensation correlations for heat transfer in smooth tubes is discussed and compared. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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14 pages, 6512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculating the Efficiency of Complex-Shaped Fins

by Mateusz Marcinkowski and Dawid Taler

Energies 2021, 14(3), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030577 - 23 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2812

Abstract

Calculation of fin efficiency is necessary for the design of heat exchangers. This efficiency can be calculated for individual finned tubes or continuous fins. Continuous fins are mostly used in plate-fin and tube heat exchangers (PFTHEs). In most cases, the basic elements of those PFTHEs are circular, oval or flattened pipes, which contain circular or polygonal fins. Continuous fins, as can be observed in PFTHEs, are divided into virtual fins. Those fins can have a rectangular shape for an inline arrangement of pipes or a hexagonal shape for a staggered arrangement of pipes. This research shows a methodology of using the finite element method for calculating the efficiency of fins of any shape, placed on pipes of any shape. This paper presents examples of determining the efficiency of seeming fins, which are most commonly used in PFTHEs. In the article, we also compare the precision of calculations of the efficiency of complex-shaped fins using exact analytical methods and approximated methods: the equivalent circular fin method (Schmidt’s method) and the sector method. The results of the analytical methods and the approximate methods are compared to the results of numerical simulations. The calculations for continuous fins with complicated shapes of virtual fins, e.g., hexagonal elongated or segmented, are also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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13 pages, 7618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Marangoni Condensation for Ethanol–Water Mixture Vapor Based on Thermal Infrared Images

by Guilong Zhang, Ziqiang Ma, Heng Li and Jinshi Wang

Energies 2020, 13(22), 6057; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226057 - 19 Nov 2020

Viewed by 1602

Abstract

Marangoni condensation is formed due to the surface tension gradient caused by the local temperature or concentration gradient on the condensate surface; thus, the investigation of the surface temperature distribution characteristics is crucial to reveal the condensation mechanism and heat transfer characteristics. Few studies have been conducted on the temperature distribution of the condensate surface. In this study, thermal infrared images were used to measure the temperature distributions of the condensate surface during Marangoni condensation for ethanol–water mixture vapor. The results showed that the surface temperature distribution of the single droplet was uneven, and a large temperature gradient, approximately 15.6 °C/mm, existed at the edge of the condensate droplets. The maximum temperature difference on the droplet surface reached up to 8 °C. During the condensation process, the average surface temperature of a single droplet firstly increased rapidly and then slowly until it approached a certain temperature, whereas that of the condensate surface increased rapidly at the beginning and then changed periodically in a cosine-like curve. The present results will be used to obtain local heat flux and heat transfer coefficients on the condensing surface, and to further establish the relationship between heat transfer and temperature distribution characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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Selected Papers from PRES'20: The 23rd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction

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