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Advances in Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer
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Advances in Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J1: Heat and Mass Transfer".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 5834

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shaofei Zheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
Interests: condensation enhanced heat transfer; wetting kinetics and interface phenomena; heat and mass transfer; multiphase flow; aero-engine turbine blade cooling technology
Dr. Jian Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Institute of Aerospace Technology, Central South University, Changsha 410012, China
Interests: gas turbine; convective heat transfer; film cooling; transpiration cooling; scramjet; powder fuel; porous media; combustion; PIV; experimental heat transfer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Liu Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: multiphase flow; bubble dynamics; heat and mass transfer; computational fluid dynamics
Dr. Han Shen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Space Solar Power Station System, School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
Interests: thermal structure design; heat and mass transfer; topology optimization design; heat transfer enhancement; information technology
Prof. Dr. Bengt Sunden

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
Interests: multiphase flow; phase change heat transfer; heat and mass transfer; PEM fuel cells; batteries; hydrogen production and storage; gas turbine cooling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Xiaodong Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
Interests: wetting dynamics and interface phenomenon; micro/nano-scale multiphase flow and heat transfer; phase-change heat and mass transfer; PEM fuel cells; micro-energy systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Energy systems typically involve multiphase flow and heat transfer. Substantial examples can be found in heat pipes, power plants, gas turbines, chemical reactors, and fuel cells. The process performance and reliability of these systems strongly depend on the fundamental understanding of thermal-fluid processes which has an urgent demand for highly accurate and reliable modeling methods. Multiphase flow and heat transfer widely couples various physical processes, including fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, phase change, reaction, multiscale characteristics, spatio-temporal transient characteristics, interface generation and evolution, and multicomponent flow. The corresponding numerical modeling is still a great challenge and has attracted continuous research attention.

This Special Issue aims to introduce the latest development direction and outstanding advances in multiphase flow and heat transfer. Topics include but not limited to the numerical modeling of multiphase flow and heat transfer in various applications. Modeling works including model development and numerical investigations involving multiphase flow and heat transfer are all welcome for submission to this Special Issue.

Dr. Shaofei Zheng
Dr. Jian Liu
Dr. Liu Liu
Dr. Han Shen
Prof. Dr. Bengt Sunden
Prof. Dr. Xiaodong Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • multiscale modeling and computation
  • multiphase multicomponent flow
  • gas–liquid two-phase flow
  • condensation and boiling
  • reaction flow
  • heat and mass transfer
  • wetting dynamics
  • interface phenomenon

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 6032 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of a Two-Phase Ejector Operation Taking into Account Steam Condensation with the Presence of CO2
by Tomasz Kuś and Paweł Madejski
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092236 - 6 May 2024
Viewed by 440
Abstract
The application of a two-phase ejector allows for the mixing of liquid and gas and provides effective heat transfer between phases. The aim of the study is a numerical investigation of the performance of a water-driven, condensing two-phase ejector. The research was performed [...] Read more.
The application of a two-phase ejector allows for the mixing of liquid and gas and provides effective heat transfer between phases. The aim of the study is a numerical investigation of the performance of a water-driven, condensing two-phase ejector. The research was performed using CFD methods, which can provide an opportunity to analyze this complex phenomenon in 2D or 3D. The 2D axisymmetric model was developed using CFD software Siemens StarCCM+ 2022.1.1. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach with the Realisable k-ε turbulence model was applied. The multiphase flow was calculated using the mixture model. The boiling/condensation model, where the condensation rate is limited by thermal diffusion, was applied to take into account direct contact condensation. Based on the mass balance calculations and developed pressure and steam volume fraction distributions, the ejector performance was analyzed for various boundary conditions. The influence of the suction pressure (range between 0.812 and 0.90) and the steam mass flow rate (range between 10 g/s and 25 g/s) is presented to investigate the steam condensation phenomenon inside the ejector condenser. The provided mixture of inert gas (CO2) with steam (H2O) in the ejector condenser was investigated also. The weakening of the steam condensation process by adding CO2 gas was observed, but it is still possible to achieve effective condensation despite the presence of inert gas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer)
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19 pages, 7945 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation on Two-Phase Ejector with Non-Condensable Gas
by Yinghua Chai, Yuansheng Lin, Qi Xiao, Chonghai Huang, Hanbing Ke and Bangming Li
Energies 2024, 17(6), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061341 - 11 Mar 2024
Viewed by 501
Abstract
The two-phase ejector is a simple and compact pressure boosting device and widely used in ejector steam-generator water feeding systems and core emergency cooling systems. The direct contact condensation of water and steam is the key process of a two-phase ejector. Usually, the [...] Read more.
The two-phase ejector is a simple and compact pressure boosting device and widely used in ejector steam-generator water feeding systems and core emergency cooling systems. The direct contact condensation of water and steam is the key process of a two-phase ejector. Usually, the high-temperature and high-pressure steam will inevitably induce non-condensable gases. The existence of non-condensable gases will reduce the condensation heat transfer rate between steam and water, and harm the equipment. This study carried out 3D numerical simulations of a two-phase ejector based on an inhomogeneous multiphase model. The steam inlet pressure and the non-condensable gas mass fraction rang in 0.6–2.9 MPa and 1–10%, respectively. The heat and mass transfer characteristics were analyzed under different conditions. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient and plume penetration length increased with the steam inlet pressure. Non-condensable gas prevents direct contact condensation between the steam and water. The non-condensable gas mass fraction rises from 1% to 10%, the heat transfer between steam and water deteriorates, and leads to a lower heat transfer coefficient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer)
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18 pages, 5083 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Efficiency in Alkaline Electrolysis Cells: Optimizing Flow Channels through Multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling
by Longchang Xue, Shuaishuai Song, Wei Chen, Bin Liu and Xin Wang
Energies 2024, 17(2), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020448 - 16 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1399
Abstract
The efficient operation of alkaline water electrolysis cells hinges upon understanding and optimizing gas–liquid flow dynamics. Achieving uniform flow patterns is crucial to minimize stagnant regions, prevent gas bubble accumulation, and establish optimal conditions for electrochemical reactions. This study employed a comprehensive, three-dimensional [...] Read more.
The efficient operation of alkaline water electrolysis cells hinges upon understanding and optimizing gas–liquid flow dynamics. Achieving uniform flow patterns is crucial to minimize stagnant regions, prevent gas bubble accumulation, and establish optimal conditions for electrochemical reactions. This study employed a comprehensive, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics Euler–Euler multiphase model, based on a geometric representation of an alkaline electrolytic cell. The electrochemical model, responsible for producing hydrogen and oxygen at the cathode and anode during water electrolysis, is integrated into the flow model by introducing mass source terms within the user-defined function. The membrane positioned between the flow channels employs a porous medium model to selectively permit specific components to pass through while restricting others. To validate the accuracy of the model, comparisons were made with measured data available in the literature. We obtained an optimization design method for the channel structure; the three-inlet model demonstrated improved speed and temperature uniformity, with a 22% reduction in the hydrogen concentration at the outlet compared to the single-inlet model. This resulted in the optimization of gas emission efficiency. As the radius of the spherical convex structure increased, the influence of the spherical convex structure on the electrolyte intensified, resulting in enhanced flow uniformity within the flow field. This study may help provide recommendations for designing and optimizing flow channels to enhance the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer)
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27 pages, 19375 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Structure and Particle Deposition in a Three-Dimensional Heat Transfer Pipe with Corrugation
by Hao Lu, Yu Wang, Hongchang Li and Wenjun Zhao
Energies 2024, 17(2), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020321 - 9 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 714
Abstract
When colloidal particles are deposited in a heat transfer channel, they increase the flow resistance in the channel, resulting in a substantial decrease in heat transfer efficiency. It is critical to have a comprehensive understanding of particle properties in heat transfer channels for [...] Read more.
When colloidal particles are deposited in a heat transfer channel, they increase the flow resistance in the channel, resulting in a substantial decrease in heat transfer efficiency. It is critical to have a comprehensive understanding of particle properties in heat transfer channels for practical engineering applications. This study employed the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and the discrete particle model (DPM) to simulate particle deposition in a 3D corrugated rough-walled channel. The turbulent diffusion of particles was modeled with the discrete random walk model (DRW). A user-defined function (UDF) was created for particle–wall contact, and an improved particle bounce deposition model was implemented. The research focused on investigating secondary flow near the corrugated wall, Q-value standards, turbulent kinetic energy distribution, and particle deposition through validation of velocity in the tube and particle deposition modeling. The study analyzed the impact of airflow velocity, particle size, corrugation height, and corrugation period on particle deposition efficiency. The findings suggest that the use of corrugated walls can significantly improve the efficiency of deposition for particles less than 20 μm in size. Specifically, particles with a diameter of 3 μm showed five times higher efficacy of deposition with a corrugation height of 24 mm compared to a smooth surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer)
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19 pages, 11082 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Interaction and Flow Pattern of Multiple Bubbles in Shear-Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids
by Hongbin He, Zhuang Liu, Jingbo Ji and Shaobai Li
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5345; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145345 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 855
Abstract
A numerical study was conducted on the interaction of bubbles with different diameters and arrangements in shear-thinning viscoelastic fluids using OpenFOAM. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method combined with the surface tension model was used to track the gas–liquid interface, and the rheological [...] Read more.
A numerical study was conducted on the interaction of bubbles with different diameters and arrangements in shear-thinning viscoelastic fluids using OpenFOAM. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method combined with the surface tension model was used to track the gas–liquid interface, and the rheological properties of the fluid were characterized with the Giesekus model. The numerical results are corresponded with the previous references, verifying the correctness of the simulation method. The influences of the initial bubble diameter, horizontal spacing, and arrangement on the motion state of three parallel bubbles were studied in detail. The flow pattern of the bubble rising was analyzed and compared with the motion state of parallel unequal double bubbles. As the diameter of the bubbles increases, the interaction among three equal size bubbles is changed from coalescence to detachment. Changing the diameter of one of the bubbles will significantly affect the movement of the larger diameter bubble, which is due to the enhancement in kinetic energy. The final state of some arrangement ways is consistent with the phenomenon of unequal double bubbles. The shear thinning effect, the velocity difference between bubbles, and the flow field around bubbles are considered the main reasons that decide the interaction between bubbles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer)
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Review

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17 pages, 6306 KiB  
Review
Modeling and Numerical Investigations of Gas Production from Natural Gas Hydrates
by Zi-Jie Ning, Hong-Feng Lu, Shao-Fei Zheng, Dong-Hui Xing, Xian Li and Lei Liu
Energies 2023, 16(20), 7184; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207184 - 21 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1141
Abstract
As ice-like crystals and non-stoichiometric compounds comprising gas and water, natural gas hydrates have drawn significant attention as a potential alternative energy source. This work focuses on holistically reviewing theoretical modeling and numerical studies conducted on the production of gas from natural gas [...] Read more.
As ice-like crystals and non-stoichiometric compounds comprising gas and water, natural gas hydrates have drawn significant attention as a potential alternative energy source. This work focuses on holistically reviewing theoretical modeling and numerical studies conducted on the production of gas from natural gas hydrates. Firstly, fundamental models for the dissociation of a hydrate in a porous sediment are summarized in terms of the phase equilibrium and dissociation kinetics. The main features of different models and improvements for them are identified by clarifying crucial driving mechanisms and kinetic parameters. Subsequently, various numerical works addressing the dissociation of a hydrate in a porous sediment and the flow characteristics in a wellbore are reviewed, including aspects such as the theoretical background, computational scheme, and the physics involved. In general, profiting from a significant capacity to solve nonlinear differential equations, numerical simulations have contributed to great progress in fundamentally understanding the mechanism driving gas production and in developing effective exploitation methods. Owing to the substantial fundamental physics involved in the exploitation of natural gas hydrates, existing challenges, alternative strategies, and future directions are provided correspondingly from a practical application perspective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Modelling of heat and mass transfer in cement-based materials during cement hydration – A review
Authors: Barbara Klemczak; Aneta Smolana; Agnieszka Jędrzejewska
Affiliation: Silesian University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering
Abstract: : Cement-based materials encompass a broad spectrum of construction materials that utilize cement as the primary binding agent. Among these materials, concrete stands out as the most commonly employed. The cement, which is the principal constituent of these materials, undergoes a hydration reaction with water, playing a crucial role in the formation of the hardened composite. However, the exothermic nature of this reaction leads to significant temperature rise within the concrete elements, particularly during the early stages of hardening and in structures of substantial thickness. This temperature rise underscores the critical importance of predictive modelling in this domain. This paper presents a review of modelling approaches designed to predict temperature and accompanying moisture fields during concrete hardening, examining different levels of modelling accuracy and essential input parameters. While modern commercial finite element method (FEM) software programs are available for simulating thermal and moisture fields in concrete, they are accompanied by inherent limitations that engineers must know. The authors further evaluate effective commercial software tools tailored for predicting these effects, intending to provide construction engineers and stakeholders with guidance on managing temperature and moisture impacts in early-age concrete.

Title: Design and Performance of Heat Exchanger in the Presence of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces
Authors: M. Yahya; M.Z. Saghir
Affiliation: Toronto Metropolitan University, Dept of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, Canada
Abstract: Cooling engineering equipment is one of the top priorities in engineering design. Heat exchangers have been used for a long time as a system capable of cooling large equipment. Amongst the issues facing heat exchangers are corrosion and pressure drop. Different types of heat exchangers are available on the market, and the most used ones are shells and tubes. The present study aims to develop lightweight and efficient heat exchangers with applications in space and aerospace applications. A horizontal tube where hot fluid circulates is encapsulated by a porous structure created using the triply periodic minimum surfaces approach. The entire system is enclosed inside a rectangular box where low-temperature water circulates to remove heat from the horizontal pipe. Three porous structures were used and studied, mainly a gyroid, diamond, and FKS structure. The porous model has porosity varying from 40% to 70%. The surface area of this structure, which acts as fins, has a different surface area. The gyroid structure's surface areas vary between 15.5 cm2 and 21.25 cm2. The diamond structure's surface area varies between 23.13 cm2 to 27.289 cm2. Finally, the FKS structure varies between 20.08 cm2 to 24 cm2. Two different water mass rates are applied toward cooling the system when the inlet temperature is set to five degrees Celsius. Results revealed the following. 1. The gyroid exhibits the highest Nusselt number toward heat removal among the three structures under investigation. 2. The highest Nusselt number is found at a porosity of 0.5 within the gyroid structure with different porosity. 3. Pressure drop varies between structures, and the gyroids exhibit the lowest pressure drop. 4. A uniform overall heat transfer is observed for the gyroid case and has the highest value among the three structures. 5. A linear variation of the average Nusselt number as a function of the structure surface area is detected for the FKS and diamond structures, contrary to the gyroid structures where nonlinearity is observed. 6. A similar observation about the Nusselt number versus the surface area is detected when the Nusselt number varies with porosity. 7. Tortuosity, unrelated to the flow, is constant for the diamond and FKS structure but nonlinear for the gyroid structure.

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