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Fluids
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Advances in Biological Flows and Biomimetics, Volume II
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Advances in Biological Flows and Biomimetics, Volume II

A special issue of Fluids (ISSN 2311-5521). This special issue belongs to the section "Non-Newtonian and Complex Fluids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2022) | Viewed by 21148

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Laura A. Miller

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departments of Biology and Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
Interests: mathematical biology; computational fluid dynamics; biomechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 201 General Academic Building, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
Interests: experimental fluid dynamics; biomechanics; bio-inspired design
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

The biological world is replete with countless examples of fluid dynamics problems including pumping of blood by the heart, swimming in water and mucus, flying on scales from tiny insects to large birds, filtering through bristled appendages and other porous structures, and drag reduction through reconfiguration. Recent advancements in computational and experimental fluid dynamics have enabled researchers to efficiently explore biological problems that involve moving elastic boundaries across orders of magnitude in scale. Efforts to understand the dynamics of these types of problems through mathematical analysis, laboratory experiments, and numerical modeling is a rapidly expanding area of fluid mechanics. Simplified mathematical and physical models of these systems also have the potential to inform the design of robots and autonomous underwater and aerial vehicles. This Special Issue of Fluids is dedicated to the recent advances in the mathematical, numerical and physical modeling of problems in biological fluid dynamics with applications to bio-inspired design. 

Prof. Dr. Laura A. Miller
Prof. Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fluids is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biofluids
  • biomechanics
  • computational fluid dynamics
  • biomimetics
  • bio-inspired design
  • mathematical biology

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 13222 KiB  
Article
Efficiency and Aerodynamic Performance of Bristled Insect Wings Depending on Reynolds Number in Flapping Flight
by Felicity O’Callaghan, Amir Sarig, Gal Ribak and Fritz-Olaf Lehmann
Fluids 2022, 7(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7020075 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3340
Abstract
Insect wings are generally constructed from veins and solid membranes. However, in the case of the smallest flying insects, the wing membrane is often replaced by hair-like bristles. In contrast to large insects, it is possible for both bristled and membranous wings to [...] Read more.
Insect wings are generally constructed from veins and solid membranes. However, in the case of the smallest flying insects, the wing membrane is often replaced by hair-like bristles. In contrast to large insects, it is possible for both bristled and membranous wings to be simultaneously present in small insect species. There is therefore a continuing debate about the advantages and disadvantages of bristled wings for flight. In this study, we experimentally tested bristled robotic wing models on their ability to generate vertical forces and scored aerodynamic efficiency at Reynolds numbers that are typical for flight in miniature insects. The tested wings ranged from a solid membrane to a few bristles. A generic lift-based wing kinematic pattern moved the wings around their root. The results show that the lift coefficients, power coefficients and Froude efficiency decreased with increasing bristle spacing. Skin friction significantly attenuates lift production, which may even result in negative coefficients at elevated bristle spacing and low Reynolds numbers. The experimental data confirm previous findings from numerical simulations. These had suggested that for small insects, flying with bristled instead of membranous wings involved less change in energetic costs than for large insects. In sum, our findings highlight the aerodynamic changes associated with bristled wing designs and are thus significant for assessing the biological fitness and dispersal of flying insects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Flows and Biomimetics, Volume II)
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16 pages, 5086 KiB  
Article
Soap Film Visualization of a 10 cm-Span Flapping Wing
by Lung-Jieh Yang, Chandrashekhar Tasupalli, Reshmi Waikhom and Nikhil Panchal
Fluids 2021, 6(10), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6100361 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
Flapping wing micro-air-vehicles (FWMAVs) animate the small-space dexterous flight, hovering, and energy-saving characteristics of birds and insects, and are believed to have enlightenment for the development of bionic flight in the future. When designing FWMAVs, detailed unsteady aerodynamic information is required. Besides the [...] Read more.
Flapping wing micro-air-vehicles (FWMAVs) animate the small-space dexterous flight, hovering, and energy-saving characteristics of birds and insects, and are believed to have enlightenment for the development of bionic flight in the future. When designing FWMAVs, detailed unsteady aerodynamic information is required. Besides the computational fluid mechanics (CFD) technology study, the flow visualization is also needed to assist this research. This article innovatively used soap film visualization with high-speed photography to record two kinds of the 2D flow fields laterally and longitudinally, respectively, generated by a flapping wing of 10 cm span. Different from the qualitative comparison of soap film imaging with the conventional smoke tracing method, the subsequent processing of the soap film images was demonstrated. This work explains how to quantify the soap film imaging into lift and thrust forces, and the corresponding results are compared with the wind tunnel force measurement data preliminarily. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Flows and Biomimetics, Volume II)
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27 pages, 4989 KiB  
Article
Effects of Varying Inhalation Duration and Respiratory Rate on Human Airway Flow
by Manikantam G. Gaddam and Arvind Santhanakrishnan
Fluids 2021, 6(6), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6060221 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2980
Abstract
Studies of flow through the human airway have shown that inhalation time (IT) and secondary flow structures can play important roles in particle deposition. However, the effects of varying IT in conjunction with the respiratory rate (RR) on airway flow remain unknown. Using [...] Read more.
Studies of flow through the human airway have shown that inhalation time (IT) and secondary flow structures can play important roles in particle deposition. However, the effects of varying IT in conjunction with the respiratory rate (RR) on airway flow remain unknown. Using three-dimensional numerical simulations of oscillatory flow through an idealized airway model (consisting of a mouth, glottis, trachea, and symmetric double bifurcation) at a trachea Reynolds number (Re) of 4200, we investigated how varying the ratio of IT to breathing time (BT) from 25% to 50% and RR from 10 breaths per minute (bpm) corresponding to a Womersley number (Wo) of 2.41 to 1000 bpm (Wo = 24.1) impacts airway flow characteristics. Irrespective of IT/BT, axial flow during inhalation at tracheal cross-sections was non-uniform for Wo = 2.41, as compared to centrally concentrated distribution for Wo = 24.1. For a given Wo and IT/BT, both axial and secondary (lateral) flow components unevenly split between left and right branches of a bifurcation. Irrespective of Wo, IT/BT and airway generation, lateral dispersion was a stronger transport mechanism than axial flow streaming. Discrepancy in the oscillatory flow relation Re/Wo2 = 2 L/D (L = stroke length; D = trachea diameter) was observed for IT/BT ≠ 50%, as L changed with IT/BT. We developed a modified dimensionless stroke length term including IT/BT. While viscous forces and convective acceleration were dominant for lower Wo, unsteady acceleration was dominant for higher Wo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Flows and Biomimetics, Volume II)
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14 pages, 4428 KiB  
Article
CFD Investigation of Trout-Like Configuration Holding Station near an Obstruction
by Kamran Fouladi and David J. Coughlin
Fluids 2021, 6(6), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6060204 - 01 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2115
Abstract
This report presents the development of a fluid-structure interaction model using commercial Computational fluid dynamics software and in-house developed User Defined Function to simulate the motion of a trout Department of Mechanical Engineering, Widener University holding station in a moving water stream. The [...] Read more.
This report presents the development of a fluid-structure interaction model using commercial Computational fluid dynamics software and in-house developed User Defined Function to simulate the motion of a trout Department of Mechanical Engineering, Widener University holding station in a moving water stream. The oscillation model used in this study is based on the observations of trout swimming in a respirometry tank in a laboratory experiment. The numerical simulations showed results that are consistent with laboratory observations of a trout holding station in the tank without obstruction and trout entrained to the side of the cylindrical obstruction. This paper will be helpful in the development of numerical models for the hydrodynamic analysis of bioinspired unmanned underwater vehicle systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Flows and Biomimetics, Volume II)
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Review

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15 pages, 6812 KiB  
Review
Deep Learning for Computational Hemodynamics: A Brief Review of Recent Advances
by Amirtahà Taebi
Fluids 2022, 7(6), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7060197 - 09 Jun 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5943
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of blood flow plays an important role in better understanding various medical conditions, designing more effective drug delivery systems, and developing novel diagnostic methods and treatments. However, despite significant advances in computational technology and resources, the expensive computational [...] Read more.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of blood flow plays an important role in better understanding various medical conditions, designing more effective drug delivery systems, and developing novel diagnostic methods and treatments. However, despite significant advances in computational technology and resources, the expensive computational cost of these simulations still hinders their transformation from a research interest to a clinical tool. This bottleneck is even more severe for image-based, patient-specific CFD simulations with realistic boundary conditions and complex computational domains, which make such simulations excessively expensive. To address this issue, deep learning approaches have been recently explored to accelerate computational hemodynamics simulations. In this study, we review recent efforts to integrate deep learning with CFD and discuss the applications of this approach in solving hemodynamics problems, such as blood flow behavior in aorta and cerebral arteries. We also discuss potential future directions in the field. In this review, we suggest that incorporating physiologic understandings and underlying fluid mechanics laws in deep learning models will soon lead to a paradigm shift in the development novel non-invasive computational medical decisions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Flows and Biomimetics, Volume II)
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16 pages, 2169 KiB  
Review
Sublethal Damage to Erythrocytes during Blood Flow
by Mesude Avcı, Edgar A. O’Rear, Kylie M. Foster and Dimitrios V. Papavassiliou
Fluids 2022, 7(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7020066 - 07 Feb 2022
Viewed by 3385
Abstract
Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices are designed to perform the functional needs of organs and to meet clinical hemocompability criteria. Critical complications have been reported with their long-term use such as thrombosis, anemia and gastrointestinal bleeding. Damage to red blood cells (RBCs), which [...] Read more.
Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices are designed to perform the functional needs of organs and to meet clinical hemocompability criteria. Critical complications have been reported with their long-term use such as thrombosis, anemia and gastrointestinal bleeding. Damage to red blood cells (RBCs), which occurs with nonphysiological blood flow conditions such as contact with foreign surfaces, high shear stress, and turbulence, is a major problem for the design and development of these systems. Even in the absence of hemolysis, cardiovascular devices (CAD) still cause cell injury and shortened RBC lifespans. This review summarizes various effects that occur to erythrocytes exposed to supraphysiological but sublethal stresses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Flows and Biomimetics, Volume II)
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