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Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases 2023

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 July 2024 | Viewed by 4891

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Hirayuki Enomoto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
Interests: viral hepatitis; liver cirrhosis; portal hypertension; ascites; esophageal varices; liver fibrosis; hepatocellular carcinoma
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chronic liver diseases develop through a wide range of causes, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, alcoholic-related liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and autoimmune liver diseases. Due to recent advancements in antiviral therapies and changes in lifestyle, the clinical importance of non-viral chronic liver diseases is increasing. However, viral hepatitis is a major cause of chronic liver diseases.

Recent advances in molecular and cellular techniques have succeeded in providing new perspectives related to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic liver diseases.

This Special Issue aims to cover the state-of-the-art research on chronic liver diseases. We invite authors to submit original articles, as well as review articles regarding recent findings about chronic liver diseases. We are particularly interested in molecular approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic liver diseases. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Biomarkers for chronic liver diseases.
  • Genomic researches for chronic liver diseases, including gene SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms).
  • Molecular mechanisms of chronic liver diseases.
  • Recent advances in the management of chronic liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis.
  • Molecularly targeted therapy for liver cancer.

Dr. Hirayuki Enomoto
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomarker
  • genomic research
  • epigenomic research
  • molecular mechanisms
  • viral hepatitis
  • alcoholic-related liver disease
  • non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • autoimmune liver diseases
  • liver cirrhosis
  • hepatocellular carcinoma

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 2280 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Outcomes after Switching to Tenofovir Alafenamide in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B
by Tomohiro Nishikawa, Masahiro Matsui, Saori Onishi, Kosuke Ushiro, Akira Asai, Soo-Ki Kim and Hiroki Nishikawa
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(4), 2245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042245 - 13 Feb 2024
Viewed by 824
Abstract
We sought to determine the long-term outcomes of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) cases switching to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, n = 104, median age = 63.5 years). Data at switching to TAF (baseline) and those at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years from [...] Read more.
We sought to determine the long-term outcomes of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) cases switching to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, n = 104, median age = 63.5 years). Data at switching to TAF (baseline) and those at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years from switching to TAF were compared. At baseline, HB envelop antigen (HBeAg) seropositivity was found in 20 patients (19.2%), and undetectable HBV-DNA in 77 patients (74.0%). Percentage of detectable HBV-DNA significantly reduced at any time point. HB surface antigen (HBsAg) levels significantly reduced at 3, 4, and 5 years. The percentage of HBeAg seropositivity significantly reduced at 5 years. HB core related antigen levels did not significantly change. In patients with baseline HbeAg seropositivity, HbsAg levels significantly reduced at any time point, and a similar trend was found in patients without HBeAg seropositivity. In patients with baseline FIB4 index >1.85, HBsAg levels significantly reduced at 3, 4, and 5 years, and in patients with baseline FIB4 index <1.85, HBsAg levels significantly reduced at any time point. The estimated glomerular filtration rate significantly reduced only at 5 years. The discontinuation rate owing to the side effects of TAF was 0%. In conclusion, switching to TAF therapy in patients with CHB may be effective and safe at least up to 5 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases 2023)
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17 pages, 9196 KiB  
Article
Prospective Application of Tannic Acid in Acetaminophen (APAP)-Induced Acute Liver Failure
by Yong-Heng Lin, Yu-Che Lin and Yung-Te Hou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(1), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010317 - 25 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 889
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of tannic acid (TA), a natural plant-derived polyphenol, on hepatocyte viability and function, focusing on both hepatoprotective and hepatocurative aspects within liver failure models. In an in vitro prevention model, the TA-containing group exhibited 1.5-fold and 59-fold higher [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effect of tannic acid (TA), a natural plant-derived polyphenol, on hepatocyte viability and function, focusing on both hepatoprotective and hepatocurative aspects within liver failure models. In an in vitro prevention model, the TA-containing group exhibited 1.5-fold and 59-fold higher relative cell viability and albumin synthesis, respectively, in injured mature hepatocytes (MHs) and 1.14-fold and 1.10-fold higher values in injured small hepatocytes (SHs), compared with the TA-free group. In the in vitro curative model, the TA-containing group exhibited 3.25-fold and 113-fold higher relative cell viability and albumin synthesis, respectively, in injured MHs and 0.36-fold and 3.55-fold higher values in injured SHs, compared with the TA-free group. In the in vivo disease model, the administration of 300 μL of 1 μg/mL TA significantly mitigated acute liver failure damage and post-APAP toxicity in mice. This was evident in serum analysis, where the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin notably decreased, in agreement with histological observations. The study findings reveal that TA can enhance hepatic function at specific additive concentrations. Furthermore, even when injured by APAP, hepatocytes could revert to their preinjury state after additional TA supplementation. Additionally, pretreating hepatocytes with TA can alleviate subsequent damage. Thus, TA holds clinical potential in the treatment of APAP-induced liver failure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases 2023)
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Review

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17 pages, 732 KiB  
Review
Carbon Ion Irradiation Activates Anti-Cancer Immunity
by Makoto Sudo, Hiroko Tsutsui and Jiro Fujimoto
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052830 - 29 Feb 2024
Viewed by 824
Abstract
Carbon ion beams have the unique property of higher linear energy transfer, which causes clustered damage of DNA, impacting the cell repair system. This sometimes triggers apoptosis and the release in the cytoplasm of damaged DNA, leading to type I interferon (IFN) secretion [...] Read more.
Carbon ion beams have the unique property of higher linear energy transfer, which causes clustered damage of DNA, impacting the cell repair system. This sometimes triggers apoptosis and the release in the cytoplasm of damaged DNA, leading to type I interferon (IFN) secretion via the activation of the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes pathway. Dendritic cells phagocytize dead cancer cells and damaged DNA derived from injured cancer cells, which together activate dendritic cells to present cancer-derived antigens to antigen-specific T cells in the lymph nodes. Thus, carbon ion radiation therapy (CIRT) activates anti-cancer immunity. However, cancer is protected by the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of pro-cancerous immune cells, such as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages. The TME is too robust to be destroyed by the CIRT-mediated anti-cancer immunity. Various modalities targeting regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages have been developed. Preclinical studies have shown that CIRT-mediated anti-cancer immunity exerts its effects in the presence of these modalities. In this review article, we provide an overview of CIRT-mediated anti-cancer immunity, with a particular focus on recently identified means of targeting the TME. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases 2023)
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23 pages, 2911 KiB  
Review
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Where Do We Stand?
by Ioanna Aggeletopoulou, Maria Kalafateli and Christos Triantos
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2631; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052631 - 23 Feb 2024
Viewed by 932
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global health challenge that urgently calls for innovative therapeutic strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy has emerged as a promising avenue for HCC treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CAR T immunotherapy in HCC patients [...] Read more.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global health challenge that urgently calls for innovative therapeutic strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy has emerged as a promising avenue for HCC treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CAR T immunotherapy in HCC patients is significantly compromised by some major issues including the immunosuppressive environment within the tumor, antigen heterogeneity, CAR T cell exhaustion, and the advanced risk for on-target/off-tumor toxicity. To overcome these challenges, many ongoing preclinical and clinical trials are underway focusing on the identification of optimal target antigens and the decryption of the immunosuppressive milieu of HCC. Moreover, limited tumor infiltration constitutes a significant obstacle of CAR T cell therapy that should be addressed. The continuous effort to design molecular targets for CAR cells highlights the importance for a more practical approach for CAR-modified cell manufacturing. This review critically examines the current landscape of CAR T cell therapy for HCC, shedding light on the changes in innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of HCC, identifying potential CAR T cell targets, and exploring approaches to overcome inherent challenges. Ongoing advancements in scientific research and convergence of diverse treatment modalities offer the potential to greatly enhance HCC patients’ care in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases 2023)
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12 pages, 495 KiB  
Review
Body Composition in Chronic Liver Disease
by Hiroki Nishikawa, Soo Ki Kim and Akira Asai
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020964 - 12 Jan 2024
Viewed by 959
Abstract
Body composition has recently been attracting people’s attention, not only from a cosmetic standpoint but also from the perspective of health and longevity. The body is classified into three components: fat, bone, and lean soft tissue, and it is common to see an [...] Read more.
Body composition has recently been attracting people’s attention, not only from a cosmetic standpoint but also from the perspective of health and longevity. The body is classified into three components: fat, bone, and lean soft tissue, and it is common to see an increase in body fat and a decrease in total body muscle mass with aging. Aging-related loss of muscle mass and muscle function is referred to as primary sarcopenia, while sarcopenia caused by disease-specific conditions is referred to as secondary sarcopenia. On the other hand, the liver-muscle axis has been attracting attention in recent years, and it has become clear that the liver and the skeletal muscles interact with each other. In particular, patients with cirrhosis are prone to secondary sarcopenia due to protein-energy malnutrition, which is a characteristic pathophysiology of the disease, suggesting the importance of the organ–organ network. In this review, we would like to outline the latest findings in this field, with a focus on body composition in liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases 2023)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

1. Title: Potential Application of Tannic Acid in Cell Therapy for APAP-Induced Acute Liver Failure In Vivo
    Author: Yung-Te Hou

2. Title: Carbon-ion Radiotherapy for Tumors including Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    Author: Hiroko Tsutsui

3. Title: Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Where do we stand
    Author: Christos Triantos

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