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Advances in Research on Neurogenesis
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Advances in Research on Neurogenesis

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Neurobiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 14220

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Eva Terzibasi Tozzini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
Interests: adult neurogenesis; aging; neurodegeneration; teleost animal models marine vertebrates; neurotrophins; immunohistochemistri; in situ hybridization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Adult neurogenesis (ANG) is the process by which new functional neurons are generated from stem cells and integrated in pre-existing neuronal networks of an adult brain. This process has been observed in all major vertebrate taxa to variable extents. In mammals, ANG is mainly limited to two main regions (i.e., the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the olfactory bulb). On the other hand, neurogenic niches are found in many areas of the brain in teleost fish, distributed along the entire rostro–caudal axis. The rate of ANG is not fixed throughout an individual’s life, but it is strongly age-dependent and can be influenced by different stimuli such as sensory stimulation and physical activity. Moreover, ANG is involved in a wide range of neural processes, such as age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, regeneration, psychiatric disorders, cognitive and affective processes, such as learning, memory and anxiety.

The aim of this issue is to invite all scientists using canonical and non-canonical models in the context of ANG studies to contribute to this Special Issue, in order to provide the scientific community with the most updated and in-depth picture of the knowledge in this field at the cellular, molecular and functional level.

We welcome reviews, commentaries and original articles that share novel data and open new perspectives on the topic at hand. Papers mainly focusing on the following subtopics are welcome:

  • ANG, neurodegeneration and regeneration;
  • ANG and ageing;
  • ANG and psychiatric disorders;
  • ANG and cognition;
  • The evolution of adult neurogenesis in vertebrates.

Dr. Eva Terzibasi Tozzini
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adult neurogenesis
  • neurodegeneration
  • aging
  • psychiatric disorders
  • cognition
  • regeneration
  • adult neurogenesis evolution

Related Special Issues

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 1859 KiB  
Article
Lmx1a-Dependent Activation of miR-204/211 Controls the Timing of Nurr1-Mediated Dopaminergic Differentiation
by Salvatore Pulcrano, Roberto De Gregorio, Claudia De Sanctis, Laura Lahti, Carla Perrone-Capano, Donatella Ponti, Umberto di Porzio, Thomas Perlmann, Massimiliano Caiazzo, Floriana Volpicelli and Gian Carlo Bellenchi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 6961; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136961 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2065
Abstract
The development of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons requires a fine temporal and spatial regulation of a very specific gene expression program. Here, we report that during mouse brain development, the microRNA (miR-) 204/211 is present at a high level in a subset of [...] Read more.
The development of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons requires a fine temporal and spatial regulation of a very specific gene expression program. Here, we report that during mouse brain development, the microRNA (miR-) 204/211 is present at a high level in a subset of DA precursors expressing the transcription factor Lmx1a, an early determinant for DA-commitment, but not in more mature neurons expressing Th or Pitx3. By combining different in vitro model systems of DA differentiation, we show that the levels of Lmx1a influence the expression of miR-204/211. Using published transcriptomic data, we found a significant enrichment of miR-204/211 target genes in midbrain dopaminergic neurons where Lmx1a was selectively deleted at embryonic stages. We further demonstrated that miR-204/211 controls the timing of the DA differentiation by directly downregulating the expression of Nurr1, a late DA differentiation master gene. Thus, our data indicate the Lmx1a-miR-204/211-Nurr1 axis as a key component in the cascade of events that ultimately lead to mature midbrain dopaminergic neurons differentiation and point to miR-204/211 as the molecular switch regulating the timing of Nurr1 expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Neurogenesis)
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11 pages, 1945 KiB  
Article
Chronic SSRI Treatment, but Not Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment, Increases Neurogenesis in Juvenile Rats
by Michelle Hovorka, David Ewing and David S. Middlemas
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 6919; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136919 - 22 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1893
Abstract
There has been growing recognition that major depressive disorder is a serious medical disorder that also affects children. This has been accompanied by an increased use of antidepressant drugs in adolescents; however, not all classes of antidepressants are effective in children and adolescents. [...] Read more.
There has been growing recognition that major depressive disorder is a serious medical disorder that also affects children. This has been accompanied by an increased use of antidepressant drugs in adolescents; however, not all classes of antidepressants are effective in children and adolescents. There is an increasing need to understand the differences in antidepressant action in different developmental stages. There are some data indicating that the behavioral effect of chronic antidepressant treatment in adult rodents is dependent on hippocampal neurogenesis; however, it is not known which classes of antidepressant drugs induce hippocampal neurogenesis in adolescent rodents. Three classes of antidepressant drugs were tested in two age groups of Sprague Dawley rats, pre-adolescent (postnatal days 11–24) and adolescent (postnatal days 21–34): monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs); and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). To address which classes of antidepressant drugs might alter the rate of mitogenesis in neural progenitor cells in an adolescent rodent model, adolescent Sprague Dawley rats were treated with the thymidine analog 5-bromo-deoxy-2′-uridine (BrdU) on postnatal days 21 and 22 and antidepressant drugs or vehicle for 14 days (postnatal days 21–34). To address which classes of antidepressant drugs might alter the rate of neurogenesis, postnatal day-21 Sprague Dawley rats were treated with antidepressant drugs or vehicle for 14 days (postnatal days 21–34) and BrdU on postnatal days 33 and 34. In both experimental paradigms, BrdU-positive cells in the subgranular zone and the granule cell layer were counted. Newborn neurons were identified in the neurogenic paradigm by identifying cells expressing both the neuronal specific marker NeuN and BrdU using confocal microscopy. Only the SSRI fluoxetine significantly altered the basal mitogenic and neurogenic rates in adolescent rats. Treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) tranylcypromine (TCP) and the TCA desipramine did not alter the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adolescent rats. This is consistent with human clinical observations, where only SSRIs have efficacy for treatment of depression in patients under the age of 18. In pre-adolescent rats, postnatal days 11–24, none of the drugs tested significantly altered the basal mitogenic or neurogenic rates. All of the classes of antidepressant drugs are known to induce hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats. The mechanisms of action underlying this developmental difference in antidepressant drug action between juveniles and adults are not known. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Neurogenesis)
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25 pages, 3546 KiB  
Article
Maternal High-Energy Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Impairs Neurogenesis and Alters the Behavior of Adult Offspring in a Phenotype-Dependent Manner
by Kamila Fabianová, Janka Babeľová, Dušan Fabian, Alexandra Popovičová, Marcela Martončíková, Adam Raček and Enikő Račeková
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(10), 5564; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105564 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2344
Abstract
Obesity is one of the biggest and most costly health challenges the modern world encounters. Substantial evidence suggests that the risk of metabolic syndrome or obesity formation may be affected at a very early stage of development, in particular through fetal and/or neonatal [...] Read more.
Obesity is one of the biggest and most costly health challenges the modern world encounters. Substantial evidence suggests that the risk of metabolic syndrome or obesity formation may be affected at a very early stage of development, in particular through fetal and/or neonatal overfeeding. Outcomes from epidemiological studies indicate that maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation has a profound impact on adult neurogenesis in the offspring. In the present study, an intergenerational dietary model employing overfeeding of experimental mice during prenatal and early postnatal development was applied to acquire mice with various body conditions. We investigated the impact of the maternal high-energy diet during pregnancy and lactation on adult neurogenesis in the olfactory neurogenic region involving the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and some behavioral tasks including memory, anxiety and nociception. Our findings show that a maternal high-energy diet administered during pregnancy and lactation modifies proliferation and differentiation, and induced degeneration of cells in the SVZ/RMS of offspring, but only in mice where extreme phenotype, such as significant overweight/adiposity or obesity is manifested. Thereafter, a maternal high-energy diet enhances anxiety-related behavior in offspring regardless of its body condition and impairs learning and memory in offspring with an extreme phenotype. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Neurogenesis)
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35 pages, 19988 KiB  
Article
Transduction of Brain Neurons in Juvenile Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) with Recombinant Adeno-Associated Hippocampal Virus Injected into the Cerebellum during Long-Term Monitoring
by Evgeniya V. Pushchina, Maria E. Bykova, Ekaterina V. Shamshurina and Anatoly A. Varaksin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 4947; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094947 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1873
Abstract
Corpus cerebelli in juvenile chum salmon is a multiprojective region of the brain connected via afferent and efferent projections with the higher regions of the brainstem and synencephalon, as well as with multiprojection regions of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. During the [...] Read more.
Corpus cerebelli in juvenile chum salmon is a multiprojective region of the brain connected via afferent and efferent projections with the higher regions of the brainstem and synencephalon, as well as with multiprojection regions of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. During the postembryonic development of the cerebellum in chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, the lateral part of the juvenile cerebellum gives rise to the caudomedial part of the definitive cerebellum, which is consistent with the data reported for zebrafish and mouse cerebellum. Thus, the topographic organization of the cerebellum and its efferents are similar between fish (chum salmon and zebrafish) and mammals, including mice and humans. The distributions of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs) after an injection of the base vector into the cerebellum have shown highly specific patterns of transgene expression in bipolar neurons in the latero-caudal lobe of the juvenile chum tectum opticum. The distribution of rAAVs in the dorsal thalamus, epithalamus, nucleus rotundus, and pretectal complex indicates the targeted distribution of the transgene via the thalamo-cerebellar projections. The detection of GFP expression in the cells of the epiphysis and posterior tubercle of juvenile chum salmon is associated with the transgene’s distribution and with the cerebrospinal fluid flow, the brain ventricles and its outer surface. The direct delivery of the rAAV into the central nervous system by intracerebroventricular administration allows it to spread widely in the brain. Thus, the presence of special projection areas in the juvenile chum salmon cerebellum, as well as outside it, and the identification of the transgene’s expression in them confirm the potential ability of rAAVs to distribute in both intracerebellar and afferent and efferent extracerebellar projections of the cerebellum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Neurogenesis)
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41 pages, 7625 KiB  
Article
Molecular Markers of Adult Neurogenesis in the Telencephalon and Tectum of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
by Evgeniya V. Pushchina, Anatoly A. Varaksin and Dmitry K. Obukhov
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031188 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2144
Abstract
In the brain of teleost fish, radial glial cells are the major type of astroglial cells. To answer the question as to how radial glia structures adapt to the continuous growth of the brain, which is characteristic of salmonids, it is necessary to [...] Read more.
In the brain of teleost fish, radial glial cells are the major type of astroglial cells. To answer the question as to how radial glia structures adapt to the continuous growth of the brain, which is characteristic of salmonids, it is necessary to study various types of cells (neuronal precursors, astroglial cells, and cells in a state of neuronal differentiation) in the major integrative centers of the salmon brain (telencephalon and tectum opticum), using rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as a model. A study of the distribution of several molecular markers in the telencephalon and tectum with the identification of neural stem/progenitor cells, neuroblasts, and radial glia was carried out on juvenile (three-year-old) O. mykiss. The presence of all of these cell types provides specific conditions for the adult neurogenesis processes in the trout telencephalon and tectum. The distribution of glutamine synthetase, a molecular marker of neural stem cells, in the trout telencephalon revealed a large population of radial glia (RG) corresponding to adult-type neural stem cells (NSCs). RG dominated the pallial region of the telencephalon, while, in the subpallial region, RG was found in the lateral and ventral zones. In the optic tectum, RG fibers were widespread and localized both in the marginal layer and in the periventricular gray layer. Doublecortin (DC) immunolabeling revealed a large population of neuroblasts formed in the postembryonic period, which is indicative of intense adult neurogenesis in the trout brain. The pallial and subpallial regions of the telencephalon contained numerous DC+ cells and their clusters. In the tectum, DC+ cells were found not only in the stratum griseum periventriculare (SGP) and longitudinal torus (TL) containing proliferating cells, but also in the layers containing differentiated neurons: the central gray layer, the periventricular gray and white layers, and the superficial white layer. A study of the localization patterns of vimentin and nestin in the trout telencephalon and tectum showed the presence of neuroepithelial neural stem cells (eNSCs) and ependymoglial cells in the periventricular matrix zones of the brain. The presence of vimentin and nestin in the functionally heterogeneous cell types of adult trout indicates new functional properties of these proteins and their heterogeneous involvement in intracellular motility and adult neurogenesis. Investigation into the later stages of neuronal development in various regions of the fish brain can substantially elucidate the major mechanisms of adult neurogenesis, but it can also contribute to understanding the patterns of formation of certain brain regions and the involvement of RG in the construction of the definite brain structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Neurogenesis)
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Review

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19 pages, 1533 KiB  
Review
Physiological Electric Field: A Potential Construction Regulator of Human Brain Organoids
by Xiyao Yu, Xiaoting Meng, Zhe Pei, Guoqiang Wang, Rongrong Liu, Mingran Qi, Jiaying Zhou and Fang Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 3877; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073877 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3324
Abstract
Brain organoids can reproduce the regional three-dimensional (3D) tissue structure of human brains, following the in vivo developmental trajectory at the cellular level; therefore, they are considered to present one of the best brain simulation model systems. By briefly summarizing the latest research [...] Read more.
Brain organoids can reproduce the regional three-dimensional (3D) tissue structure of human brains, following the in vivo developmental trajectory at the cellular level; therefore, they are considered to present one of the best brain simulation model systems. By briefly summarizing the latest research concerning brain organoid construction methods, the basic principles, and challenges, this review intends to identify the potential role of the physiological electric field (EF) in the construction of brain organoids because of its important regulatory function in neurogenesis. EFs could initiate neural tissue formation, inducing the neuronal differentiation of NSCs, both of which capabilities make it an important element of the in vitro construction of brain organoids. More importantly, by adjusting the stimulation protocol and special/temporal distributions of EFs, neural organoids might be created following a predesigned 3D framework, particularly a specific neural network, because this promotes the orderly growth of neural processes, coordinate neuronal migration and maturation, and stimulate synapse and myelin sheath formation. Thus, the application of EF for constructing brain organoids in a3D matrix could be a promising future direction in neural tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Neurogenesis)
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