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The Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Experimental Oncology

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Biochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 14377

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
University Hospital and Medical School (UKSH), University of Luebeck, Experimental Oncology, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
Interests: oncology; ethics in oncology; palliative care in oncology; cancer-associated coagulation; extracellular vesicles; cancer cell resistance; cell signaling
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Guest Editor
University Hospital and Medical School (UKSH), University of Luebeck, Experimental Oncology, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
Interests: extracellular vesicles; microvesicles; plasma membrane; cancer cell resistance; extrinsic coagulation; high-resolution flow cytometry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nonreplicating, lipid-bilayer-delimited particles that are released from almost all cells. Thanks to modern technologies such as differential centrifugation, high-resolution flow cytometry, precipitation of subgroups by magnetic beads and surface markers, different subgroups of EVs have been defined such as ectosomes/microvesicles/microparticles (plasma membrane origin), exosomes (endosomal origin), apoptotic bodies (formed by dying cells), large oncosomes, etc. Research in this area is not only of interest from the point view of biochemistry and biology but at the threshold of gaining clinical relevance, especially in inflammatory medicine and oncology. Particularly the latter is promising as we know now that tumor cells in an inflammatory environment (microenvironment) release a huge number of EVs. These can be isolated from virtually all body fluids and are about to be used in early detection, characterization, and therapy monitoring of malignant diseases.

Nevertheless, many questions are still open, such as:

  • The appropriate and suitable isolation method of the EV subpopulation of interest;
  • The target structures of potential clinical interest (e.g., encapsulated genetic material, surface markers and receptors, membrane components);
  • The correlation with established clinical and pathological parameters;
  • Differentiation between tumor- and host-derived EVs.

With this Special Issue named “The Emerging Role of EVs in Experimental Oncology”, we would like to contribute to this evolving and rapidly expanding field. If you work in this research area, we would be pleased to receive a contribution from you. Let us make this Special Issue forward-looking!

Prof. Dr. Frank Gieseler
Dr. Fanny Ender
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3488 KiB  
Article
Inactivation of EMILIN-1 by Proteolysis and Secretion in Small Extracellular Vesicles Favors Melanoma Progression and Metastasis
by Ana Amor López, Marina S. Mazariegos, Alessandra Capuano, Pilar Ximénez-Embún, Marta Hergueta-Redondo, Juan Ángel Recio, Eva Muñoz, Fátima Al-Shahrour, Javier Muñoz, Diego Megías, Roberto Doliana, Paola Spessotto and Héctor Peinado
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(14), 7406; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147406 - 9 Jul 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3847
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in lymph node metastasis; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are not completely defined. Here, we found that EMILIN-1 is proteolyzed and secreted in small EVs (sEVs) as a novel mechanism to reduce [...] Read more.
Several studies have demonstrated that melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in lymph node metastasis; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are not completely defined. Here, we found that EMILIN-1 is proteolyzed and secreted in small EVs (sEVs) as a novel mechanism to reduce its intracellular levels favoring metastasis in mouse melanoma lymph node metastatic cells. Interestingly, we observed that EMILIN-1 has intrinsic tumor and metastasis suppressive-like properties reducing effective migration, cell viability, primary tumor growth, and metastasis. Overall, our analysis suggests that the inactivation of EMILIN-1 by proteolysis and secretion in sEVs reduce its intrinsic tumor suppressive activities in melanoma favoring tumor progression and metastasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Experimental Oncology)
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18 pages, 3757 KiB  
Article
Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Functionality Affected by Exposure to Extracellular Survivin and Lymphoma-Derived Exosomes
by Heather R. Ferguson Bennit, Amber Gonda, Janviere Kabagwira, Laura Oppegard, David Chi, Jenniffer Licero Campbell, Marino De Leon and Nathan R. Wall
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(3), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031255 - 27 Jan 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3265
Abstract
The inherent abilities of natural killer (NK) cells to recognize and kill target cells place them among the first cells with the ability to recognize and destroy infected or transformed cells. Cancer cells, however, have mechanisms by which they can inhibit the surveillance [...] Read more.
The inherent abilities of natural killer (NK) cells to recognize and kill target cells place them among the first cells with the ability to recognize and destroy infected or transformed cells. Cancer cells, however, have mechanisms by which they can inhibit the surveillance and cytotoxic abilities of NK cells with one believed mechanism for this: their ability to release exosomes. Exosomes are vesicles that are found in abundance in the tumor microenvironment that can modulate intercellular communication and thus enhance tumor malignancy. Recently, our lab has found cancer cell exosomes to contain the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein survivin to be associated with decreased immune response in lymphocytes and cellular death. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of survivin and lymphoma-derived survivin-containing exosomes on the immune functions of NK cells. NK cells were obtained from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and treated with pure survivin protein or exosomes from two lymphoma cell lines, DLCL2 and FSCCL. RNA was isolated from NK cell samples for measurement by PCR, and intracellular flow cytometry was used to determine protein expression. Degranulation capacity, cytotoxicity, and natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D) levels were also assessed. Lymphoma exosomes were examined for size and protein content. This study established that these lymphoma exosomes contained survivin and FasL but were negative for MHC class I-related chains (MIC)/B (MICA/B) and TGF-β. Treatment with exosomes did not significantly alter NK cell functionality, but extracellular survivin was seen to decrease natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D) levels and the intracellular protein levels of perforin, granzyme B, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Experimental Oncology)
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Review

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25 pages, 2251 KiB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Head and Neck Cancer: A Potential New Trend in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment
by Xinyu Qu, Jing-Woei Li, Jason Chan and Katie Meehan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(21), 8260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218260 - 4 Nov 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4350
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a fatal and debilitating disease that is characterized by steady, poor survival rates despite advances in treatment. There is an urgent and unmet need to improve our understanding of what drives this insidious cancer and causes poor [...] Read more.
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a fatal and debilitating disease that is characterized by steady, poor survival rates despite advances in treatment. There is an urgent and unmet need to improve our understanding of what drives this insidious cancer and causes poor outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles that originate from tumor cells, immune cells, and other cell types and are secreted into plasma, saliva, and other bio-fluids. EVs represent dynamic, real-time changes of cells and offer an exciting opportunity to improve our understanding of HNC biology that may translate to improved clinical practice. Considering the amplified interest in EVs, we have sought to provide a contemporary review of the most recent and salient literature that is shaping the field. Herein, we discuss the functionality of EVs in HNCs and their clinical potential with regards to biomarker and therapeutic capabilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Experimental Oncology)
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