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14 pages, 4149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immediate Implantation with Autologous Mineralized Dentin Graft versus Deproteinized Bovine Bone as Space-Filling Substitute in Maxillary Anterior Zone: Retrospective Radiological and Clinical Study

by Ihsan Caglar Cinar, Mohammed Zboun, Alper Saglanmak and Eitan Mijiritsky

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5521; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185521 - 18 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Various bone substitutes have been recommended to augment the horizontal gap following immediate implantation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of an autogenous mineralized dentin graft or a deproteinized bovine bone in horizontal gap augmentation following immediate [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Various bone substitutes have been recommended to augment the horizontal gap following immediate implantation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of an autogenous mineralized dentin graft or a deproteinized bovine bone in horizontal gap augmentation following immediate implant placement in the maxillary anterior region. Methods: A total of 110 patients underwent tooth extraction followed by immediate implant placement. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group received an autogenous mineralized dentin graft (the test group) while the second group received a deproteinized bovine bone (the control group) to augment the horizontal gap. Preoperative (T0), immediate postoperative (T1), and 1-year postoperative (T2) cone beam computed tomography scans were taken from all the patients. Linear measurements were recorded 1 mm (R1) and 5 mm (R2) points apical to the implant platform at both T1 and T2 time intervals. Pink Esthetic Scores and prosthetic complications were evaluated as well. Results: There were 57 patients with a mean age of 45.42 ± 9.86 (range 24–63 years) selected as the test group and 53 patients with a mean age of 40.28 ± 11.69 (range 20–63 years) as the control group. The mean reduction in the buccal bone plate at R1 was 6.39 ± 3.78% in the test group and 6.99 ± 5.01% in the control group (p > 0.05). The mean reduction in the buccal bone plate at R2 was 5.46 ± 4.98% in the test group and 6.77 ± 7.60% in the control group (p < 0.05). The PES and prosthetic-related complications were shown to be negligible between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The efficiency of using an autogenous mineralized dentin graft for horizontal gap augmentation showed similar results in comparison to using a deproteinized bovine bone in relation to buccolingual socket reduction following immediate implantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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13 pages, 1554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effectiveness of Individualized Oral Hygiene Education in Preventing Dental Diseases: A Clinical Study

by Fanni Simon, Gyula Szabó, Mercédesz Orsós, Eitan Mijiritsky and Orsolya Németh

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5481; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185481 - 15 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Background: Without mechanical cleaning, gingivitis can develop within three weeks. The first clinical sign is bleeding on positive probing. The accumulation of dental biofilm triggers an inflammatory gingival response. In the past decade, attention has focused mainly on interproximal areas and the [...] Read more.

Background: Without mechanical cleaning, gingivitis can develop within three weeks. The first clinical sign is bleeding on positive probing. The accumulation of dental biofilm triggers an inflammatory gingival response. In the past decade, attention has focused mainly on interproximal areas and the use of customized interproximal toothbrushes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of individualized oral hygiene education and its role in dental disease prevention among patients with dental problems. Methods: Altogether, 102 patients, 38 males and 64 females, were included in the study. All patients were aged over 18 years. Before treatment, patients were clinically and radiologically examined, their full mouth plaque score (FMPS), full mouth bleeding score (FMBS), and bleeding on brushing (BOB) were recorded, and matrix-metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) was measured by using a chair-side MMP-8 measuring system. Patients in group A had gingivitis but no periodontal damage, and group B had periodontal damage. Patients in both groups were divided into four subgroups based on their toothbrushing habits and the oral health education they received. Three months after the initial examination, each patient was examined three more times (2, 4, and 12 weeks later). Results: It was concluded that subjects in groups A1 and B1 showed a significant reduction in BOB, MMP-8, FMBS, and FMPS levels after two weeks. Solo Prophylaxis (A1 and B1) remained a well-constructed protocol and caused the complete resolution of interdental inflammation after two weeks. Other subgroups achieved significant reductions only after 12 weeks. Conclusions: BOB and MMP-8 tests are valuable complements in preventive dentistry, and are able to detect potential pathological processes. The clinical relevance of BOB testing, in addition to FMBS, FMPS and gingival inflammation testing, can be demonstrated to patients, which may increase compliance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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17 pages, 506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Periodontal Patients’ Perceptions and Knowledge of Dental Implants—A Questionnaire Study

by Ewa Dolińska, Anna Węglarz, Weronika Jaroma, Gabriela Kornowska, Zuzanna Zapaśnik, Patrycja Włodarczyk, Jakub Wawryniuk and Małgorzata Pietruska

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(16), 4859; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164859 - 17 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Background: Highly prevalent tooth loss is observed among populations around the world. To restore masticatory function and satisfactory aesthetics, missing teeth must be replaced. Dental implants are increasingly used for this purpose. This study aimed to assess periodontal patients’ knowledge and attitudes towards [...] Read more.

Background: Highly prevalent tooth loss is observed among populations around the world. To restore masticatory function and satisfactory aesthetics, missing teeth must be replaced. Dental implants are increasingly used for this purpose. This study aimed to assess periodontal patients’ knowledge and attitudes towards dental implants. Methods: 467 anonymous questionnaires of periodontal patients were analyzed. The population participants were divided according to gender, age, education and place of residence. In the statistical analysis, the chi-squared test of independence was used (p < 0.05). The main questions addressed patients’ knowledge about dental implants and the factors influencing their decision to undergo implantation. Results: The majority of periodontal patients were aware of dental implants and the importance of oral hygiene in their maintenance. However, the population studied had many knowledge deficits, especially on the technical and biological aspects of implants. The lack of knowledge about peri-implantitis was surprising in the group seeking professional periodontal care. Patients obtained information mainly from the internet and from family and friends, with their dentists being the third source. Good functional and aesthetic outcomes would encourage them to undergo the implantation procedure, and high cost and the possibility of complications were the most discouraging factors. Conclusions: Given the growing popularity of implant treatment, patients should be provided with evidence-based knowledge about indications and possible contraindications to implants to make informed decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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13 pages, 6252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endodontic Treatment Outcomes in Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images—Assessment of the Diagnostic Accuracy of AI

by Wojciech Kazimierczak, Natalia Kazimierczak, Julien Issa, Róża Wajer, Adrian Wajer, Sandra Kalka and Zbigniew Serafin

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(14), 4116; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144116 - 14 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1059

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the AI-driven platform Diagnocat for evaluating endodontic treatment outcomes using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods: A total of 55 consecutive patients (15 males and 40 females, aged 12–70 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the AI-driven platform Diagnocat for evaluating endodontic treatment outcomes using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods: A total of 55 consecutive patients (15 males and 40 females, aged 12–70 years) referred for CBCT imaging were included. CBCT images were analyzed using Diagnocat’s AI platform, which assessed parameters such as the probability of filling, adequate obturation, adequate density, overfilling, voids in filling, short filling, and root canal number. The images were also evaluated by two experienced human readers. Diagnostic accuracy metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score) were assessed and compared to the readers’ consensus, which served as the reference standard. Results: The AI platform demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for most parameters, with perfect scores for the probability of filling (accuracy, precision, recall, F1 = 100%). Adequate obturation showed moderate performance (accuracy = 84.1%, precision = 66.7%, recall = 92.3%, and F1 = 77.4%). Adequate density (accuracy = 95.5%, precision, recall, and F1 = 97.2%), overfilling (accuracy = 95.5%, precision = 86.7%, recall = 100%, and F1 = 92.9%), and short fillings (accuracy = 95.5%, precision = 100%, recall = 86.7%, and F1 = 92.9%) also exhibited strong performance. The performance of AI for voids in filling detection (accuracy = 88.6%, precision = 88.9%, recall = 66.7%, and F1 = 76.2%) highlighted areas for improvement. Conclusions: The AI platform Diagnocat showed high diagnostic accuracy in evaluating endodontic treatment outcomes using CBCT images, indicating its potential as a valuable tool in dental radiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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11 pages, 6893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Diagnostic Accuracy of an AI-Driven Platform for Assessing Endodontic Treatment Outcomes Using Panoramic Radiographs: A Preliminary Study

by Wojciech Kazimierczak, Róża Wajer, Adrian Wajer, Karol Kalka, Natalia Kazimierczak and Zbigniew Serafin

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(12), 3401; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123401 - 11 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 873

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of an AI-driven platform, Diagnocat (Diagnocat Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA), for assessing endodontic treatment outcomes using panoramic radiographs (PANs). Materials and Methods: The study included 55 PAN images of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of an AI-driven platform, Diagnocat (Diagnocat Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA), for assessing endodontic treatment outcomes using panoramic radiographs (PANs). Materials and Methods: The study included 55 PAN images of 55 patients (15 males and 40 females, aged 12–70) who underwent imaging at a private dental center. All images were acquired using a Hyperion X9 PRO digital cephalometer and were evaluated using Diagnocat, a cloud-based AI platform. The AI system assessed the following endodontic treatment features: filling probability, obturation adequacy, density, overfilling, voids in filling, and short filling. Two human observers independently evaluated the images, and their consensus served as the reference standard. The diagnostic accuracy metrics were calculated. Results: The AI system demonstrated high accuracy (90.72%) and a strong F1 score (95.12%) in detecting the probability of endodontic filling. However, the system showed variable performance in other categories, with lower accuracy metrics and unacceptable F1 scores for short filling and voids in filling assessments (8.33% and 14.29%, respectively). The accuracy for detecting adequate obturation and density was 55.81% and 62.79%, respectively. Conclusions: The AI-based system showed very high accuracy in identifying endodontically treated teeth but exhibited variable diagnostic accuracy for other qualitative features of endodontic treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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11 pages, 3389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three Self-Adhesive Resin Cements and Their Influence on the Marginal Adaptation of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Single Crowns: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscope Evaluation

by Asaf Shely, Joseph Nissan, Diva Lugassy, Ofir Rosner, Eran Zenziper, Tharaa Egbaria and Gil Ben-Izhack

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(11), 3330; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113330 - 5 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Background: In everyday dentistry, monolithic single crowns can be cemented with self-adhesive resin cements. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate how the marginal adaptation of full monolithic zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) single crowns is influenced by three different [...] Read more.

Background: In everyday dentistry, monolithic single crowns can be cemented with self-adhesive resin cements. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate how the marginal adaptation of full monolithic zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) single crowns is influenced by three different self-adhesive resin cements. Methods: Forty-five typodont teeth fully prepared for full monolithic crowns were divided into three groups (fifteen each) for the use of three different self-adhesive resin cements. A fourth control group (Temp-bond) was created by taking five teeth from each group before cementation with self-adhesive resin cements. All forty-five abutments were scanned using a Primescan intra-oral scanner (IOS), followed by computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) full crowns using a four-axis machine. Initially, the crowns of the control group were fixed to the abutments using Temp-bond, and the marginal gap was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). After removing the control group crowns from the abutments, fifteen crowns in each group were cemented using a different self-adhesive resin cement and observed under SEM for evaluation of the marginal gap. A Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was performed, indicating no normal distribution (p < 0.05), followed by Mann–Whitney tests (α = 0.05). Results: The total mean marginal gap of the temp-bond control group was significantly lower compared to all three groups of self-adhesive resin cement (p < 0.0005). The total mean marginal gap of the G-cem ONE group was significantly lower compared to the TheraCem group (p < 0.026) and RelyX U200 group (p < 0.008). The total mean marginal gap of the TheraCem group was significantly higher than the G-cem ONE group (p < 0.026) but showed no significant difference with the RelyX U200 group (p > 0.110). Conclusions: All four groups showed a clinically acceptable marginal gap (<120 microns). Although all three groups of self-adhesive resin cement showed a significant increase in the marginal gap compared to the temp-bond control group, they were within the limits of clinical acceptability. Regarding the marginal gap, in everyday dentistry, it is acceptable to use all three self-adhesive resin cements, although the G-cem ONE group exhibited the lowest marginal gap for ZLS single crowns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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14 pages, 8476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Periapical Lesions in Panoramic Radiography and CBCT Imaging—Assessment of AI’s Diagnostic Accuracy

by Wojciech Kazimierczak, Róża Wajer, Adrian Wajer, Veronica Kiian, Anna Kloska, Natalia Kazimierczak, Joanna Janiszewska-Olszowska and Zbigniew Serafin

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2709; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092709 - 4 May 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2460

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Periapical lesions (PLs) are frequently detected in dental radiology. Accurate diagnosis of these lesions is essential for proper treatment planning. Imaging techniques such as orthopantomogram (OPG) and cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging are used to identify PLs. The aim of this study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Periapical lesions (PLs) are frequently detected in dental radiology. Accurate diagnosis of these lesions is essential for proper treatment planning. Imaging techniques such as orthopantomogram (OPG) and cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging are used to identify PLs. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) software Diagnocat for PL detection in OPG and CBCT images. Methods: The study included 49 patients, totaling 1223 teeth. Both OPG and CBCT images were analyzed by AI software and by three experienced clinicians. All the images were obtained in one patient cohort, and findings were compared to the consensus of human readers using CBCT. The AI’s diagnostic accuracy was compared to a reference method, calculating sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and F1 score. Results: The AI’s sensitivity for OPG images was 33.33% with an F1 score of 32.73%. For CBCT images, the AI’s sensitivity was 77.78% with an F1 score of 84.00%. The AI’s specificity was over 98% for both OPG and CBCT images. Conclusions: The AI demonstrated high sensitivity and high specificity in detecting PLs in CBCT images but lower sensitivity in OPG images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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14 pages, 5890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of Digital Orthodontic Treatment Planning: Assessing Aligner-Directed Tooth Movements and Exploring Inherent Intramaxillary Side Effects

by Ludger Keilig, Anna Fittgen, Helen Schneider, Rafet Sifa, Jörg Schwarze, Christoph Bourauel and Anna Konermann

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(8), 2298; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082298 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1054

Abstract

Background: The attainment of precise posterior occlusion alignment necessitates a deeper understanding of the clinical efficacy of aligner therapy. This study aims to determine whether the treatment goals defined in the virtual planning of aligner therapy are effectively implemented in clinical practice, with [...] Read more.

Background: The attainment of precise posterior occlusion alignment necessitates a deeper understanding of the clinical efficacy of aligner therapy. This study aims to determine whether the treatment goals defined in the virtual planning of aligner therapy are effectively implemented in clinical practice, with a particular focus on the influence of distalization distances on potential vertical side effects. Methods: In this retrospective, non-interventional investigation, a cohort of 20 individuals undergoing Invisalign^® treatment was examined. Pre- and post-treatment maxillary clinical and ClinCheck^® casts were superimposed utilizing a surface–surface matching algorithm on palatal folds, median palatine raphe, and unmoved teeth as the stable references. The effectivity of planned versus clinical movements was evaluated. Groupings were based on distalization distances, planned vertical movements, and Class II elastic prescription. Statistics were performed with a two-sample t-test and p-value < 0.05. Results: Clinically achieved distalization was significantly lower than virtually planned distalization, regardless of additional vertical movements, where a lack of implementation was contingent upon the extent of distalization, with no mitigating effects observed with the application of Class II elastics. Intriguingly, no adverse vertical side effects were noted; however, the intended intrusions or extrusions, as per the therapeutic plans, remained unattainable regardless of the magnitude of distalization. Conclusions: These findings underscore the imperative for future investigations to delve deeper into the intricacies surrounding translational mesio-distal and vertical movements, thereby enhancing predictability within orthodontic practice. To facilitate successful clinical implementation of vertical and translational movements via aligners, the incorporation of sliders emerges as a promising strategy for bolstering anchorage reinforcement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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16 pages, 3234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cementation Mode and Ferrule Design on the Fatigue Resistance of Monolithic Zirconia Endocrowns

by Milan Stoilov, Tobias Boehmer, Lea Stoilov, Helmut Stark, Michael Marder, Norbert Enkling and Dominik Kraus

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041165 - 19 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1395

Abstract

Background: Classic endocrowns made of dental ceramics are considered a promising alternative to traditional post-endodontic restorations. The use of circular ferrules in endocrowns is a topic of controversial discussion. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of ferrule design and [...] Read more.

Background: Classic endocrowns made of dental ceramics are considered a promising alternative to traditional post-endodontic restorations. The use of circular ferrules in endocrowns is a topic of controversial discussion. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of ferrule design and cementation mode on the fatigue resistance of zirconia endocrowns. Methods: Eighty human molars were divided into four groups (n = 20): NFC (no-ferrule, conventional cementation), NFA (no-ferrule, adhesive luting), FC (ferrule, conventional cementation) and FA (ferrule, adhesive luting). Both the classic and the modified endocrown preparation with a two-millimeter ferrule design were carried out. Endocrowns were fabricated from zirconia using the CEREC system. After thermocycling, specimens were loaded according to the step-stress test up to 1500 N. Results: Failure rate was low; 88.8% of total specimens passed the step-stress test. Fractures were distributed between all groups; no significant differences in fatigue resistance were detected for preparation design and cementation mode. Conclusions: Endocrowns appear to be a promising concept for endodontically treated molars. Ferrule and also cementation mode have only a minor influence on fatigue resistance of zirconia endocrowns. However, at very high forces, the marginal area of the ferrule represents a weak point. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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15 pages, 3789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Three-Dimensional Histological Reconstructions Reliable for the Assessment of Trabecular Microarchitecture?

by János Báskay, Dorottya Pénzes, Endre Kontsek, Adrián Pesti, András Kiss, Bruna Katherine Guimarães Carvalho, Miklós Szócska, Bence Tamás Szabó, Csaba Dobó-Nagy, Dániel Csete, Attila Mócsai, Orsolya Németh, Péter Pollner, Eitan Mijiritsky and Márton Kivovics

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041106 - 15 Feb 2024

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Objectives: This study aimed to create a three-dimensional histological reconstruction through the AI-assisted classification of tissues and the alignment of serial sections. The secondary aim was to evaluate if the novel technique for histological reconstruction accurately replicated the trabecular microarchitecture of bone. This [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study aimed to create a three-dimensional histological reconstruction through the AI-assisted classification of tissues and the alignment of serial sections. The secondary aim was to evaluate if the novel technique for histological reconstruction accurately replicated the trabecular microarchitecture of bone. This was performed by conducting micromorphometric measurements on the reconstruction and comparing the results obtained with those of microCT reconstructions. Methods: A bone biopsy sample was harvested upon re-entry following sinus floor augmentation. Following microCT scanning and histological processing, a modified version of the U-Net architecture was trained to categorize tissues on the sections. Detector-free local feature matching with transformers was used to create the histological reconstruction. The micromorphometric parameters were calculated using Bruker’s CTAn software (version 1.18.8.0, Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) for both histological and microCT datasets. Results: Correlation coefficients calculated between the micromorphometric parameters measured on the microCT and histological reconstruction suggest a strong linear relationship between the two with p-values of 0.777, 0.717, 0.705, 0.666, and 0.687 for BV/TV, BS/TV, Tb.Pf Tb.Th, and Tb.Sp, respectively. Bland–Altman and mountain plots suggest good agreement between BV/TV measurements on the two reconstruction methods. Conclusions: This novel method for three-dimensional histological reconstruction provides researchers with a tool that enables the assessment of accurate trabecular microarchitecture and histological information simultaneously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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Review

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15 pages, 835 KiB

Open AccessReview

Contemporary Concepts of Adhesive Cementation of Glass-Fiber Posts: A Narrative Review

by Panayiotis Tsolomitis, Sofia Diamantopoulou and Efstratios Papazoglou

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(12), 3479; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123479 - 14 Jun 2024

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(1) Background: Cementation of glass fiber posts to root canals has been associated with various failures, especially debonding. This narrative review aims to present the contemporary concepts concerning the adhesive cementation of glass fiber post and to discuss the optimal management of these [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Cementation of glass fiber posts to root canals has been associated with various failures, especially debonding. This narrative review aims to present the contemporary concepts concerning the adhesive cementation of glass fiber post and to discuss the optimal management of these factors. (2) Methods: Electronic search was performed in MEDLINE/Pub Med and Google Scholar using selected keywords examining the parameters post length, surface treatment of glass fiber posts, post space preparation and dentin pretreatment, resin cement selection, adhesive systems and hybrid layer formation, and clinical techniques. (3) Results: The search led to the selection of 44 articles. Epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers are recommended and the use of temporary cement in the root canal should be avoided. The minimum length of a glass fiber post adhesively cemented to a root canal is 5 mm. Irrigating the root canals with chlorhexidine, MTAD, or EDTA (alone or in combination with NaOCl) after post space preparation seems to enhance the bond strength. Silane application on the surface of the post seems to be beneficial. Concerning resin cements and adhesive systems, the results were rather inconclusive. Finally, resin cement should be applied inside the root canal with an elongation tip and photoactivation should be delayed. (4) Conclusions: Contemporary concepts of adhesive cementation of glass fiber posts can indeed improve the bond between glass fiber posts, resin cement, and root canal dentin, however, evidence coming from long-term randomized prospective clinical trials is needed in order to obtain safer conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Patient-Centered Dental Care)

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