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A special issue of Journal of Functional Biomaterials (ISSN 2079-4983). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2024) | Viewed by 16968

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vadim Sheremetyev

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Guest Editor

Metal Forming Department, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Moscow, Russia
Interests: metallic biomaterials; shape memory alloys; thermomechanical treatment; additive technologies; powder metallurgy; surface modification; functional properties

Dr. Veronika Polyakova

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Guest Editor

Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia
Interests: severe plastic deformation; structural-phase transformations; physical-mechanical properties of titanium alloys for medical applications

Dr. Sergey Anikeev

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Guest Editor

Laboratory of Medical Alloys and Shape Memory Implants, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Interests: titanium alloys; powder metallurgy; porous materials; SME alloys; biocompatibility

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The aging of the world’s population, as well as the growing requirements for improving quality of life, increases the demand for novel biomaterials with enhanced functional properties. Metallic biomaterials are the most widely used implant materials, especially for the reconstruction of failed hard tissues. Many new alloy compositions, such as metastable Ti-Nb-, Ti-Zr-, Ti-Mo- and Ti-Ni-based shape memory alloys, biodegradable Mg-, Fe-, and Zn-based alloys, have been designed in the last decade to improve the biological and mechanical compatibility of metallic biomaterials. The development of methods for the design, production, processing, and surface modification of bulk and porous metallic biomaterials, as an opportunity to control their structure and properties, plays a decisive role in obtaining the optimal bio-functionality of final products. The efforts of many researchers are actually focused on the selection of an appropriate composition and optimization of processing routes to produce implants with a new combination of properties, ahead of analogues.

This Special Issue aims at publishing research articles, reviews, and communications covering the development, production, processing, and characterization of metallic materials and structures for biomedical applications.

Therefore, we invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue on the above topic.

Dr. Vadim Sheremetyev
Dr. Veronika Polyakova
Dr. Sergey Anikeev
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Biomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Ti-based alloys
shape memory alloys
biodegradable alloys
thermomechanical treatment
powder metallurgy
additive technologies
surface modification

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

34 pages, 23488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Austenitic High-Nitrogen Steels under Gross Slip Fretting Corrosion in Bovine Serum

by Alfons Fischer, Philipe Telouk, Christian Beckmann, Saskia Heermant, Adrian Wittrock, Jörg Debus and Markus A. Wimmer

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15040110 - 18 Apr 2024

Viewed by 386

Abstract

Modular artificial hip joints are a clinical standard today. However, the release of wear products from the head–taper interface, which includes wear particles in the nm size range, as well as metal ions, have raised concerns. Depending on the loading of such taper joints, a wide variety of different mechanisms have been found by retrieval analyses. From these, this paper concentrates on analyzing the contribution of gross slip fretting corrosion at ultra-mild wear rates using a bovine calf serum solution (BCS) as the lubricant. The parameters were chosen based on biomechanical considerations, producing wear rates of some ng/m wear path. In parallel, the evolution of tribomaterial (third bodies) was analyzed as to its constituents and generation rates. It has already been shown earlier that, by an advantageous combination of wear mechanisms and submechanisms, certain constituents of the tribomaterial remain inside the contact area and act like extreme-pressure lubricant additives. For the known wear and corrosion resistance of austenitic high-nitrogen steels (AHNSs), which outperform CoCrMo alloys even under inflammatory conditions, we hypothesized that such steels will generate ultra-mild wear rates under gross slip fretting. While testing AHNSs against commercially available biomedical-grade materials of CoCrMo and TiAlV alloys, as well as zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) and against itself, it was found that AHNSs in combination with a Ti6Al4V alloy generated the smallest wear rate under gross slip fretting corrosion. This paper then discusses the wear behavior on the basis of ex situ analyses of the worn surfaces as to the acting wear mechanisms and submechanisms, as well as to the tribological reaction products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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24 pages, 19800 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Advanced Ti–Nb–Ta Alloys for Bone Implants with Improved Functionality

by Jan-Oliver Sass, Marie-Luise Sellin, Elisa Kauertz, Jan Johannsen, Markus Weinmann, Melanie Stenzel, Marcus Frank, Danny Vogel, Rainer Bader and Anika Jonitz-Heincke

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020046 - 17 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1296

Abstract

The additive manufacturing of titanium–niobium–tantalum alloys with nominal chemical compositions Ti–xNb–6Ta (x = 20, 27, 35) by means of laser beam powder bed fusion is reported, and their potential as implant materials is elaborated by mechanical and biological characterization. The properties of dense specimens manufactured in different build orientations and of open porous Ti–20Nb–6Ta specimens are evaluated. Compression tests indicate that strength and elasticity are influenced by the chemical composition and build orientation. The minimum elasticity is always observed in the 90° orientation. It is lowest for Ti–20Nb–6Ta (43.2 ± 2.7 GPa) and can be further reduced to 8.1 ± 1.0 GPa for open porous specimens (p < 0.001). Furthermore, human osteoblasts are cultivated for 7 and 14 days on as-printed specimens and their biological response is compared to that of Ti–6Al–4V. Build orientation and cultivation time significantly affect the gene expression profile of osteogenic differentiation markers. Incomplete cell spreading is observed in specimens manufactured in 0° build orientation, whereas widely stretched cells are observed in 90° build orientation, i.e., parallel to the build direction. Compared to Ti–6Al–4V, Ti–Nb–Ta specimens promote improved osteogenesis and reduce the induction of inflammation. Accordingly, Ti–xNb–6Ta alloys have favorable mechanical and biological properties with great potential for application in orthopedic implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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20 pages, 9416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Porous-Monolithic TiNi Materials Surface-Modified with Electron Beam for New-Generation Rib Endoprostheses

by Anastasiia V. Shabalina, Sergey G. Anikeev, Sergei A. Kulinich, Nadezhda V. Artyukhova, Vitaly A. Vlasov, Maria I. Kaftaranova, Valentina N. Hodorenko, Evgeny V. Yakovlev, Evgeny A. Pesterev, Anna V. Lukyanenko, Mikhail N. Volochaev, Sofiya Pakholkina, Oibek Mamazakirov, Victor V. Stolyarov, Anatolii V. Mokshin and Victor E. Gunther

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050277 - 15 May 2023

Viewed by 1203

Abstract

TiNi alloys are very widely used materials in implant fabrication. When applied in rib replacement, they are required to be manufactured as combined porous-monolithic structures, ideally with a thin, porous part well-adhered to its monolithic substrate. Additionally, good biocompatibility, high corrosion resistance and mechanical durability are also highly demanded. So far, all these parameters have not been achieved in one material, which is why an active search in the field is still underway. In the present study, we prepared new porous-monolithic TiNi materials by sintering a TiNi powder (0–100 µm) on monolithic TiNi plates, followed by surface modification with a high-current pulsed electron beam. The obtained materials were evaluated by a set of surface and phase analysis methods, after which their corrosion resistance and biocompatibility (hemolysis, cytotoxicity, and cell viability) were evaluated. Finally, cell growth tests were conducted. In comparison with flat TiNi monoliths, the newly developed materials were found to have better corrosion resistance, also demonstrating good biocompatibility and potential for cell growth on their surface. Thus, the newly developed porous-on-monolith TiNi materials with different surface porosity and morphology showed promise as potential new-generation implants for use in rib endoprostheses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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15 pages, 4462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Modification of Biomedical Ti-18Zr-15Nb Alloy by Atomic Layer Deposition and Ag Nanoparticles Decoration

by Anton Konopatsky, Tatyana Teplyakova, Vadim Sheremetyev, Tamara Yakimova, Olga Boychenko, Marina Kozik, Dmitry Shtansky and Sergey Prokoshkin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050249 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

Superelastic biocompatible alloys attract significant attention as novel materials for bone tissue replacement. These alloys are often composed of three or more components that lead to the formation of complex oxide films on their surfaces. For practical use, it is desirable to have a single-component oxide film with a controlled thickness on the surface of biocompatible material. Herein we investigate the applicability of the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique for surface modification of Ti-18Zr-15Nb alloy with TiO₂ oxide. It was found that a 10–15 nm thick, low-crystalline TiO₂ oxide layer is formed by ALD method over the natural oxide film (~5 nm) of the Ti-18Zr-15Nb alloy. This surface consists of TiO₂ exclusively without any additions of Zr or Nb oxides/suboxides. Further, the obtained coating is modified by Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with a surface concentration up to 1.6% in order to increase the material’s antibacterial activity. The resulting surface exhibits enhanced antibacterial activity with an inhibition rate of more than 75% against E. coli bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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16 pages, 4646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Nanoscalpel for the Effective Treatment of Ascites Tumors

by Tatiana Zamay, Sergey Zamay, Natalia Luzan, Victoriya Fedotovskaya, Albert Masyugin, Fyodor Zelenov, Anastasia Koshmanova, Elena Nikolaeva, Daria Kirichenko, Dmitry Veprintsev, Olga Kolovskaya, Irina Shchugoreva, Galina Zamay, Ivan Lapin, Anna Lukyanenko, Andrey Borus, Alexander Sukhachev, Mikhail Volochaev, Kirill Lukyanenko, Alexandr Shabanov, Vladimir Zabluda, Alexey Zhizhchenko, Aleksandr Kuchmizhak, Alexey Sokolov, Andrey Narodov, Vladimir Prokopenko, Rinat Galeev, Valery Svetlichnyi and Anna Kichkailo Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040179 - 24 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1910

Abstract

One of the promising novel methods for radical tumor resection at a single-cell level is magneto-mechanical microsurgery (MMM) with magnetic nano- or microdisks modified with cancer-recognizing molecules. A low-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) remotely drives and controls the procedure. Here, we present characterization and application of magnetic nanodisks (MNDs) as a surgical instrument (“smart nanoscalpel”) at a single-cell level. MNDs with a quasi-dipole three-layer structure (Au/Ni/Au) and DNA aptamer AS42 (AS42-MNDs) on the surface converted magnetic moment into mechanical and destroyed tumor cells. The effectiveness of MMM was analyzed on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in vitro and in vivo using sine and square-shaped AMF with frequencies from 1 to 50 Hz with 0.1 to 1 duty-cycle parameters. MMM with the “Nanoscalpel” in a sine-shaped 20 Hz AMF, a rectangular-shaped 10 Hz AMF, and a 0.5 duty cycle was the most effective. A sine-shaped field caused apoptosis, whereas a rectangular-shaped field caused necrosis. Four sessions of MMM with AS42-MNDs significantly reduced the number of cells in the tumor. In contrast, ascites tumors continued to grow in groups of mice and mice treated with MNDs with nonspecific oligonucleotide NO-MND. Thus, applying a “smart nanoscalpel” is practical for the microsurgery of malignant neoplasms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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20 pages, 10316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TiNi-Based Material with Shape-Memory Effect for Surgical Treatment of Diseases of Small Intestine in Newborn and Young Children

by Sergey G. Anikeev, Maria I. Kaftaranova, Valentina N. Hodorenko, Stanislav D. Ivanov, Nadezhda V. Artyukhova, Anastasiia V. Shabalina, Sergei A. Kulinich, Grigory V. Slizovsky, Anatolii V. Mokshin and Victor E. Gunther

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(3), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14030155 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1535

Abstract

Alloys based on TiNi are widely used in various fields of technology and medicine. In the present work, we report on the preparation of TiNi-alloy-based wire with the shape-memory effect, which was used for compression clips for surgery. The composition and structure of the wire and its martensitic and physical–chemical properties were studied using SEM, TEM, optic microscopy, profilometry, mechanical tests, etc. The TiNi alloy was found to consist of B2 and B19′ and secondary-phase particles of Ti₂Ni, TiNi₃ and Ti₃Ni₄. Its matrix was slightly enriched in Ni (50.3 at.% of Ni). A homogeneous grain structure was revealed (an average grain size of 19 ± 0.3 μm) with equal quantities of grain boundaries of special and general types. The surface oxide layer provides improved biocompatibility and promotes the adhesion of protein molecules. Overall, the obtained TiNi wire was concluded to exhibit martensitic, physical and mechanical properties suitable for its use as an implant material. The wire was then used for manufacturing compression clips with the shape-memory effect and applied in surgery. The medical experiment that involved 46 children demonstrated that the use of such clips in children with double-barreled enterostomies permitted improvement in the results of surgical treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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16 pages, 3482 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Corrosion Behavior and Biocompatibility of Hot-Extruded Mg–Zn–Ga–(Y) Biodegradable Alloys

by Viacheslav Bazhenov, Anna Li, Artem Iliasov, Vasily Bautin, Sofia Plegunova, Andrey Koltygin, Alexander Komissarov, Maxim Abakumov, Nikolay Redko and Kwang Seon Shin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040294 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1587

Abstract

Fixation screws and other temporary magnesium alloy fixation devices are used in orthopedic practice because of their biodegradability, biocompatibility and acceptable biodegradation rates. The substitution of dissolving implant by tissues during the healing process is one of the main requirements for biodegradable implants. Previously, clinical tests showed the effectiveness of Ga ions on bone tissue regeneration. This work is the first systematic study on the corrosion rate and biocompatibility of Mg–Zn–Ga–(Y) alloys prepared by hot extrusion, where Ga is an additional major alloying element, efficient as a bone-resorption inhibitor. Most investigated alloys have a low corrosion rate in Hanks’ solution close to ~0.2 mm/year. No cytotoxic effects of Mg–2Zn–2Ga (wt.%) alloy on MG63 cells were observed. Thus, considering the high corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility, the Mg–2Zn–2Ga alloy is possible for applications in osteosynthesis implants with improved bone tissue regeneration ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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21 pages, 10732 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Cooling and Annealing Conditions on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Superelastic Behavior of a Rotary Forged Ti–18Zr–15Nb (at. %) Bar Stock for Spinal Implants

by Konstantin Lukashevich, Vadim Sheremetyev, Alexander Komissarov, Vladimir Cheverikin, Vladimir Andreev, Sergey Prokoshkin and Vladimir Brailovski

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040259 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

In this work, the microstructure, phase state, texture, superelastic and mechanical properties of a Ti–18Zr–15Nb (at. %) shape memory alloy subjected to a combined thermomechanical treatment, including hot rotary forging with either air cooling or water quenching and post-deformation annealing are studied. It was revealed that the main structural component of the deformed and annealed alloy is BCC β-phase. With an increase in the forging temperature from 600 to 700 °C, the average grain size increases from 5.4 to 17.8 µm for the air-cooled specimens and from 3.4 to 14.7 µm for the water-quenched specimens. Annealing at 525 °C after forging at 700 °C with water quenching leads to the formation of a mixed statically and dynamically polygonized substructure of β-phase. In this state, the alloy demonstrates the best combination of functional properties in this study: a Young’s modulus of ~33 GPa, an ultimate tensile strength of ~600 MPa and a superelastic recovery strain of ~3.4%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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Review

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38 pages, 5295 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnesium-Based Temporary Implants: Potential, Current Status, Applications, and Challenges

by Sankaranarayanan Seetharaman, Dhivya Sankaranarayanan and Manoj Gupta

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060324 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2741

Abstract

Biomedical implants are important devices used for the repair or replacement of damaged or diseased tissues or organs. The success of implantation depends on various factors, such as mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of the materials used. Recently, magnesium (Mg)-based materials have emerged as a promising class of temporary implants due to their remarkable properties, such as strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research works summarizing the above-mentioned properties of Mg-based materials for use as temporary implants. The key findings from in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical trials are also discussed. Further, the potential applications of Mg-based implants and the applicable fabrication methods are also reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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18 pages, 2369 KiB

Open AccessReview

Guided Bone Regeneration Using a Novel Magnesium Membrane: A Literature Review and a Report of Two Cases in Humans

by Marko Blašković, Ivana Butorac Prpić, Dorotea Blašković, Patrick Rider, Matej Tomas, Slavko Čandrlić, David Botond Hangyasi, Marija Čandrlić and Željka Perić Kačarević

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060307 - 01 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2212

Abstract

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a common procedure used to rebuild dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge that occur after extraction. In GBR, membranes are used to separate the bone defect from the underlying soft tissue. To overcome the shortcomings of commonly used membranes in GBR, a new resorbable magnesium membrane has been developed. A literature search was performed via MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed in February 2023 for research on magnesium barrier membranes. Of the 78 records reviewed, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. In addition, this paper reports two cases where GBR was performed using a magnesium membrane and magnesium fixation system with immediate and delayed implant placement. No adverse reactions to the biomaterials were detected, and the membrane was completely resorbed after healing. The resorbable fixation screws used in both cases held the membranes in place during bone formation and were completely resorbed. Therefore, the pure magnesium membrane and magnesium fixation screws were found to be excellent biomaterials for GBR, which supports the findings of the literature review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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