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5 pages, 285 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Introduction

by Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen and Mar Garachana Camarero

Languages 2019, 4(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4020034 - 04 Jun 2019

Viewed by 2015

Abstract

It is a commonly known fact that language change can be observed at different linguistic levels, which correspond to the traditional disciplines of phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

24 pages, 482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The History of the Spanish Preposition Mediante. Beyond the Theory of Grammaticalization

by Mar Garachana

Languages 2019, 4(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4020026 - 25 Apr 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3097

Abstract

The most generally accepted diachrony of mediante assumes a grammaticalization path that started in an absolute clause, which first evolved into a preposition, and later into conjunction. However, data reveals that its development is not connected to an evolution in terms of grammaticalization. [...] Read more.

The most generally accepted diachrony of mediante assumes a grammaticalization path that started in an absolute clause, which first evolved into a preposition, and later into conjunction. However, data reveals that its development is not connected to an evolution in terms of grammaticalization. Indeed, mediante was introduced in Spanish in the fourteenth century as a consequence of syntactic borrowing from Medieval Latin. More specifically, this borrowing entered Old Spanish through Aragonese and Catalan (languages spoken in the east of the Iberian Peninsula). Since its first examples, mediante has acted as a preposition, and its form, connected to present participles, would give texts a cultured and Latinising air that was well-suited to the rhetorical guidelines of the European Renaissance and pre-Renaissance. Thus, this paper shows that the writer and rhetorical rules have become a key factor in the evolution of grammar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

17 pages, 653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of the Articles in Castilian: A Functional Approach

by Christopher J. Pountain

Languages 2019, 4(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4020020 - 28 Mar 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2571

Abstract

The development of the definite and indefinite articles in Castilian may be regarded as an instance of capitalization or adfunctionalization, following partial exaptation of the Latin demonstrative ille, which involves progressive widening without significant loss of function, the rendering of overt distinctions [...] Read more.

The development of the definite and indefinite articles in Castilian may be regarded as an instance of capitalization or adfunctionalization, following partial exaptation of the Latin demonstrative ille, which involves progressive widening without significant loss of function, the rendering of overt distinctions which were previously covert through the contrast between definite article, indefinite article and the “zero” determiner, the creation of new expressive possibilities and the facilitating of further distinctions in the grammatical system in combination with other determiners (usage with possessives, demonstratives and tal is examined). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

18 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Latin Origins of Spanish mediante

by Esther Artigas

Languages 2019, 4(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4010015 - 28 Feb 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2503

Abstract

This paper aims to contribute to the clarification of the linguistic and extra-linguistic circumstances that accompany the emergence and behavior of mediante in the first centuries of Spanish. To this end, the origin of the Latin participle medians, mediantis is examined and the [...] Read more.

This paper aims to contribute to the clarification of the linguistic and extra-linguistic circumstances that accompany the emergence and behavior of mediante in the first centuries of Spanish. To this end, the origin of the Latin participle medians, mediantis is examined and the evidence of its ablative form mediante in various contexts is also analysed and discussed. We conclude from our study that (1) the appearance of mediante in Latin takes place at a relatively late stage of Latin, it having entered the language as a grammatical calque from Greek; (2) in Latin, prepositional values of mediante, which do not necessarily originate from Latin absolute ablative clauses, are already detected; and finally, (3) discursive traditions and historical-cultural factors, in particular those developed in Patristic and Scholastic Literature, are fundamental for the understanding, not only of the evolution of mediante in Latin, but also of its introduccion into Spanish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

10 pages, 384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Elision in Evolutionary Processes

by María Elena Azofra Sierra

Languages 2019, 4(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4010012 - 17 Feb 2019

Viewed by 2316

Abstract

Changes by elision—as well as those due to processes of adfunctionalization or refunctionalization—must be taken into account as explanatory mechanisms of linguistic change. In this paper, we study the role of elision in the theoretical overview of explanatory theories of language change by [...] Read more.

Changes by elision—as well as those due to processes of adfunctionalization or refunctionalization—must be taken into account as explanatory mechanisms of linguistic change. In this paper, we study the role of elision in the theoretical overview of explanatory theories of language change by focusing on the evolutionary process of the Spanish adverb aparte. We analyze the consequences of the elision of an initial construction for the development of new functions as an exceptive or additive adverb, and as an additive connector with a specific meaning, conditioned by the evolution of the entire construction. We find that, in this case, the ellipsis of a verbal element has led to important modifications of the preserved item (aparte), not only at the semantic-pragmatic and functional levels but also in its category membership. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

16 pages, 2012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grammatical Words and Spreading of Contexts: Evidence from the Spanish Preposition a

by Concepción Company Company

Languages 2019, 4(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4010010 - 15 Feb 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2661

Abstract

The paper shows that when grammatical words are involved, context is then the unit of language change. Certain changes consist in an active spreading of a form to new contexts, without changing the category or grammatical status of the form; in these cases, [...] Read more.

The paper shows that when grammatical words are involved, context is then the unit of language change. Certain changes consist in an active spreading of a form to new contexts, without changing the category or grammatical status of the form; in these cases, context must be considered the unit of language change. The empirical evidence is the diachrony of the Spanish preposition a ‘to’. Throughout history, this preposition pervasively extended to new and different contexts, but the form a never changed, remaining a grammatical preposition with a basic meaning of ‘directive telicity towards a goal’ (goal maybe locative, temporal, transitivity, finality, discursive, etc.). The paper labels this kind of change as ‘context construction’, and considers it an analogical extension induced by context. Finally, to test whether the diachrony of a is grammaticalization or not, the paper reviews fourteen related theoretical concepts, checking them against the diachronic evidence of the preposition a. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

16 pages, 525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Refunctionalization. First-Person Plural of the Verb Haber in the History of Spanish

by Axel Hernández Díaz

Languages 2019, 4(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4010006 - 31 Jan 2019

Viewed by 2584

Abstract

In this paper, the first-person plural diachronic behaviour of the verb form habemos with an existential value is analysed to explore its recovery in current Spanish as a case of refunctionalization. The latter is understood as timely cooptation of a form, which begins [...] Read more.

In this paper, the first-person plural diachronic behaviour of the verb form habemos with an existential value is analysed to explore its recovery in current Spanish as a case of refunctionalization. The latter is understood as timely cooptation of a form, which begins with any of the form’s characteristics. It is known that the cooptation’s origin might be directly, indirectly or not at all related to the previous or original use of the form. Results shown here are based on the analysis of constructions in which the first-person plural verb form of haber is used with a possessive meaning, as an auxiliary, and as existential between the 13th and 21st century. While grammaticalization theory pays attention to processes that culminate with grammatical enrichment of words or constructions, the verb form habemos with an existential meaning does not show that behaviour. It is explained as a case of refunctionalization or, at least, specialization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

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12 pages, 564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the History of Ante(s): Exaptation of Adverbial –s?

by Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen

Languages 2018, 3(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages3040045 - 23 Nov 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2870

Abstract

In this paper we will describe the historical development of the Spanish doublet ante-antes (‘before’) and explore the question whether a process of exaptation is involved (cf. Lass 1990). We will argue that the final –s of antes, that originally [...] Read more.

In this paper we will describe the historical development of the Spanish doublet ante-antes (‘before’) and explore the question whether a process of exaptation is involved (cf. Lass 1990). We will argue that the final –s of antes, that originally marked the adverbial status of the word, in the course of time had become a kind of morphological ‘junk’ (cf. Lass 1990) and, subsequently, could be exploited in order to encode the semantic opposition between temporal meaning on the one hand, and adversative meaning on the other hand. However, based on quantitative data we will show that the incipient semantic redistribution over the course of the 16th century rather suddenly collapsed, leading to a differentiation between the prepositional ante and adverbial antes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

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8 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indefinite Article + Possessive + Noun in Spanish: A Case of Refunctionalization?

by Enrique Pato

Languages 2018, 3(4), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages3040044 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2478

Abstract

The phenomenon under discussion is an example of a grammatical change that can be explained by refunctionalization, and as such, can be understood as the acquisition of a new meaning by an ‘endangered’ grammatical construction, which is reassigned to express another value. Refunctionalization [...] Read more.

The phenomenon under discussion is an example of a grammatical change that can be explained by refunctionalization, and as such, can be understood as the acquisition of a new meaning by an ‘endangered’ grammatical construction, which is reassigned to express another value. Refunctionalization involves the development of a new function (in this case a syntactic-semantic one). When an item loses its function, or is marginal within a system, it can be lost (as happens with the construction under study in Standard Spanish), it can be ‘saved’ as a marginal element (as in some areas of American Spanish varieties) or it can be reused for other purposes (as in the Central American Spanish varieties). The latter case presents new discursive values. Hence, this construction should be understood as an example of reusing grammatical functionally opaque material for new purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

12 pages, 337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exaptation, Refunctionalization, Decapitalization—BE + Past Participle with Intransitive Verbs in Mediaeval and Early Modern Spanish

by Rolf Kailuweit

Languages 2018, 3(4), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages3040043 - 14 Nov 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2768

Abstract

The chapter presents the current state of research concerning the development of the BE + past participle constructions from Latin to Spanish. Starting from the description in Rosemeyer (2014) and the theoretical background collated in Kailuweit and Rosemeyer (2015), it will be shown [...] Read more.

The chapter presents the current state of research concerning the development of the BE + past participle constructions from Latin to Spanish. Starting from the description in Rosemeyer (2014) and the theoretical background collated in Kailuweit and Rosemeyer (2015), it will be shown that the functional change does not follow traditional grammaticalization paths. Several concepts that deal with cases contradicting traditional grammaticalization theory will be discussed. ‘Exaption’ (Lass 1990, 1997), focusing on total defunctionalization does not account for the fact that the resultative value of the BE + past participle construction, marginal in Latin, becomes central in Mediaeval Spanish. ‘Refunctionalization’ Smith (2008, 2011) captures this aspect in a more appropriate way. However, the development of the construction could be also conceived as the opposite of what Pountain (2000) describes as ‘capitalization’: a process of ‘decapitalization,’ by which a feature is exploited, not for wider, but for more restricted purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

16 pages, 2775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Refunctionalization and Usage Frequency: An Exploratory Questionnaire Study

by Malte Rosemeyer

Languages 2018, 3(4), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages3040039 - 23 Oct 2018

Viewed by 2850

Abstract

This paper explores the relationship between refunctionalization and usage frequency. In particular, it argues that (a) refunctionalization is more likely for low-frequency construction than high-frequency constructions, and that (b) high-frequency patterns are more likely candidates as models for refunctionalization processes than low-frequency patterns. [...] Read more.

This paper explores the relationship between refunctionalization and usage frequency. In particular, it argues that (a) refunctionalization is more likely for low-frequency construction than high-frequency constructions, and that (b) high-frequency patterns are more likely candidates as models for refunctionalization processes than low-frequency patterns. It proposes that folk etymology processes be characterized as a type of refunctionalization process because in folk etymology, obsolescent and semantically void morphemes are replaced with morphemes that actually serve a function in language. This assumption allows for an empirical investigation of refunctionalization using an exploratory questionnaire study. The results indicate that usage frequency indeed plays a role in folk etymology processes, and consequently, refunctionalization. In particular, participants were more likely to accept false etymologies when the proposed etymon had a high usage frequency than when it had a low usage frequency. In summary, the present study proposes a way to study refunctionalization processes in synchrony. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond)

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