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Life
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Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Zoonotic and Livestock Bacteria
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Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Zoonotic and Livestock Bacteria

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2023) | Viewed by 10432

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jianjun Dai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Interests: Escherichia coli; pathogenic mechanism; epidemiology; diagnosis; antibiotic resistance; prevention and control

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Zoonotic and livestock bacterial diseases are very important globally, both in terms of their direct impact on human and animal health and in terms of their relationship with the livelihood of farming communities, as they affect income generation and food security and have other, indirect consequences on human lives. Recently, the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria that originate from animals has resulted in ineffective antibiotic treatments and unpredictable threats to public health, such as invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella of animal origin and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA). The development of therapeutic and preventative strategies to combat bacterial disease requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens overcome the host defense. However, our knowledge regarding zoonotic and livestock bacterial infections remains incomplete. It is necessary to develop a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms, which will ultimately lead to the development of novel diagnostic tools and the advanced prevention and control of zoonotic and livestock bacterial disease.

This Special Issue aims to offer a dedicated opportunity for collecting the newest and comprehensive contributions in the field of zoonotic and livestock bacterial infections and control strategies, providing new insights and addressing research on unresolved issues. This Special Issue welcomes original research articles and reviews manuscripts that contribute to the understanding of zoonotic and livestock bacterial pathogenesis, virulence factors, host–pathogen interactions, new diagnostic tools, and prevention and control strategies. Epidemiological research, clinical studies and animal models with zoonotic and livestock bacterial pathogenesis research are also welcome. All researchers working in the field are cordially invited to contribute relevant articles on this topic.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Jianjun Dai
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • zoonotic and livestock bacteria
  • pathogenic mechanism
  • virulence factors
  • diagnosis
  • prevention and control
  • epidemiology
  • vaccine
  • bacteriophage

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2623 KiB  
Article
Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Clostridia in the Aetiology of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea: Important Factors for Their Prevention
by Nikolaos Tsekouras, Eleftherios Meletis, Polychronis Kostoulas, Georgia Labronikou, Zoi Athanasakopoulou, Georgios Christodoulopoulos, Charalambos Billinis and Vasileios G. Papatsiros
Life 2023, 13(5), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051092 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1725
Abstract
This study aimed to research the involvement of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and C. difficile or C. perfringens type C in the aetiology of neonatal piglet diarrhoea in Greece and to identify preventive factors for them. A total of 78 pooled faecal samples [...] Read more.
This study aimed to research the involvement of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and C. difficile or C. perfringens type C in the aetiology of neonatal piglet diarrhoea in Greece and to identify preventive factors for them. A total of 78 pooled faecal samples were collected randomly from 234 suckling piglets (1–4 days of age) with diarrhoea from 26 pig farms (3 piglets × 3 litters × 26 farms = 234 piglets = 78 faecal pool samples). The collected samples were initially screened for the presence of E. coli and C. difficile or C. perfringens via cultivation on MacConkey and anaerobic blood agar, respectively. Subsequently, the samples were pooled on ELUTE cards. From samples tested, 69.23% of those in the farms were ETEC F4-positive, 30.77% were ETEC F5-positive, 61.54% ETEC were F6-positive, 42.31% were ETEC F4- and E. coli enterotoxin LT-positive, 19.23% were ETEC F5- and LT-positive, 42.31% were ETEC F6- and LT-positive, while LT was found in 57.69% of those in the farms. C. difficile was involved in many cases and identified as an emerging neonatal diarrhoea etiological agent. Specifically, Toxin A of C. difficile was found in 84.62% and Toxin B in 88.46% of those in the farms. Antibiotic administration to sows in combination with probiotics or acidifiers was revealed to reduce the detection of antigens of ETEC and the enterotoxin LT of E. coli. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Zoonotic and Livestock Bacteria)
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13 pages, 3447 KiB  
Article
Rapid Onsite Visual Detection of Orf Virus Using a Recombinase-Aided Amplification Assay
by Huan Cui, Jiyu Guan, Huijun Lu, Jun Liu, Fei Tu, Cheng Zhang, Kai Su, Zhendong Guo and Kui Zhao
Life 2023, 13(2), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020494 - 10 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1152
Abstract
Orf is an important zoonotic disease caused by the Orf virus (ORFV) which can cause contagious pustular dermatitis in goats and sheep. Orf is widespread in most sheep-raising countries in the world, causing huge economic losses. Although diagnostic methods for ORFV infection already [...] Read more.
Orf is an important zoonotic disease caused by the Orf virus (ORFV) which can cause contagious pustular dermatitis in goats and sheep. Orf is widespread in most sheep-raising countries in the world, causing huge economic losses. Although diagnostic methods for ORFV infection already exist, it is still necessary to develop a time-saving, labor-saving, specific, low-cost and visual diagnostic method for rapid detection of ORFV in the field and application in grassroots laboratories. This study establishes a DNA extraction–free, real-time, visual recombinase–aided amplification (RAA) method for the rapid detection of ORFV. This method is specific to ORFV and does not cross-react with other common DNA viruses. The detection limits of the real-time RAA and visual judgment of the RAA assay at 95% probability were 13 and 21 copies per reaction for ORFV, respectively. Compared with qPCR, the sensitivity and specificity of the real-time RAA assay were 100%, and those of the visual RAA assay were 92.31% and 100.0%, respectively. The DNA extraction–free visual detection method of RAA established in this study can meet the needs of rapid onsite detection and grassroots laboratories and has important reference value and significance for the early diagnosis of diseased animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Zoonotic and Livestock Bacteria)
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11 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
Natural Co-Exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum: Unraveling the Hematological Profile in Sheep
by Labrini V. Athanasiou, Constantina N. Tsokana, Dimitris A. Gougoulis, Athanasia H. Tzivara, Anna Dedousi and Panagiotis D. Katsoulos
Life 2023, 13(2), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020469 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1364
Abstract
The occurrence of co-infected hosts and questing ticks with more than one tick-borne pathogen—as in the case of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato—is expected in endemic regions. Their synergy—in terms of pathogenesis and disease severity—has been suggested previously in humans. Limited [...] Read more.
The occurrence of co-infected hosts and questing ticks with more than one tick-borne pathogen—as in the case of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato—is expected in endemic regions. Their synergy—in terms of pathogenesis and disease severity—has been suggested previously in humans. Limited data exist on the clinicopathological alterations in co-infected sheep. In this study, we investigated the impact of A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s.l. seropositivity, alone and in combination, on the hematological parameters of naturally infected sheep. A complete blood count was performed, and indirect immunofluorescence assays were used to detect IgG antibodies against A. phagocytophilum and IgG and IgM antibodies against B. burgdorferi s.l. Single natural exposure to B. burgdorferi s.l. was characterized by low Packed Cell Volume (PCV) values and platelet (PLT) counts, while single exposure to A. phagocytophilum was characterized by low PCV values, low white blood cell (WBC) counts, and an increased risk for leukopenia and neutropenia. Co-exposure resulted in the most severe blood abnormalities; all the blood parameters decreased, and the sheep presented an increased risk for anemia. Our study showed that natural co-exposure to A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s.l. in sheep leads to more severe blood abnormalities and enhances the pathogenic processes. More studies are needed to clarify the possible background mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Zoonotic and Livestock Bacteria)
24 pages, 3892 KiB  
Article
Combined Therapy of Probiotic Microcapsules and Bomidin in Vibrio parahaemolyticus–Infected Rats
by Ting Zhou, Mengting Liu, Jialiang Pan, Jianluan Ren, Fang Tang, Jianjun Dai, Feng Xue and Dejun Ji
Life 2022, 12(11), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111740 - 29 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Background: With the discovery of more and more drug–resistant bacterial strains, there is an urgent need for safer and more effective alternative treatments. In this study, antibacterial peptides and probiotic microcapsules were combined to treat gastrointestinal inflammation caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: With the discovery of more and more drug–resistant bacterial strains, there is an urgent need for safer and more effective alternative treatments. In this study, antibacterial peptides and probiotic microcapsules were combined to treat gastrointestinal inflammation caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Methods: To improve the stability of probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract, two types of mixed natural anionic polysaccharides and chitosan were used as carriers to embed the probiotics. Taking Lacticaseibacillus casei CGMCC1.8727 microcapsules with good performance as the research object, the in vitro characteristics of the microcapsules were studied via acid resistance test and intestinal release test. The microcapsules were then tested for in vivo treatment in combination with the antibacterial peptide, bomidin, and the therapeutic effects were compared among microencapsulated probiotics, free probiotics, and probiotics in combination with bomidin. Results: Microencapsulation was successfully manufactured under suitable processing parameters, with the product particle size being 2.04 ± 0.2743 mm. Compared with free probiotics, microencapsulation significantly improved the activity and preservation stability of the probiotics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Microencapsulated probiotics showed better therapeutic effects than free probiotics in vivo. Microcapsules combined with antimicrobial peptides accelerated the elimination of bacteria in vivo. This study provides a reference for anti–inflammatory treatment, especially for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Zoonotic and Livestock Bacteria)
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20 pages, 2982 KiB  
Article
Hcp Proteins of the Type VI Secretion System Promote Avian Pathogenic E. coli DE205B (O2:K1) to Induce Meningitis in Rats
by Xuhang Wang, Yu Sun, Dinesh Subedi, Qianwen Gong, Haosheng Huang, Jin Li, Yuxin Wang and Jianluan Ren
Life 2022, 12(9), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091353 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1798
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is an important extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), which often causes systemic infection in poultry and causes great economic loss to the breeding industry. In addition, as a major source of human ExPEC infection, the potential zoonotic risk [...] Read more.
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is an important extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), which often causes systemic infection in poultry and causes great economic loss to the breeding industry. In addition, as a major source of human ExPEC infection, the potential zoonotic risk of APEC has been an ongoing concern. Previous studies have pointed out that APEC is a potential zoonotic pathogen, which has high homology with human pathogenic E. coli such as uro-pathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC), shares multiple virulence factors and can cause mammalian diseases. Previous studies have reported that O18 and O78 could cause different degrees of meningitis in neonatal rats, and different serotypes had different degrees of zoonotic risk. Here, we compared APEC DE205B (O2:K1) with NMEC RS218 (O18:K1:H7) by phylogenetic analysis and virulence gene identification to analyze the potential risk of DE205B in zoonotic diseases. We found that DE205B possessed a variety of virulence factors associated with meningitis and, through phylogenetic analysis, had high homology with RS218. DE205B could colonize the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats, and cause meningitis and nerve damage. Symptoms and pathological changes in the brain were similar to RS218. In addition, we found that DE205B had a complete T6SS, of which Hcp protein was its important structural protein. Hcp1 induced cytoskeleton rearrangement in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and Hcp2 was mainly involved in the invasion of DE205B in vitro. In the meningitis model of rats, deletion of hcp2 gene reduced survival in the blood and the brain invasiveness of DE205B. Compared with WT group, Δhcp2 group induced lower inflammation and neutrophils infiltration in brain tissue, alleviating the process of meningitis. Together, these results suggested that APEC DE205B had close genetic similarities to NMEC RS218, and a similar mechanism in causing meningitis and being a risk for zoonosis. This APEC serotype provided a basis for zoonotic research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Zoonotic and Livestock Bacteria)
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10 pages, 1174 KiB  
Article
Clinical Validation of DNA Extraction-Free qPCR, Visual LAMP, and Fluorescent LAMP Assays for the Rapid Detection of African Swine Fever Virus
by Lili Yang, Lin Wang, Meihui Lv, Yu Sun and Jijuan Cao
Life 2022, 12(7), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071067 - 16 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1856
Abstract
The global pig industry and food safety are seriously threatened by outbreaks of African swine fever (ASF). To permit early diagnosis of African swine fever virus (ASFV), prevent its spread, and limit its outbreaks, a highly sensitive diagnostic method that can be performed [...] Read more.
The global pig industry and food safety are seriously threatened by outbreaks of African swine fever (ASF). To permit early diagnosis of African swine fever virus (ASFV), prevent its spread, and limit its outbreaks, a highly sensitive diagnostic method that can be performed at pig farms is required. Herein, we established DNA extraction-free real-time PCR (qPCR), visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and fluorescent LAMP assays, which were compared with the results of World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) qPCR to assess ASFV-infected clinical samples. Based on plasmid DNA, the limit of detection for the three assays and OIE qPCR were 5.8 copies/μL. All four assays had good ASFV specificity and showed no cross-reactivity with other tested viruses. These assays were used to diagnose 100 clinical samples. The assays showed good diagnostic consistency, with kappa values of 1.0, 0.84, and 0.88, respectively. Compared with OIE qPCR, the diagnostic specificity/sensitivity of DNA extraction-free qPCR, visual LAMP, and fluorescent LAMP assays were 100%/100%, 100%/87.1%, and 100%/90.32%, respectively. The assays eliminated the need for DNA extraction and are more suitable for ASF diagnosis by inexperienced farmers in low-resource environments, making them a good choice for on-site monitoring of pig farms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Zoonotic and Livestock Bacteria)
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