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Ceramic Dental Restorations: From Materials Sciences to Applications

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 May 2024 | Viewed by 4720

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Han-Chao Chang

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Guest Editor

Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsin Chu City 300, Taiwan
Interests: dental materials; corrosion science; quantitative study

Dr. Satoshi Yamaguchi

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Guest Editor

Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
Interests: dental materials; restorative dentistry; prosthodontics; CAD/CAM; artificial intelligence

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the development history of biomedical materials, orthopaedic and dental medical materials are closely related, and both require excellent biocompatibility and mechanical parameters. Generally, biomedical materials are used in orthopaedic surgery for some time before they are used in dentistry. For example, zirconia is used in the ball head of artificial hip joints. After a long time of clinical use verifying that it does not cause allergic reactions or metal corrosion, it was applied in the production of dental crowns and fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). However, due to factors such as aesthetics and occlusion and the advancement of CAD/CAM, many specialized dental ceramic materials have been developed in the past 20 years, including glass-ceramics, all-ceramic ZrO₂, Vita Enamic, etc., to improve the transparency of dental crowns or avoid the cracking of short-span FDP.

Therefore, the purpose of this Special Issue is to collect research on the characteristics of dental ceramic materials, as well as the problems encountered in long-term clinical application. We also hope to further the development of ceramic materials with excellent microstructure control, or to reduce the breakage and fracture of clinical bridges or implants, or to improve the aesthetic quality of dental crowns. This Special Issue also welcomes research and review articles on ceramic crystallography, sintering, microstructure, cracks, digital dentistry, zirconia, glass-ceramics, hybrid ceramics, bonding, and ceramic implants. Interested scholars and dentists are welcome to submit.

Dr. Han-Chao Chang
Dr. Satoshi Yamaguchi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

ceramic crystallography
sintering
microstructure
cracks
digital dentistry
zirconia
glass-ceramics
hybrid ceramic bonding
ceramic implants

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Resistance of 3D-Printed Occlusal Veneers Made from 3Y-TZP Zirconia

by Andreas Zenthöfer, Dennis Fien, Johannes Rossipal, Ali Ilani, Clemens Schmitt, Sebastian Hetzler, Peter Rammelsberg and Stefan Rues

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092122 - 30 Apr 2024

Viewed by 199

Abstract

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the fracture resistance of 3D-printed zirconia occlusal veneers (OVs) of different thicknesses and supported by different abutment materials. Materials and Methods: The standard OV of a natural molar was prepared and digitized using a laboratory 3D scanner. The resulting digital tooth abutment was milled either using cobalt–chromium (CoCr) or a fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). All the abutments were digitized and standardized OVs (30° tilt of all the cusps) designed with 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, or 0.8 mm wall thicknesses. The OVs were fabricated using either the Programill PM7 milling device (Ivoclar Vivadent, PM) or one of two 3D zirconia printers, Cerafab 7500 (Lithoz, LC) or Zipro-D (AON, ZD). The ZD samples were only tested on CoCr abutments. The completed OVs were luted to their abutments and subjected to artificial aging, consisting of thermocycling and chewing simulation before fracture testing with a steel sphere (d = 8 mm) as an antagonist with three contact points on the occlusal OV surface. Besides the total fracture resistance F_u,tot, the lowest contact force F_u,cont leading to the local fracture of a cusp was of interest. The possible effects of the factors fabrication approach, wall thickness, and abutment material were evaluated using ANOVA (α = 0.05; SPSS Ver.28). Results: The total fracture resistance/contact forces leading to failure ranged from F_u,tot = 416 ± 83 N/F_u,cont = 140 ± 22 N for the 0.4 mm OVs fabricated using LC placed on the FRC abutments to F_u,tot = 3309 ± 394 N (ZD)/F_u,cont = 1206 ± 184 N (PM) for the 0.8 mm thick OVs on the CoCr abutments. All the factors (the fabrication approach, abutment material, and OV wall thickness) had an independent effect on F_u,tot as well as F_u,cont (p < 0.032). In pairwise comparisons for F_u,tot of the OVs luted to the CoCr abutments, the ZD samples statistically outperformed the LC- and PM-fabricated teeth irrespective of the thickness (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the printed occlusal veneers exhibited comparable fracture resistances to those of the milled variants. However, more resilient abutments (FRC as a simulation of dentine) as well as a thinner wall thickness led to reduced OV fracture resistance, suggesting that 0.4 mm thick zirconia OVs should not be unreservedly used in every clinical situation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Dental Restorations: From Materials Sciences to Applications)

14 pages, 1803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Ferrule Design and Pulpal Extensions on the Accuracy of Fit and the Fracture Resistance of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Endocrowns

by Samah Saker, Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi, Mohammed Ahmed Alghauli, Danya Hashem, Sary Borzangy, Ahmed E. Farghal, Ahmad A. Alnazzawi, Sultan Ainoosah and Mohammed H. AbdElaziz

Materials 2024, 17(6), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061411 - 20 Mar 2024

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Abstract

The study aimed to assess the marginal, axial, and internal adaptation, as well as the fracture resistance of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) endocrowns with varying pulpal inlay extensions and marginal geometry. Sixty extracted maxillary first molar teeth were divided into six groups (n = 10) according to pulpal inlay extension and marginal configuration. The first three groups (J2, J3, and J4) utilized prepared teeth for endocrowns without ferrule design and 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm pulpal extensions, respectively. The second three groups (F2, F3, and F4) utilized prepared teeth with 1 mm shoulder margins and 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm pulpal extensions. The endocrowns were fabricated from ZLS blocks using CAD/CAM milling technology. After cementation, the specimens underwent thermal aging for 5000 cycles and were evaluated for marginal adaptation. Using a universal testing machine, the fracture resistance was tested under quasistatic loading (1 mm/min). Two-way ANOVA and the Tukey’s post hoc test were employed for data analysis (p ≤ 0.05). The results of this study revealed that endocrowns without ferrule exhibited superior fracture strength than a 1 mm ferrule design p < 0.05, irrespective of the inlay depth. All designs with and without ferrule and all inlay depths showed clinically acceptable marginal and internal fit. The conventional endocrown design without ferrule and 2 mm inlay depth showed the lowest surface gap. The pulpal surface showed the highest discrepancy among all groups compared to the other surfaces. Endocrowns without ferrule are more conservative and have higher fracture strength than 1 mm ferrule designs; extending the inlay depth showed a significant increase in fracture resistance of the 1 mm ferrule design, but not for the conventional design without ferrule and 2 mm inlay depth. All groups exhibited a high auspicious fracture strength value for molar endocrown restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Dental Restorations: From Materials Sciences to Applications)

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15 pages, 2799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Resistance of Posterior Tooth-Supported Cantilever Fixed Dental Prostheses of Different Zirconia Generations and Framework Thicknesses: An In Vitro Study

by Anna-Luisa Klotz, Janina Halfmann, Stefan Rues, Wolfgang Bömicke, Peter Rammelsberg and Andreas Zenthöfer

Materials 2024, 17(1), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010263 - 04 Jan 2024

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Abstract

The rehabilitation of free-end situations is a frequent indication in prosthetic dentistry. Cantilever fixed dental prostheses (cFDPs) made of 1st and 2nd generation zirconia are one treatment option. Due to a unique gradient technology, combinations of different zirconium dioxide generations are thus feasible in one restoration. However, data about these materials are rare. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the fracture resistance and fracture modes of tooth-supported cFDPs fabricated from different zirconia materials (gradient technology) and different framework thicknesses. A total of 40 cFDPs were fabricated using the CAD/CAM approach and belonged to five test groups. The different groups differed in the yttria content, the proportion of the tetragonal/cubic phases, or in wall thickness (0.7 mm or 1 mm). After completion, the cFDPs were subjected to thermal cycling and chewing simulation (1.2 × 10⁶ load cycles, 108 N load). Afterwards, cFDPs were statically loaded until fracture in a universal testing machine. A non-parametric ANOVA was compiled to determine the possible effects of group membership on fracture resistance. In addition, post-hoc Tukey tests were used for bivariate comparisons. The mean fracture loads under axial load application ranged from 288 to 577 N. ANOVA detected a significant impact of the used material on the fracture resistances (p < 0.001). Therefore, the use of cFDPs fabricated by gradient technology zirconia may not be unreservedly recommended for clinical use, whereas cFPDs made from 3Y-TZP exhibit fracture resistance above possible masticatory loads in the posterior region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Dental Restorations: From Materials Sciences to Applications)

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10 pages, 6843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Repressing Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics on The Shear Bond Strength of Resin Cements

by Tariq S. Abu Haimed, Saeed J. Alzahrani, Esraa A. Attar and Lulwa E. AL-Turki

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186148 - 10 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 765

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated pressing of lithium disilicate ceramic on the shear bond strength (SBS) of three types of resin cement. Methodology: A lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max^® Press) was first heat-pressed to form rectangular disk specimens. Then, leftovers were used for the second and third presses. A total of 90 specimens were prepared and separated, according to the number of pressing cycles, into three groups: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd presses (n = 30). Each group was further subdivided into three groups (n = 10) according to the type of resin cement used, as follows: Multilink N (MN), Variolink Esthetic DC (VDC), and Variolink Esthetic LC (VLC). All the cement was bonded to the ceramic surface, which was etched with hydrofluoric acid and primed with Monobond Plus. All samples were light-cured and stored for 24 h. Shear bond strength was tested on a universal testing machine. Results: A two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the influence of repeated pressing cycles and cement type as well as their interaction. The results indicated that cement type has a significant impact (p < 0.001) but not the number of pressing cycles (p = 0.970) or their interaction (p = 0.836). The Bonferroni post-hoc test showed that the SBS of MN was significantly higher than that of VDC and VLC in the first press and second press cycles, respectively. The SBS of MN was significantly higher than that of VDC and VLC cements in the third pressing cycle. There was no significant difference in the SBS between VLC and VDC in all three pressing cycles. Conclusion: The results of the current study did not report a detrimental effect of repeated pressing up to three cycles on the shear bond strength of the IPS e.max^® Press. Multilink resin cement showed the highest SBS to IPS e.max^® Press at the third pressing cycle. For all types of cement and heat pressing cycles, the majority of cement failures were adhesive. No cohesive failures occurred in any of the tested resin cements, regardless of the cement type or the number of heat pressing cycles tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Dental Restorations: From Materials Sciences to Applications)

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Review

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22 pages, 7567 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Narrative Review on Polycrystalline Ceramics for Dental Applications and Proposed Update of a Classification System

by Ernesto B. Benalcázar-Jalkh, Edmara T. P. Bergamo, Tiago M. B. Campos, Paulo G. Coelho, Irena Sailer, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Larissa M. M. Alves, Lukasz Witek, Sérgio M. Tebcherani and Estevam A. Bonfante

Materials 2023, 16(24), 7541; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247541 - 07 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1520

Abstract

Dental zirconias have been broadly utilized in dentistry due to their high mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Although initially introduced in dentistry as an infrastructure material, the high rate of technical complications related to veneered porcelain has led to significant efforts to improve the optical properties of dental zirconias, allowing for its monolithic indication. Modifications in the composition, processing methods/parameters, and the increase in the yttrium content and cubic phase have been presented as viable options to improve zirconias’ translucency. However, concerns regarding the hydrothermal stability of partially stabilized zirconia and the trade-off observed between optical and mechanical properties resulting from the increased cubic content remain issues of concern. While the significant developments in polycrystalline ceramics have led to a wide diversity of zirconia materials with different compositions, properties, and clinical indications, the implementation of strong, esthetic, and sufficiently stable materials for long-span fixed dental prostheses has not been completely achieved. Alternatives, including advanced polycrystalline composites, functionally graded structures, and nanosized zirconia, have been proposed as promising pathways to obtain high-strength, hydrothermally stable biomaterials. Considering the evolution of zirconia ceramics in dentistry, this manuscript aims to present a critical perspective as well as an update to previous classifications of dental restorative ceramics, focusing on polycrystalline ceramics, their properties, indications, and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Dental Restorations: From Materials Sciences to Applications)

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