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Anodizing of Metals: From Corrosion Protection to Advances in Nanotechnology...
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Anodizing of Metals: From Corrosion Protection to Advances in Nanotechnology and Emerging Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2023) | Viewed by 13839

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wojciech Stepniowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology & Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: anodizing; self-ordering; electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction; nanofabrication; copper oxides; aluminum oxide
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Małgorzata Norek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology & Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: nanostructures; anodization; surface properties; optical materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Anodization of metals is well-known as a corrosion protection treatment. However, since the 1995 milestone, it has also contributed significantly to nanotechnology and nanofabrication. Today, anodization of diversity of metals allows them to contribute in such emerging applications as renewable energy harvesting, reduction of greenhouse gases, nanofabrication, sensing, optics, plasmonics, etc.

Nevertheless, there is still much to explore in anodizing for corrosion protection—new technologies are developed in order to substitute Cr(VI)-based ones.

The forthcoming Special Issue will focus on recent advancements in the field of anodizing metals. Topics include but are not limited to:

Corrosion protection of metals by anodizing;

Cr(VI) substituents;

Fundamentals of anodizing;

Mechanistic issues related to anodizing;

Anodization of metals and alloy at new anodizing regimes;

Applications of anodic oxides.

All types of papers, including review papers, are welcome.

Dr. Wojciech Stepniowski
Dr. Małgorzata Norek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Anodization
  • Corrosion
  • Oxides
  • Anodic films
  • Nanofabrication
  • Catalysis

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4430 KiB  
Article
Influence of Ethanol on Porous Anodic Alumina Growth in Etidronic Acid Solutions at Various Temperatures
by Małgorzata Kwiatkowska, Dariusz Siemiaszko and Małgorzata Norek
Materials 2022, 15(23), 8595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238595 - 02 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1138
Abstract
Etidronic acid, used in aluminum anodization, has a great potential for the fabrication of porous anodic alumina (PAA) with large cell sizes (>540 nm). PAAs are particularly suited to applications in optics and photonics where large-scale periodicity corresponding to visible or infrared light [...] Read more.
Etidronic acid, used in aluminum anodization, has a great potential for the fabrication of porous anodic alumina (PAA) with large cell sizes (>540 nm). PAAs are particularly suited to applications in optics and photonics where large-scale periodicity corresponding to visible or infrared light is needed. Additionally, such PAAs should be characterized by long-range pore ordering. However, to obtain regular pore arrangement in an etidronic electrolyte, the anodization should be performed at high electric fields using relatively high temperatures, which makes the process challenging in terms of its stability. To stabilize the process, the electrolyte can be modified with ethanol. In this work, the impact of ethanol on pore geometry and a level of pore ordering is systematically analyzed. It is shown that the additive tends to reduce pore ordering. Moreover, by changing the anodizing temperature and the amount of ethanol, it is possible to tune the porosity of the PAA template. At 20 °C, porosity drops from 14% in PAA grown in a pure water-based electrolyte to ca. 8% in PAA fabricated in the 1:3 v/v EtOH:H2O electrolyte. The larger PAA thickness obtained for the same charge density strongly suggests that PAA formation efficiency increases in the 1:3 v/v EtOH:H2O mixture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anodizing of Metals: From Corrosion Protection to Advances in Nanotechnology and Emerging Applications)
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13 pages, 2431 KiB  
Article
Controlling the Morphology of Barrel-Shaped Nanostructures Grown via CuZn Electro-Oxidation
by Damian Giziński, Kristina Mojsilović, Anna Brudzisz, Urša Tiringer, Rastko Vasilić, Peyman Taheri and Wojciech J. Stępniowski
Materials 2022, 15(11), 3961; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113961 - 02 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1562
Abstract
Herein, we report a feasible method for forming barrel-like hybrid Cu(OH)2-ZnO structures on α-brass substrate via low-potential electro-oxidation in 1 M NaOH solution. The presented study was conducted to investigate the electrochemical behavior of CuZn in a passive range (−0.2 V–0.5 [...] Read more.
Herein, we report a feasible method for forming barrel-like hybrid Cu(OH)2-ZnO structures on α-brass substrate via low-potential electro-oxidation in 1 M NaOH solution. The presented study was conducted to investigate the electrochemical behavior of CuZn in a passive range (−0.2 V–0.5 V) and its morphological changes that occur under these conditions. As found, morphology and phase composition of the grown layer strongly depend on the applied potential, and those material characteristics can be tuned by varying the operating conditions. To the best of our knowledge, the yielded morphology of barrel-like structure has not been previously observed for brass anodizing. Additionally, photoactivity under both UV and daylight irradiation-induced degradation of organic dye (methyl orange) using Cu(OH)2-ZnO composite was explored. Obtained results proved photocatalytic activity of the material that led to degradation of 43% and 36% of the compound in UV and visible light, respectively. The role of Cu(OH)2 in improving ZnO photoactivity was recognized and discussed. As implied by both the undertaken research and the literature on the subject, cupric hydroxide can act as a trap for photoexcited electrons, and thus contributes to stabilizing electron-hole recombination. This resulted in improved light-absorbing properties of the photoactive component, ZnO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anodizing of Metals: From Corrosion Protection to Advances in Nanotechnology and Emerging Applications)
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18 pages, 5723 KiB  
Article
Peculiarities of Aluminum Anodization in AHAs-Based Electrolytes: Case Study of the Anodization in Glycolic Acid Solution
by Lidia Zajączkowska and Małgorzata Norek
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5362; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185362 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1897
Abstract
The anodization of aluminum (Al) in three alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs): glycolic (GC), malic (MC), and citric (CC), was analyzed. Highly ordered pores in GC were obtained for the first time. However, the hexagonal cells were characterized by a non-uniform size distribution. Although common [...] Read more.
The anodization of aluminum (Al) in three alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs): glycolic (GC), malic (MC), and citric (CC), was analyzed. Highly ordered pores in GC were obtained for the first time. However, the hexagonal cells were characterized by a non-uniform size distribution. Although common features of current density behavior are visible, the anodization in AHAs demonstrates some peculiarities. The electric conductivity (σ) of 0.5 M GC, MC, and CC electrolytes was in the following order: σ(CC) > σ(MC) > σ(GC), in accordance with the acid strength pKa(CC) < pKa(MC) < pKa(GC). However, the anodization voltage, under which a self-organized pore formation in anodic alumina (AAO) was observed (Umax), decreased with increasing pKa: Umax(CC) > Umax(MC) ≥ Umax(GC). This unusual behavior is most probably linked with the facility of acid ions to complex Al and the active participation of the Al complexes in the AAO formation. Depending on the AHA, its tendency and different modes to coordinate Al ions, the contribution of stable Al complexes to the AAO growth is different. It can be concluded that the structure of Al complexes, their molecular mass, and the ability to lose electrons play more important roles in the AAO formation than pKa values of AHAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anodizing of Metals: From Corrosion Protection to Advances in Nanotechnology and Emerging Applications)
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26 pages, 66555 KiB  
Article
Peculiar Porous Aluminum Oxide Films Produced via Electrochemical Anodizing in Malonic Acid Solution with Arsenazo-I Additive
by Alexander Poznyak, Gerhard Knörnschild, Anatoly Karoza, Małgorzata Norek and Andrei Pligovka
Materials 2021, 14(17), 5118; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175118 - 06 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2265
Abstract
The influence of arsenazo-I additive on electrochemical anodizing of pure aluminum foil in malonic acid was studied. Aluminum dissolution increased with increasing arsenazo-I concentration. The addition of arsenazo-I also led to an increase in the volume expansion factor up to 2.3 due to [...] Read more.
The influence of arsenazo-I additive on electrochemical anodizing of pure aluminum foil in malonic acid was studied. Aluminum dissolution increased with increasing arsenazo-I concentration. The addition of arsenazo-I also led to an increase in the volume expansion factor up to 2.3 due to the incorporation of organic compounds and an increased number of hydroxyl groups in the porous aluminum oxide film. At a current density of 15 mA·cm−2 and an arsenazo-I concentration 3.5 g·L−1, the carbon content in the anodic alumina of 49 at. % was achieved. An increase in the current density and concentration of arsenazo-I caused the formation of an arsenic-containing compound with the formula Na1,5Al2(OH)4,5(AsO4)3·7H2O in the porous aluminum oxide film phase. These film modifications cause a higher number of defects and, thus, increase the ionic conductivity, leading to a reduced electric field in galvanostatic anodizing tests. A self-adjusting growth mechanism, which leads to a higher degree of self-ordering in the arsenazo-free electrolyte, is not operative under the same conditions when arsenazo-I is added. Instead, a dielectric breakdown mechanism was observed, which caused the disordered porous aluminum oxide film structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anodizing of Metals: From Corrosion Protection to Advances in Nanotechnology and Emerging Applications)
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17 pages, 10285 KiB  
Article
Hard Anodization Film on Carbon Steel Surface by Thermal Spray and Anodization Methods
by Pao-Chang Chiang, Chih-Wei Chen, Fa-Ta Tsai, Chung-Kwei Lin and Chien-Chon Chen
Materials 2021, 14(13), 3580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133580 - 26 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2164
Abstract
In this paper, we used two mass-produced industrial technologies, namely, thermal spraying and anodization methods, to enhance the surface characteristics of AISI 1045 medium carbon steel for use in special environments or products. The anodic film can effectively improve the surface properties of [...] Read more.
In this paper, we used two mass-produced industrial technologies, namely, thermal spraying and anodization methods, to enhance the surface characteristics of AISI 1045 medium carbon steel for use in special environments or products. The anodic film can effectively improve the surface properties of carbon steel. A sequence of treatments of the carbon steel substrate surface that consist of sandblasting, spraying the aluminum film, annealing, hot rolling, cleaning, grinding, and polishing can increase the quality of the anodized film. This paper proposes an anodization process for the surface of carbon steel to increase the corrosion resistance, hardness, color diversification, and electrical resistance. The resulting surface improves the hardness (from 170 HV to 524 HV), surface roughness (from 1.26 to 0.15 μm), coloring (from metal color to various colors), and corrosion resistance (from rusty to corrosion resistant). The electrochemical corrosion studies showed that the AISI 1045 steel surface with a hard anodized film had a lower corrosion current density of 10−5.9 A/cm2 and a higher impedance of 9000 ohm than those of naked AISI 1045 steel (10−4.2 A/cm2 and 150 ohm) in HCl gas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anodizing of Metals: From Corrosion Protection to Advances in Nanotechnology and Emerging Applications)
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12 pages, 3813 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Co–Fe 1D Nanocone Array Electrodes Using Aluminum Oxide Template
by Katarzyna Skibińska, Karolina Kołczyk-Siedlecka, Dawid Kutyła, Marta Gajewska and Piotr Żabiński
Materials 2021, 14(7), 1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071717 - 31 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2018
Abstract
Porous anodic alumina oxide (AAO) obtained via two-step anodization is a material commonly used as a template for fabricating 1D nanostructures. In this work, copper and cobalt-iron 1D nanocones were obtained by an electrodeposition method using AAO templates. The templates were produced using [...] Read more.
Porous anodic alumina oxide (AAO) obtained via two-step anodization is a material commonly used as a template for fabricating 1D nanostructures. In this work, copper and cobalt-iron 1D nanocones were obtained by an electrodeposition method using AAO templates. The templates were produced using two-step anodization in H2C2O4. The Co–Fe nanostructures are characterized by homogeneous pore distribution. The electrocatalytic activity of the produced nanomaterials was determined in 1 M NaOH using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and chronopotentiometry (CP) methods. These materials can be used as catalysts in the water-splitting reaction. The sample’s active surface area was calculated and compared with bulk materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anodizing of Metals: From Corrosion Protection to Advances in Nanotechnology and Emerging Applications)
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16 pages, 4490 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) by High-Temperature Pulse-Anodization: Tuning the Optical Characteristics of PAA-Based DBR in the NIR-MIR Region
by Ewelina Białek, Maksymilian Włodarski and Małgorzata Norek
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5622; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245622 - 09 Dec 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1632
Abstract
In this work, the influence of various electrochemical parameters on the production of porous anodic alumina (PAA)-based DBRs (distributed Bragg reflector) during high-temperature-pulse-anodization was studied. It was observed that lowering the temperature from 30 to 27 °C brings about radical changes in the [...] Read more.
In this work, the influence of various electrochemical parameters on the production of porous anodic alumina (PAA)-based DBRs (distributed Bragg reflector) during high-temperature-pulse-anodization was studied. It was observed that lowering the temperature from 30 to 27 °C brings about radical changes in the optical performance of the DBRs. The multilayered PAA fabricated at 27 °C did not show optical characteristics typical for DBR. The DBR performance was further tuned at 30 °C. The current recovery (iamax) after application of subsequent UH pulses started to stabilize upon decreasing high (UH) and low (UL) voltage pulses, which was reflected in a smaller difference between initial and final thickness of alternating dH and dL segments (formed under UH and UL, respectively) and a better DBR performance. Shortening UH pulse duration resulted in a progressive shift of photonic stopbands (PSBs) towards the blue part of the spectrum while keeping intensive and symmetric PSBs in the NIR-MIR range. Despite the obvious improvement of the DBR performance by modulation of electrochemical parameters, the problem regarding full control over the homogeneous formation of dH+dL pairs remains. Solving this problem will certainly lead to the production of affordable and efficient PAA-based photonic crystals with tunable photonic properties in the NIR-MIR region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anodizing of Metals: From Corrosion Protection to Advances in Nanotechnology and Emerging Applications)
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