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Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume)

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Materials Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2023) | Viewed by 25315

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Prof. Dr. Tomasz Sadowski

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Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40 Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Interests: continuum damage mechanics of materials and structures; modelling of ceramic polycrystalline materials; modelling of composites: ceramic, metal and polymer matrix, metal and polymer foams, wood and plywood; fracture mechanics of materials under mechanical loading and thermal shock; plates with damage and sandwich structures; experimental testing of materials and structures under: static, cyclic, thermal and impact loading
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Prof. Dr. Holm Altenbach

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Chair of Engineering Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
Interests: continuum mechanics; creep and damage; plates and shells; strength hypotheses; laminates and sandwiches; particle and fibre reinforced plastics; material modeling; method of rheological models; Cosserat theory; higher gradients theories
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

Various types of metallic and composite structures are used in modern engineering practice. For aerospace, car industry, or civil engineering applications the most important are thin-walled structures made of different types of metallic alloys, fibrous composites, laminates, and multifunctional materials with a more complicated internal microstructures of reinforcement including nanoparticles or nanofibres. The current applications in modern engineering require analysis of structures of various properties, shapes, and sizes (e.g. aircraft wings) including structural hybrid joints, subjected to different types of loadings: quasi-static, dynamic, cyclic, thermal, impact, penetration, etc.

The advanced metallic and composite structures should satisfy multiple structural functions during operating conditions. Structural functions include mechanical properties like: strength, stiffness, damage resistance, fracture toughness, damping, etc. Non-structural functions include electrical and thermal conductivities, sensing, actuation, energy harvesting, self-healing capability, electromagnetic shielding, etc.

The aim of this SI is to understand the basic principles of damage growth and fracture processes in advanced metallic and composite structures including also structural joints. Nowadays, it is widely recognized that important macroscopic properties, like the macroscopic stiffness and strength, are governed by processes that occur at one to several scales below the level of observation. A thorough understanding of how these processes influence the reduction of stiffness and strength forms the key to the analysis of existing and the design of improved innovative structural elements.

The study of how these various length scales: nano-, micro-, and meso- can be bridged or taken into account simultaneously in multiscale models is particularly attractive for composite materials and structural elements, since they have a well-defined structure at the above-specified levels.

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Sadowski
Prof. Dr. Holm Altenbach
Guest Editors

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Keywords

metallic and composite structures
multifunctional materials and structures
classical structures: beams, plates, shells
thin-walled structures
damage and fracture processes
theoretical analytical and multiscale modeling
experimental investigations
joints of structural elements
quasi-static, dynamic, cyclic, thermal, impact, and penetration loadings

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of an Eco-Friendly Adhesive and Electrochemical Nanostructuring for Joining of Aluminum A1050 Plates

by George C. Papanicolaou, Lykourgos C. Kontaxis, Nikolaos Kouris and Diana V. Portan

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062428 - 18 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1260

Abstract

In adhesive joints used in several industrial applications, the adherends’ bonding is made using an adhesive, which is usually an epoxy resin. However, since these adhesives are derived from petroleum fractions, they are harmful to the environment, due to the pollutants produced both during their manufacture and subsequent use. Thus, in recent years, effective steps have been made to replace these adhesives with ecological (green) ones. The present work focuses on the study of aluminum A1050 joints bonded with a green adhesive; the study also involves the electrochemical anodization method applied to adherends for nano-functionalization. The nanostructured aluminum adherends allow the formation of an expanded surface area for adhesion, compared to the non-anodized adherends. For comparison reasons, two different adhesives (Araldite LY1564 and Green Super Sap) were used. In addition, for the same reasons, both anodized and non-anodized aluminum adherends were joined with both types of adhesives. The lap joints were subsequently tested under both shear-tension and three-point bending conditions. The major findings were that aluminum A1050 anodization in all cases resulted in shear strength enhancement of the joints, while joints with both aluminum anodized and non-anodized adherends and bonded with the eco-friendly adhesive showed a superior shear behavior as compared to the respective joints bonded with Araldite adhesive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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13 pages, 3534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Specimen Size Effect on the Fracture Energy of Macro-Synthetic-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

by Mohammad Daneshfar, Abolfazl Hassani, Mohammad Reza Mohammad Aliha and Tomasz Sadowski

Materials 2023, 16(2), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020673 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1308

Abstract

The most frequently used construction material in buildings is concrete exhibiting a brittle behaviour. Adding fibers to concrete can improve its ductility and mechanical properties. To this end, a laboratory study was conducted to present an experimental model for the specimens’ size effect of on macro-synthetic fiber-reinforced concrete using variations in fracture energy. Composite concrete beams with different thicknesses and widths were made and tested under mode I to obtain (1) fracture toughness, (2) fracture energy, and (3) critical stress intensity factor values. Results indicated that by increasing the thickness and the width, fracture toughness and fracture energy were enhanced. Moreover, increasing the thickness and width of the beam led to critical stress intensity factors enhancement respectively by 35.01–41.43% and 7.77–8.09%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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22 pages, 6736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Data-Driven Deep Learning Framework for Material Mechanical Properties Prediction with the Focus on Dual-Phase Steel Microstructures

by Ali Cheloee Darabi, Shima Rastgordani, Mohammadreza Khoshbin, Vinzenz Guski and Siegfried Schmauder

Materials 2023, 16(1), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010447 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2441

Abstract

A comprehensive approach to understand the mechanical behavior of materials involves costly and time-consuming experiments. Recent advances in machine learning and in the field of computational material science could significantly reduce the need for experiments by enabling the prediction of a material’s mechanical behavior. In this paper, a reliable data pipeline consisting of experimentally validated phase field simulations and finite element analysis was created to generate a dataset of dual-phase steel microstructures and mechanical behaviors under different heat treatment conditions. Afterwards, a deep learning-based method was presented, which was the hybridization of two well-known transfer-learning approaches, ResNet50 and VGG16. Hyper parameter optimization (HPO) and fine-tuning were also implemented to train and boost both methods for the hybrid network. By fusing the hybrid model and the feature extractor, the dual-phase steels’ yield stress, ultimate stress, and fracture strain under new treatment conditions were predicted with an error of less than 1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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14 pages, 4456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Steady-State Thermal Analysis of Functionally Graded Rotating Disks Using Finite Element and Analytical Methods

by M. M. Shahzamanian, A. Shahrjerdi, B. B. Sahari and P. D. Wu

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5548; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165548 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1167

Abstract

A steady-state thermal analysis for a hollow and axisymmetric functionally graded (FG) rotating disk with a uniform thickness was performed in this study. In the studied FG disk, metal and ceramic materials were considered for the inner and outer surfaces, respectively, when the material properties varied along the radial direction but not through material thickness variations. A power law distribution was employed to represent the material properties. Three different methods were used to present the temperature distribution along the radial direction of the FG disk, namely (1) an in-house finite element (FE) program, (2) the ANSYS parametric design language (APDL), and (3) an analytical solution. Furthermore, the in-house FE program presented the thermal stress and thermal strain of the FG disk. The weighted residual method in the FEM was used to present the temperature distribution when the material properties along an element are varying in contrast with using a commercial finite element software when the material properties are constant within an element to simulate FGMs. The accuracy of the in-house FE program was tested, and it was shown that the temperature distributions obtained by using the abovementioned methods were exactly the same. A parametric material gradation study was performed to understand the effects on the temperature, thermal strain, and stress. The material gradation was found to have a significant effect in this regard. The in-house finite element program enables one to perform a post-processing analysis in a more efficient and convenient manner than that through simulations in a finite element software program such as ANSYS. Lastly, this in-house code can be used to perform an optimization analysis to minimize the thermal strain and stress while the stiffness of the plate is maintained when the material properties within an element vary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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17 pages, 2784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Solution for Forced Vibration Characteristics of Rotating Functionally Graded Blades under Rub-Impact and Base Excitation

by Tianyu Zhao, Yuxuan Wang, Xinze Cui and Xin Wang

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062175 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1536

Abstract

This paper presents an analytical investigation on the forced vibration characteristics of a rotating functionally graded material (FGM) blade subjected to rub-impact and base excitation. Based on the Kirchhoff plate theory, the rotating blade is modelled theoretically. The material properties of the FGM blade are considered to vary continuously and smoothly along the thickness direction according to a volume fraction power-law distribution. By employing Hamilton’s principle, the equations of motion are derived. Then, the Galerkin method and the small parameter perturbation method are utilized to obtain the analytical solution for the composite blade under a combined action of radial force, tangential force and displacement load. Finally, special attention is given to the effects of power-law index, rub-impact location, friction coefficient, base excitation amplitude and blade aspect ratio on the vibration characteristics of the FGM structure. The obtained results can play a role in the design of rotating FGM blades to achieve significantly improved structural performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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22 pages, 44040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Single-Lap, Hybrid Joints, Made of 3D Printed Polymer and Aluminium Adherends

by Przemysław Golewski, Marek Nowicki, Tomasz Sadowski and Daniel Pietras

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7705; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247705 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2026

Abstract

This paper presents the results of an experimental study into single-lap joints. One part of the joint was made as a 3D printed polymer and had cylindrical tenons, while the other part was made of an aluminium flat bar having mortises whose diameter and distribution corresponded to the polymer tenons. In addition to the mechanical joint, a layer of double-sided VHB (Very High Bond) adhesive tape was also placed in the lap, thus creating a hybrid joint. In total, 80 specimens were made, which were divided into four groups: A—specimens with one tenon of different diameters, B—specimens with different number of tenons of the same diameter, C—specimens characterised by multi-stage operation and R—reference specimens, connected only by double-sided adhesive tape. The joints were subjected to uniaxial tensile tests. The force–displacement characteristics obtained and the energy required, up to the point of the failure of the joints, have been analysed in this paper. The four and six-stage joints designed can significantly increase the safety of the structures in which they will be used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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14 pages, 5716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Various Types of Superplasticisers on Consistency, Viscosity, Structure and Long-Term Strength of Geopolymer Products

by Łukasz Anaszewicz

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7614; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247614 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1800

Abstract

This article presents the results of research on the effect of plasticisers made based on four different compounds—melamine (M), naphthalene (NF), acrylic polymers (AP) and polycarboxylic ethers (PC)—added to the tested mixes in the amount of 2% of the fly ash (FA). The influence of superplasticisers (SPs) on the consistency of the fresh concrete was investigated using a flow table and a penetrometer, and the air voids content was determined by means of a porosimeter. Additionally, the influence of plasticisers on the viscosity of the paste was investigated using a rheometer. Hardened mortar that matured under two different conditions was also tested at elevated and room temperatures. The tested properties were 7-, 28- and 90-days compressive strength and internal microstructure viewed under a microscope. NF had the greatest viscosity-reducing effect while it increased the air void volume in the mix at the same time. The highest early and late strengths were obtained after curing in elevated temperature samples with an acrylic-polymer-based superplasticiser. However, the increased curing temperature of the samples only influenced the early strength results. Its effect was not visible after 90 days. The AP addition also had a significant impact on improving the consistency of the mixture. The addition of plasticisers did not affect the microstructure of the specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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26 pages, 12436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rotational Stiffness and Carrying Capacity of Timber Frame Corners with Dowel Type Connections

by Marek Johanides, David Mikolasek, Antonin Lokaj, Petr Mynarcik, Zuzana Marcalikova and Oldrich Sucharda

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7429; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237429 - 03 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1871

Abstract

With the development of wooden structures and buildings, there is a need to research physical and numerical tests of wood-based structures. The presented research is focused on construction and computational approaches for new types of joints to use in wooden structures, particularly glued lamella elements made of wood and wood-based composites. This article focuses on improving the frame connection of a wooden post and a beam with the use of fasteners to ensure better load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the structure. In common practice, bolts or a combination of bolts and pins are used for this type of connection. The aim is to replace these commonly used fasteners with modern ones, namely full thread screws. The aim is also to shorten and simplify the assembly time in order to improve the load-bearing capacity and rigidity of this type of frame connection. Two variations of the experimental test were tested in this research. The first contained bolts and pins as connecting means and the second contained the connecting means of a full threaded screw. Each experiment contained a total of two tests. For a detailed study of the problem, we used a 2D or 3D computational model that models individual components, including fasteners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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25 pages, 14161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Slabs under Centric and Eccentric Load

by Zuzana Marcalikova, Vlastimil Bilek, Oldrich Sucharda and Radim Cajka

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237152 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Research on the interaction between slabs and subsoil involves the field of materials engineering, concrete structures, and geotechnics. In the vast majority of cases, research focuses on only one of these areas, whereas for advanced study and computer simulations, detailed knowledge of the whole task is required. Among the new knowledge and information upon which this article focuses is the evaluation of subsoil stress using specialized pressure cells, along with detailed measurements of the deformation of a fiber-reinforced concrete slab. From a design point of view, this research is focused on the issue of the center of the cross section and the influence of eccentricity. Knowledge in this area is not yet comprehensively available for fiber-reinforced concrete slabs, where 2D deformation sections of the slab and 3D deformation surfaces of the slab are used in experiments. The experimental program includes a centrically and eccentrically loaded slab. These are structural elements that were tested on a specialized device. Both slabs had the same concrete recipe, with a dispersed reinforcement content of 25 kg/m³. The dimensions of the slab were 2000 × 2000 × 150 mm. Laboratory tests assessed compressive strength, the modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength, and bending tensile strength. Based on approximate data from the 3D deformation surfaces, an evaluation of the load-displacement diagrams for the center of the slab and for the center of eccentricity was performed. In conclusion, an overall evaluation and discussion of the results relies on experiments and the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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12 pages, 1389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-History Analysis of Composite Materials with Rectangular Microstructure under Shear Actions

by Marco Colatosti, Nicholas Fantuzzi and Patrizia Trovalusci

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216439 - 27 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1357

Abstract

It has been demonstrated that materials with microstructure, such as particle composites, show a peculiar mechanical behavior when discontinuities and heterogeneities are present. The use of non-local theories to solve this challenge, while preserving memory of the microstructure, particularly of internal length, is a challenging option. In the present work, composite materials made of rectangular rigid blocks and elastic interfaces are studied using a Cosserat formulation. Such materials are subjected to dynamic shear loads. For anisotropic media, the relative rotation between the local rigid rotation and the microrotation, which corresponds to the skewsymmetric part of strain, is crucial. The benefits of micropolar modeling are demonstrated, particularly for two orthotropic textures of different sizes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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17 pages, 5276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Free Vibration Analysis of a Graphene-Reinforced Porous Composite Plate with Different Boundary Conditions

by Hong-Gang Pan, Yun-Shi Wu, Jian-Nan Zhou, Yan-Ming Fu, Xin Liang and Tian-Yu Zhao

Materials 2021, 14(14), 3879; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143879 - 12 Jul 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1773

Abstract

Plates are commonly used in many engineering disciplines, including aerospace. With the continuous improvement in the capacity of high value-added airplanes, large transport aircrafts, and fighter planes that have high strength, high toughness, and corrosion resistance have gradually become the development direction of airplane plate structure production and research. The strength and stability of metal plate structures can be improved by adding reinforced materials. This paper studies graphene platelets (GPLs) reinforced with a free vibration porous composite plate. The porous plate is constructed with a multi-layer model in a metal matrix containing uniform or non-uniformly distributed open-cell internal pores. Considering the random and directional arrangement of graphene platelets in the matrix, the elastic modulus of graphene composites was estimated using the Halpin–Tsai micromechanical model, and the vibration frequencies of graphene composite were calculated using the differential quadrature method. The effects of the total number of layers, GPL distribution pattern, porosity coefficient, GPL weight fraction, and boundary conditions on the free vibration frequency of GPLs reinforced porous composite plates are studied, and the accuracy of the conclusions are verified by the finite element software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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29 pages, 7483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Test and Numerical Model of Curved Steel–Concrete Composite Box Beams under Positive Moments

by Zhi-Min Liu, Xue-Jin Huo, Guang-Ming Wang and Wen-Yu Ji

Materials 2021, 14(11), 2978; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112978 - 31 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1557

Abstract

Compared with straight steel–concrete composite beams, curved composite beams exhibit more complicated mechanical behaviors under combined bending and torsion coupling. There are much fewer experimental studies on curved composite beams than those of straight composite beams. This study aimed to investigate the combined bending and torsion behavior of curved composite beams. This paper presents static loading tests of the full elastoplastic process of three curved composite box beams with various central angles and shear connection degrees. The test results showed that the specimens exhibited notable bending and torsion coupling force characteristics under static loading. The curvature and interface shear connection degree significantly affected the force behavior of the curved composite box beams. The specimens with weak shear connection degrees showed obvious interfacial longitudinal slip and transverse slip. Constraint distortion and torsion behavior caused the strain of the inner side of the structure to be higher than the strain of the outer side. The strain of the steel beam webs was approximately linear. In addition, fine finite element models of three curved composite box beams were established. The correctness and applicability of the finite element models were verified by comparing the test results and numerical calculation results for the load–displacement curve, load–rotational angle curve, load–interface slip curve, and cross-sectional strain distribution. Finite element modeling can be used as a reliable numerical tool for the large-scale parameter analysis of the elastic–plastic mechanical behavior of curved composite box beams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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21 pages, 2027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Shear Capacity of Steel Beams with Corrugated Webs by Using Optimised Regression Learner Techniques

by Ahmed S. Elamary and Ibrahim B. M. Taha

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092364 - 01 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1975

Abstract

The use of corrugated webs increases web shear stability and eliminates the need for transverse stiffeners in steel beams. Optimised regression learner techniques (ORLTs) are rarely used for calculating shear capacity in steel beam research. This study proposes a new approach for calculating the maximum shear capacity of steel beams with trapezoidal corrugated webs (SBCWs) by using ORLTs. A new shear model is proposed using ORLTs in accordance with plate buckling theory and previously developed formulas for predicting the shear strength of SBCWs. The proposed ORLT models are implemented using the regression learner toolbox of MATLAB software (2020b). The available data of more than 125 test results from different specimens prepared by previous researchers are used to create the model. In this study, web geometry and relevant web steel grades determine the shear capacity of SBCWs. Four regression methods are adopted. Results are compared with those of an artificial neural network model. The model output factor represents the ratio of the web vertical shear stress to the normalised shear stress. Shear capacity can be estimated on the basis of the resulting factor from the model. The proposed model is verified using two methods. In the first method, a series of tests are performed by the authors. In the second method, the results of the model are compared with the shear values obtained experimentally by other researchers. On the basis of the test results of previous studies and the current work, the proposed model provides an acceptable degree of accuracy for predicting the shear capacity of SBCWs. The results obtained using Gaussian process regression are the most appropriate because its recoded mean square error is 0.07%. The proposed model can predict the shear capacity of SBCWs with an acceptable percentage of error. The recoded percentage of error is less than 5% for 93% of the total specimens. By contrast, the maximum differential obtained is ±10%, which is recorded for 3 out of 125 specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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20 pages, 3394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Some Inconsistencies in the Nonlinear Buckling Plate Theories—FSDT, S-FSDT, HSDT

by Zbigniew Kolakowski and Jacek Jankowski

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092154 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1316

Abstract

Bending and membrane components of transverse forces in a fixed square isotropic plate under simultaneous compression and transverse loading were established within the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), the simple first-order shear deformation theory (S-FSDT), and the classical plate theory (CPT). Special attention was drawn to the fact that bending components were accompanied by transverse deformations, whereas membrane components were not, i.e., the plate was transversely perfectly rigid. In the FSDT and the S-FSDT, double assumptions concerning transverse deformations in the plate hold. A new formulation of the differential equation of equilibrium with respect to the transverse direction of the plate, using a variational approach, was proposed. For nonlinear problems in the mechanics of thin-walled plates, a range where membrane components should be considered in total transverse forces was determined. It is of particular significance as far as modern composite structures are concerned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Third Volume))

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