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20 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Small Libraries of Natural Products: Part II: Identification of a New Natural Product from the Essential Oil of Pleurospermum austriacum (L.) Hoffm. (Apiaceae)

by Niko S. Radulović, Marko Z. Mladenović, Milan S. Dekić and Fabio Boylan

Molecules 2023, 28(12), 4574; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124574 - 6 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1333

Abstract

Herein, comprehensive data of NMR, MS, IR, and gas chromatography (RI) obtained by GC-MS on commonly used capillary columns of different polarity (non-polar DB-5MS and polar HP-Innowax) of a series of esters of all constitutional isomers of hexanoic acid with a homologous series [...] Read more.

Herein, comprehensive data of NMR, MS, IR, and gas chromatography (RI) obtained by GC-MS on commonly used capillary columns of different polarity (non-polar DB-5MS and polar HP-Innowax) of a series of esters of all constitutional isomers of hexanoic acid with a homologous series of ω-phenylalkan-1-ols (phenylmethanol, 2-phenylethanol, 3-phenylpropan-1-ol, 4-phenylbutan-1-ol, and 5-phenylpentan-1-ol) and phenol, in total 48 chemical entities, were collected. The created synthetic library allowed the identification of a new constituent of the P. austriacum essential oil (3-phenylpropyl 2-methylpentanoate). The accumulated spectral and chromatographical data, as well as the established correlation between RI values and structures of regioisomeric hexanoates, provide (phyto)chemists with a tool that will make future identification of related natural compounds a straightforward task. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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20 pages, 3014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Bioactive Properties of Carotenoids from Lipophilic Sea buckthorn Extract (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

by Simona Visan, Olga Soritau, Corina Tatomir, Oana Baldasici, Loredana Balacescu, Ovidiu Balacescu, Patricia Muntean, Cristina Gherasim and Adela Pintea

Molecules 2023, 28(11), 4486; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114486 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2131

Abstract

In women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.7% of total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (6.9%) worldwide. Bioactive dietary components such as Sea buckthorn berries are known for their high carotenoid content, which has been shown to [...] Read more.

In women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.7% of total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (6.9%) worldwide. Bioactive dietary components such as Sea buckthorn berries are known for their high carotenoid content, which has been shown to possess anti-cancer properties. Considering the limited number of studies investigating the bioactive properties of carotenoids in breast cancer, the aim of this study was to investigate the antiproliferative, antioxidant, and proapoptotic properties of saponified lipophilic Sea buckthorn berries extract (LSBE) in two breast cancer cell lines with different phenotypes: T47D (ER+, PR+, HER2−) and BT-549 (ER-, PR-, HER2−). The antiproliferative effects of LSBE were evaluated by an Alamar Blue assay, the extracellular antioxidant capacity was evaluated through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, the intracellular antioxidant capacity was evaluated through a DCFDA assay, and the apoptosis rate was assessed by flow cytometry. LSBE inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with a mean IC₅₀ of 16 µM. LSBE has proven to be a good antioxidant both at the intracellular level, due to its ability to significantly decrease the ROS levels in both cell lines (p = 0.0279 for T47D, and p = 0.0188 for BT-549), and at the extracellular level, where the ABTS and DPPH inhibition vried between 3.38–56.8%, respectively 5.68–68.65%, and 35.6 mg/L equivalent ascorbic acid/g LSBE were recorded. Based on the results from the antioxidant assays, LSBE was found to have good antioxidant activity due to its rich carotenoid content. The flow cytometry results revealed that LSBE treatment induced significant alterations in late-stage apoptotic cells represented by 80.29% of T47D cells (p = 0.0119), and 40.6% of BT-549 cells (p = 0.0137). Considering the antiproliferative, antioxidant, and proapoptotic properties of the carotenoids from LSBE on breast cancer cells, further studies should investigate whether these bioactive dietary compounds could be used as nutraceuticals in breast cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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24 pages, 1627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Metabolic Variations, Antioxidant Profiles and Antimicrobial Activity of Salvia hispanica (Chia) Seed, Sprout, Leaf, Flower, Root and Herb Extracts

by Sara Motyka, Barbara Kusznierewicz, Halina Ekiert, Izabela Korona-Głowniak and Agnieszka Szopa

Molecules 2023, 28(6), 2728; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062728 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3455

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profiles of the seeds, sprouts, leaves, flowers, roots and herb of Salvia hispanica and to demonstrate their significant contribution to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Applied methods were: HPLC-DAD coupled with post-column derivatization with [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profiles of the seeds, sprouts, leaves, flowers, roots and herb of Salvia hispanica and to demonstrate their significant contribution to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Applied methods were: HPLC-DAD coupled with post-column derivatization with ABTS reagent, untargeted metabolomics performed by LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and two-fold micro-dilution broth method, which involved suspending a solution of tested compounds dissolved in DMSO in Mueller–Hinton broth for bacteria or Mueller–Hinton broth with 2% glucose for fungi. Metabolomic profiling using LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS used in this study yielded the identification and preliminary characterization of one hundred fifteen compounds. The dominant class of compounds was terpenoids (31 compounds), followed by flavonoids (21 compounds), phenolic acids and derivatives (19 compounds), organic acids (16 compounds) and others (fatty acids, sugars and unidentified compounds). The organic and phenolic acids were the most abundant classes in terms of total peak area, with distribution depending on the plant raw materials obtained from S. hispanica. The main compound among this class for all types of extracts was rosmarinic acid which was proven to be the most abundant for antioxidant potential. All tested extracts exhibited considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity. The strongest bioactivity was found in leaf extracts, which presented bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, M. luteus and E. faecalis). The work represents the first compendium of knowledge comparing different S. hispanica plant raw materials in terms of the profile of biologically active metabolites and their contribution to antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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14 pages, 2350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wild Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris, Asteraceae) Leaf Extract: Phenolic Profile and Oxidative Stress Inhibitory Effects on HepG2 Cells

by Rosaria Acquaviva, Giuseppe Antonio Malfa, Rosa Santangelo, Simone Bianchi, Francesco Pappalardo, Maria Fernanda Taviano, Natalizia Miceli, Claudia Di Giacomo and Barbara Tomasello

Molecules 2023, 28(6), 2475; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062475 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2166

Abstract

Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris (wild artichoke) is widespread in Sicily, where it has been used for food and medicinal purposes since ancient times; decoctions of the aerial parts of this plant have been traditionally employed as a remedy for different hepatic diseases. In [...] Read more.

Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris (wild artichoke) is widespread in Sicily, where it has been used for food and medicinal purposes since ancient times; decoctions of the aerial parts of this plant have been traditionally employed as a remedy for different hepatic diseases. In this study, the phenolic profile and cell-free antioxidant properties of the leaf aqueous extract of wild artichokes grown in Sicily (Italy) were investigated. The crude extract was also tested in cells for its antioxidant characteristics and potential oxidative stress inhibitory effects. To resemble the features of the early stage of mild steatosis in humans, human HepG2 cells treated with free fatty acids at the concentration of 1.5 mM were used. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of several phenolic acids (caffeoylquinic acids) and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin derivatives). At the same time, DPPH assay showed a promising antioxidant power (IC₅₀ = 20.04 ± 2.52 µg/mL). Biological investigations showed the safety of the crude extract and its capacity to counteract the injury induced by FFA exposure by restoring cell viability and counteracting oxidative stress through inhibiting reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and increasing thiol-group levels. In addition, the extract increased mRNA expression of some proteins implicated in the antioxidant defense (Nrf2, Gpx, and SOD1) and decreased mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β), which were modified by FFA treatment. Results suggest that the total phytocomplex contained in wild artichoke leaves effectively modulates FFA-induced hepatic oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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19 pages, 3651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Investigation of the Chemical Composition and Applicability of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Amygdalus communis (Almond) Leaf Aqueous Extract as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents

by Mehmet Fırat Baran, Cumali Keskin, Ayşe Baran, Aziz Eftekhari, Sabina Omarova, Rovshan Khalilov, Mehmet Tevfik Adican, Gvozden Rosić, Dragica Selakovic, Mahmut Yıldıztekin, Kadri Kurt, Canan Aytuğ Ava and Mehmet Nuri Atalar

Molecules 2023, 28(6), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062428 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2411

Abstract

The current work’s main objective was to determine the chemical composition of Amygdalus communis (AC) leaf extract and examine the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The chemical composition of AC leaf extract was determined using LC-ESI/MS/MS to detect compounds [...] Read more.

The current work’s main objective was to determine the chemical composition of Amygdalus communis (AC) leaf extract and examine the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The chemical composition of AC leaf extract was determined using LC-ESI/MS/MS to detect compounds that may be responsible for the reducing, stabilizing, and capping steps in the synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological activities. The AC-AuNPs were spherical, with a particle size lower than 100 nm and a face-centered cubic structure. The EDX spectrum confirmed the formation of AuNPs and a negative zeta potential value (−27.7 mV) suggested their physicochemical stability. The in vitro cytotoxic efficacy of the AC-AuNPs against colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), glioma (U118), and ovarian (Skov-3) cancer cell lines and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was evaluated by MTT assay. CaCo-2 cell proliferation was effectively inhibited by the AC-AuNPs at concentrations between 25 and 100 g mL⁻¹. The AC-AuNPs exerted preeminent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis with an MIC of 0.02 μg/mL, whilst good activity was shown against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Candida albicans yeast with an MIC of 0.12 μg/mL. Ultimately, the results support the high antibacterial and anticancer potential of biosynthesized AuNPs from AC leaf extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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17 pages, 5032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Anticancer Activity of Juniperus procera and Molecular Docking Models of Active Proteins in Cancer Cells

by Sultan Alhayyani, Abdullah Akhdhar, Amer H. Asseri, Abdelhafeez M. A. Mohammed, Mostafa A. Hussien, L. Selva Roselin, Salman Hosawi, Fahad AlAbbasi, Khadijah H. Alharbi, Roua S. Baty, Abdulaziz A. Kalantan and Ehab M. M. Ali

Molecules 2023, 28(5), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052041 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2703

Abstract

Medicinal plants provide a wide range of active compounds that can be exploited to create novel medicines with minimal side effects. The current study aimed to identify the anticancer properties of Juniperus procera (J. procera) leaves. Here, we demonstrate that J. [...] Read more.

Medicinal plants provide a wide range of active compounds that can be exploited to create novel medicines with minimal side effects. The current study aimed to identify the anticancer properties of Juniperus procera (J. procera) leaves. Here, we demonstrate that J. procera leaves’ methanolic extract suppresses cancer cells in colon (HCT₁₁₆), liver (HepG2), breast (MCF-7), and erythroid (JK-1) cell lines. By applying GC/MS, we were able to determine the components of the J. procera extract that might contribute to cytotoxicity. Molecular docking modules were created that used active components against cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in colon cancer, aromatase cytochrome P450 in the breast cancer receptor protein, the -N terminal domain in the erythroid cancer receptor of the erythroid spectrin, and topoisomerase in liver cancer. The results demonstrate that, out of the 12 bioactive compounds generated by GC/MS analysis, the active ingredient 2-imino-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carbothiamide proved to be the best-docked chemical with the chosen proteins impacted by DNA conformational changes, cell membrane integrity, and proliferation in molecular docking studies. Notably, we uncovered the capacity of J. procera to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth in the HCT₁₁₆ cell line. Collectively, our data propose that J. procera leaves’ methanolic extract has an anticancer role with the potential to guide future mechanistic studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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32 pages, 9155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Modes of Action of an Aqueous Nerium oleander Extract in Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

by Luay J. Rashan, Nadire Özenver, Joelle C. Boulos, Mona Dawood, Wynand P. Roos, Katrin Franke, Ioannis Papasotiriou, Ludger A. Wessjohann, Heinz-Herbert Fiebig and Thomas Efferth

Molecules 2023, 28(4), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041871 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3409

Abstract

Cancer drug resistance remains a major obstacle in clinical oncology. As most anticancer drugs are of natural origin, we investigated the anticancer potential of a standardized cold-water leaf extract from Nerium oleander L., termed Breastin. The phytochemical characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [...] Read more.

Cancer drug resistance remains a major obstacle in clinical oncology. As most anticancer drugs are of natural origin, we investigated the anticancer potential of a standardized cold-water leaf extract from Nerium oleander L., termed Breastin. The phytochemical characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed several monoglycosidic cardenolides as major constituents (adynerin, neritaloside, odoroside A, odoroside H, oleandrin, and vanderoside). Breastin inhibited the growth of 14 cell lines from hematopoietic tumors and 5 of 6 carcinomas. Remarkably, the cellular responsiveness of odoroside H and neritaloside was not correlated with all other classical drug resistance mechanisms, i.e., ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCB1, ABCB5, ABCC1, ABCG2), oncogenes (EGFR, RAS), tumor suppressors (TP53, WT1), and others (GSTP1, HSP90, proliferation rate), in 59 tumor cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI, USA), indicating that Breastin may indeed bypass drug resistance. COMPARE analyses with 153 anticancer agents in 74 tumor cell lines of the Oncotest panel revealed frequent correlations of Breastin with mitosis-inhibiting drugs. Using tubulin-GFP-transfected U2OS cells and confocal microscopy, it was found that the microtubule-disturbing effect of Breastin was comparable to that of the tubulin-depolymerizing drug paclitaxel. This result was verified by a tubulin polymerization assay in vitro and molecular docking in silico. Proteome profiling of 3171 proteins in the NCI panel revealed protein subsets whose expression significantly correlated with cellular responsiveness to odoroside H and neritaloside, indicating that protein expression profiles can be identified to predict the sensitivity or resistance of tumor cells to Breastin constituents. Breastin moderately inhibited breast cancer xenograft tumors in vivo. Remarkably, in contrast to what was observed with paclitaxel monotherapy, the combination of paclitaxel and Breastin prevented tumor relapse, indicating Breastin’s potential for drug combination regimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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22 pages, 3429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Salvia pratensis L. Aerial Part and Root Extracts: Bioactivity, Biocompatibility, and Catalytic Potential

by Nikola Z. Srećković, Zoran P. Nedić, Daria Maria Monti, Luigi D’Elia, Silvana B. Dimitrijević, Nevena R. Mihailović, Jelena S. Katanić Stanković and Vladimir B. Mihailović

Molecules 2023, 28(3), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031387 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2321

Abstract

The aim of this research was the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SPA- and SPR-AgNPs) using the aqueous extracts of the aerial (SPA) and the root (SPR) parts of the plant Salvia pratensis L., their characterization, reaction condition optimization, and evaluation of their biological [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SPA- and SPR-AgNPs) using the aqueous extracts of the aerial (SPA) and the root (SPR) parts of the plant Salvia pratensis L., their characterization, reaction condition optimization, and evaluation of their biological and catalytic activity. UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy with EDS analysis (SEM/EDS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were utilized to characterize the nanoparticles, while Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to detect some functional groups of compounds present in the plant extracts and nanoparticles. The phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant activity of the extracts, were determined spectrophotometrically. The synthesized nanoparticles showed twice-higher activity in neutralizing 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS⁺) compared with the respective extracts. SPR-AgNPs exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against almost all of the tested bacteria (<0.0039 mg/mL) and fungal strains, especially against the genus Penicillium (<0.0391 mg/mL). Moreover, they were fully biocompatible on all the tested eukaryotic cells, while the hemolysis of erythrocytes was not observed at the highest tested concentration of 150 µg/mL. The catalytic activity of nanoparticles toward Congo Red and 4-nitrophenol was also demonstrated. The obtained results confirm the possibility of the safe application of the synthesized nanoparticles in medicine and as a catalyst in various processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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25 pages, 1799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UHPLC-MS Phytochemical Profiling and Insight into Bioactivity of Rabelera holostea (Greater Stitchwort) Extract

by Jelena S. Katanić Stanković, Jelena Đorović Jovanović, Danijela Mišić, Uroš Gašić, Stefanie Nikles, Zoran Marković and Rudolf Bauer

Molecules 2023, 28(3), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031274 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

Rabelera holostea (L.) M. T. Sharples & E. A. Tripp (Greater Stitchwort), formerly known as Stellaria holostea L., is widespread in the warm temperate areas of Europe and Western Asia, the Caucasus region, as well as in some countries of North Africa. Nowadays [...] Read more.

Rabelera holostea (L.) M. T. Sharples & E. A. Tripp (Greater Stitchwort), formerly known as Stellaria holostea L., is widespread in the warm temperate areas of Europe and Western Asia, the Caucasus region, as well as in some countries of North Africa. Nowadays it is considered as a weed, but earlier it was often used raw in salads or for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. The goal of this study was to determine the constituents of the methanol extract of R. holostea aerial parts and its biological potential in terms of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Until now, the constituents and biological activities of this plant were not reported in detail. A comprehensive phytochemical profiling of the extract has shown that phenolic acids, such as ferulic, chlorogenic, and p-coumaric acid, flavonoids and flavonoid glucosides, such as chrysoeriol, rutin, and naringin, are the most abundant compounds. The antioxidant activity of R. holostea extract towards DPPH and ABTS radicals, but also the total antioxidant capacity and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation were moderate. The antimicrobial potential was pronounced mostly towards some fungi such as F. oxysporum (MIC 1.25 mg/mL), whereas the capacity of R. holostea to affect the growth of bacteria was much less pronounced. R. holostea extract was most inclined to anti-inflammatory activity. At a concentration of 50 µg/mL, it significantly inhibited both cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) by 71.24% and 72.83%, respectively. Molecular docking studies indicated that chlorogenic acid and chrysoeriol are the main contributors to COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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16 pages, 2216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Epithelial Barrier Integrity in an In Vitro Co-Culture Model of the Piglet Gut

by Dominik Wendner, Theresa Schott, Elisabeth Mayer and Klaus Teichmann

Molecules 2023, 28(3), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031026 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1936

Abstract

Industrial farming of livestock is increasingly focused on high productivity and performance. As a result, concerns are growing regarding the safety of food and feed, and the sustainability involved in their production. Therefore, research in areas such as animal health, welfare, and the [...] Read more.

Industrial farming of livestock is increasingly focused on high productivity and performance. As a result, concerns are growing regarding the safety of food and feed, and the sustainability involved in their production. Therefore, research in areas such as animal health, welfare, and the effects of feed additives on animals is of significant importance. In this study, an in vitro co-culture model of the piglet gut was used to investigate the effects of two phytogenic feed additives (PFA) with similar compositions. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were co-cultivated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to model the complex porcine gut environment in vitro. The effects of treatments on epithelial barrier integrity were assessed by means of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in the presence of an inflammatory challenge. Protective effects of PFA administration were observed, depending on treatment duration and the model compartment. After 48 h, TEER values were significantly increased by 12–13% when extracts of the PFA were applied to the basolateral compartment (p < 0.05; n = 4), while no significant effects on cell viability were observed. No significant differences in the activity of a PFA based mainly on pure chemical compounds versus a PFA based mainly on complex, natural essential oils, and extracts were found. Overall, the co-culture model was used successfully to investigate and demonstrate beneficial effects of PFAs on intestinal epithelial barrier function during an inflammatory challenge in vitro. In addition, it demonstrates that the two PFAs are equivalent in effect. This study provides useful insights for further research on porcine gut health status even without invasive in vivo trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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19 pages, 2528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Origanum vulgare L. Leaf, Flower, Stem, and Root Extracts on the Survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

by Kateřina Bělonožníková, Eliška Sladkovská, Daniel Kavan, Veronika Hýsková, Petr Hodek, Daniel Šmíd and Helena Ryšlavá

Molecules 2023, 28(3), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031019 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria, causing chronic pulmonary disease and leading to respiratory failure and even mortality. Thus, there has been an ever-increasing search for novel and preferably natural antimicrobial compounds. Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Origanum vulgare L. [...] Read more.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria, causing chronic pulmonary disease and leading to respiratory failure and even mortality. Thus, there has been an ever-increasing search for novel and preferably natural antimicrobial compounds. Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Origanum vulgare L. shoots are commonly used as teas or alcoholic tinctures for their human health-promoting and antibacterial properties. Here, we explored the antimicrobial effects of all plant parts, i.e., leaf, flower, stem, and root extracts, prepared in water or in 60% ethanol, against P. aeruginosa. The impact of these extracts on bacterial survival was determined using a luminescent strain of P. aeruginosa, which emits light when alive. In addition, the antimicrobial effects were compared with the antioxidant properties and content of phenolic compounds of plant extracts. Ethanolic extracts of O. vulgare roots and flowers showed the highest antimicrobial activity, followed by A. eupatoria roots. In particular, chlorogenic acid, the ethanolic extract of O. vulgare roots contained high levels of protocatechuic acid, hesperidin, shikimic acid, rutin, quercetin, and morin. The synergistic effects of these phenolic compounds and flavonoids may play a key role in the antibacterial activity of teas and tinctures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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16 pages, 2203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuropharmacological Effects in Animal Models and HPLC-Phytochemical Profiling of Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth Bark Extracts

by María de la Cabeza Fernández, Marta Sánchez, Armando Caceres, Irene Iglesias and Maria Pilar Gómez-Serranillos

Molecules 2023, 28(2), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020764 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

B. crassifolia is a species that grows in various areas of Latin America. It was known to be useful for the treatment of different human ailments. The present work evaluated the neuropharmacological and analgesic effects of hydroalcoholic and dichloromethane extracts of B. crassifolia [...] Read more.

B. crassifolia is a species that grows in various areas of Latin America. It was known to be useful for the treatment of different human ailments. The present work evaluated the neuropharmacological and analgesic effects of hydroalcoholic and dichloromethane extracts of B. crassifolia. The effect on the central nervous system (CNS) of both extracts obtained from bark, administered by the intraperitoneal route in mice, was evaluated by different tests: spontaneous motor activity, hole-board, motor coordination, pentobarbital induced hypnosis, and rectal temperature. Analgesic activity was evaluated using a hot plate test. Phytochemical analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using reversed-phase and gradient of elution. The hydroalcoholic extract (dose 0.5 g dry plant/kg weigh) administration caused an important reduction of the head-dipping response in the hole board test. A decrease in spontaneous motor activity test and a disturbance of motor coordination in the rotarod test was observed. The hydroalcoholic extract produced a significant prolongation of pentobarbital induced sleeping time. This extract prevented hot plate test induced nociception. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B12. Therefore, this study revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract of B. crassifolia possesses analgesic and sedative CNS activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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22 pages, 3808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LC-HR/MS Analysis of Lipophilic Extracts from Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. Organs: An Unexplored Source in Cosmeceuticals

by Claudia Gravina, Marika Fiorentino, Marialuisa Formato, Maria Tommasina Pecoraro, Simona Piccolella, Adriano Stinca, Severina Pacifico and Assunta Esposito

Molecules 2022, 27(24), 8905; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248905 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2244

Abstract

As part of a project aimed at promoting the use of Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. (field marigold, Asteraceae) phytocomplexes in cosmeceutical formulations, the chemical composition in apolar specialized metabolites is herein elucidated. Furthermore, the screening of the cytotoxicity of the apolar extracts was [...] Read more.

As part of a project aimed at promoting the use of Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. (field marigold, Asteraceae) phytocomplexes in cosmeceutical formulations, the chemical composition in apolar specialized metabolites is herein elucidated. Furthermore, the screening of the cytotoxicity of the apolar extracts was evaluated in order to underline their safety as functional ingredients for cosmetics. After dissection of Calendula organs (florets, fruits, leaves, bracts, stems, and roots), ultrasound-assisted maceration in n-hexane as an extracting solvent allowed us to obtain oil-like mixtures, whose chemical composition has been highlighted through a UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS approach. Twenty-nine metabolites were tentatively identified; different compounds, among which the well-known poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and oxylipins and phosphatides were detected for the first time in Calendula genus. The screening of the dose-response cytotoxicity of the apolar extracts of C. arvensis highlighted the concentration of 10 μg/mL as the most suitable for the formulation of cosmeceutical preparations. Sera enriched with leaf and fruit apolar extracts turned out to have the best activity, suggesting it can be used as a new source in skin care thanks to their higher content in fatty acids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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17 pages, 1778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Investigation and Chemical Study of Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis (Brassicaeae) Leaves

by Giuseppe Antonio Malfa, Marinella De Leo, Rosa Tundis, Alessandra Braca, Monica Rosa Loizzo, Claudia Di Giacomo, Francesco Maria Raimondo, Anahi Elena Ada Bucchini and Rosaria Acquaviva

Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8447; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238447 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2126

Abstract

Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis (Caruel) Raimondo & Mazzola, belonging to the Brassica oleracea complex, is a wild edible plant endemic to western Sicily and a relative of modern cultivated Brassica crops. In this study, the antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory activities, enzymatic inhibition, and cytotoxicity [...] Read more.

Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis (Caruel) Raimondo & Mazzola, belonging to the Brassica oleracea complex, is a wild edible plant endemic to western Sicily and a relative of modern cultivated Brassica crops. In this study, the antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory activities, enzymatic inhibition, and cytotoxicity in cancer cells of B. villosa subsp. drepanensis leaf ethanolic extract were analysed for the first time. In addition, its chemical profile was investigated partitioning the total 70% ethanol extract among ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water to obtain three residues that were subjected to chromatographic separation. Two flavonol glycosides, a phenol glucoside, two amino acids, and purine/pyrimidine bases were obtained. The presence of the glucosinolate glucoiberin was detected in the water extract by UHPLC-MS analysis. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the 70% ethanol extract showed good antioxidant capacities and anti-inflammatory properties by reducing nitric oxide release and reactive oxygen species levels and increasing glutathione in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The extract inhibited the enzymatic activity of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and, significantly, of lipase. The MTT assay showed that the extract did not affect the viability of normal HFF-1 and RAW 264.7 cells. Among the cancer cell lines tested, an antiproliferative action was only observed in CaCo-2. The cytotoxicity of the extract was further confirmed by LDH release assay and by the destabilization of the oxidative balance. Results confirmed the antioxidant properties of the crude extract responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect on healthy cells and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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18 pages, 3889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chantriolides F–P, Highly Oxidized Withanolides with Hepatoprotective Activity from Tacca chantrieri

by Yue Yang, Fei Zhou, Min Wang, Mukhammadrizo Turanazarov, Xiao-Rong Wang, Changqiang Ke, Sheng Yao, Ligen Lin, Chunping Tang and Yang Ye

Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8197; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238197 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1678

Abstract

Eleven highly oxidized withanolides, chantriolides F–P (1–11), together with six known analogues (12–17), were isolated from the rhizomes of Tacca chantrieri. Their structures were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis and [...] Read more.

Eleven highly oxidized withanolides, chantriolides F–P (1–11), together with six known analogues (12–17), were isolated from the rhizomes of Tacca chantrieri. Their structures were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with published NMR data, and their absolute configurations were further confirmed by experimental ECD data and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structures of compounds 5–8 contained a chlorine atom substituted at C-3. Compounds 1 and 12 are a pair of epimers isomerized at C-24 and C-25, while compounds 9 and 16 are isomerized at C-1, C-7, C-24, and C-25. Next, the hepatoprotective effect of all the isolates was evaluated on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-injured AML12 hepatocytes. Compounds 5–11 and 16 significantly enhanced cell viability. Compound 8 decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation and increased glutathione level in t-BHP injured AML12 hepatocytes through promoting nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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14 pages, 2441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable–Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Hyssopus officinalis and Calendula officinalis Extracts and Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

by Aiste Balciunaitiene, Viktorija Puzeryte, Vitalijs Radenkovs, Inta Krasnova, Patrick B. Memvanga, Pranas Viskelis, Paulina Streimikyte and Jonas Viskelis

Molecules 2022, 27(22), 7700; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227700 - 9 Nov 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using aqueous medical plant extracts as reducing and capping agents show multiple applicability for bacterial problems. The aim of this study was to expand the boundaries on AgNPs using a novel, low-toxicity, and cost-effective alternative and green approach to [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using aqueous medical plant extracts as reducing and capping agents show multiple applicability for bacterial problems. The aim of this study was to expand the boundaries on AgNPs using a novel, low-toxicity, and cost-effective alternative and green approach to the biosynthesis of metallic NPs using Calendula officinalis (Calendula) and Hyssopus officinalis (Hyssopus) aqueous extracts. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The effectiveness of biosynthesized AgNPs in quenching free radicals and inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms was supported by in vitro antioxidant activity assay methods and using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test, respectively. The elucidated antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of medical plant extracts were compared with data from the engineered biosynthetic AgNPs. The antimicrobial effect of engineered AgNPs against selected test cultures was found to be substantially stronger than for plant extracts used for their synthesis. The analysis of AgNPs by TEM revealed the presence of spherical-shaped nano-objects. The size distribution of AgNPs was found to be plant-type-dependent. The smaller AgNPs were obtained with Hyssopus extract (with a size range of 16.8 ± 5.8 nm compared to 35.7 ± 4.8 nm from Calendula AgNPs). The AgNPs’ presumably inherited biological functions of Hyssopus and Calendula medical plants can provide a platform to combat pathogenic bacteria in the era of multi-drug resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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21 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential of Low Cost Agro-Industrial Wastes as a Natural Antioxidant on Carcinogenic Acrylamide Formation in Potato Fried Chips

by Adel Abdelrazek Abdelazim Mohdaly, Mohamed H. H. Roby, Seham Ahmed Rabea Sultan, Eberhard Groß and Iryna Smetanska

Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7516; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217516 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1978

Abstract

Acrylamide is classified as a toxic and a prospective carcinogen to humans, and it is formed during thermal process via Maillard reaction. In order to find innovative ways to diminish acrylamide formation in potato chips, several extracts of agricultural wastes including potato peels, [...] Read more.

Acrylamide is classified as a toxic and a prospective carcinogen to humans, and it is formed during thermal process via Maillard reaction. In order to find innovative ways to diminish acrylamide formation in potato chips, several extracts of agricultural wastes including potato peels, olive leaves, lemon peels and pomegranate peels extracts were examined as a soaking pre-treatment before frying step. Total phenolic, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and the reduction in sugar and asparagine contents were additionally performed. Proximate composition of these wastes was found to be markedly higher in fat, carbohydrate and ash contents. Lemon peels and potato peels showed almost similar phenolic content (162 ± 0.93 and 157 ± 0.88 mg GAE /g, respectively) and exhibited strong ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities than the other wastes. The reduction percentage of reducing sugars and asparagine after soaking treatment ranged from 28.70 to 39.57% and from 22.71 to 29.55%, respectively. HPLC results showed higher level of acrylamide formation in control sample (104.94 mg/kg) and by using the wastes extracts of lemon peels, potato peels, olive leaves, and pomegranate peels succeeded to mitigate acrylamide level by 86.11%, 69.66%, 34.03%, and 11.08%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the soaking of potato slices in the tested wastes extracts as antioxidant as pre-treatment before frying reduces the formation of acrylamide and in this way, the risks connected to acrylamide consumption could be regulated and managed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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15 pages, 2670 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Essential Oil Microemulsions Inactivate Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria on Iceberg Lettuce during 28-Day Storage at 4 °C

by Stephanie Arellano, Libin Zhu, Govindaraj Dev Kumar, Bibiana Law, Mendel Friedman and Sadhana Ravishankar

Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6699; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196699 - 8 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1818

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activities of essential oil-based microemulsions in the wash water against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas fluorescens on Iceberg lettuce. Evaluated wash microemulsions included oregano oil, lemongrass oil, and cinnamon oil, along with a [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activities of essential oil-based microemulsions in the wash water against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas fluorescens on Iceberg lettuce. Evaluated wash microemulsions included oregano oil, lemongrass oil, and cinnamon oil, along with a plant-based emulsifier for improved solubility. Iceberg lettuce was inoculated for 2 min with E. coli O157:H7 (6.0 log CFU/g) or P. fluorescens (6.0 log CFU/g) and then dip-treated in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control, 50 ppm chlorine, 3% hydrogen peroxide treatment or a 0.1%, 0.3%, or 0.5% microemulsion solution. Treated leaves were stored at 4 °C, and analyzed for surviving bacteria on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28. Efficacies of the antimicrobials were concentration and storage-time dependent. There was a 1.26–4.86 log CFU/g reduction in E. coli O157:H7 and significant reductions (0.32–2.35 log CFU/g) in P. fluorescens during storage at days 0–28 (p < 0.05). The 0.1% oregano oil microemulsion resulted in the best visual appeal in Iceberg leaves inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and showed better improvement in the quality of the Iceberg leaves inoculated with spoilage bacteria P. fluorescens. The results suggest that 0.5% cinnamon and 0.3% oregano oil treatments have the potential to provide natural, eco-friendly, and effective alternatives to chemicals for the decontamination of leafy greens, eliminating E. coli O157:H7 and P. fluorescens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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14 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Anti-Inflammatory Constituents of the Subaerial Parts of Cyperus articulatus (Cyperaceae)

by Domenic Mittas, Monizi Mawunu, Giorgia Magliocca, Thea Lautenschläger, Stefan Schwaiger, Hermann Stuppner and Stefania Marzocco

Molecules 2022, 27(18), 5937; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185937 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2064

Abstract

Based on data from a previous ethnobotanical study in northern Angola, phytochemical investigations into the methanolic rhizomes and roots extract of Cyperus articulatus, monitored by in vitro assays, resulted in the recovery of 12 sesquiterpenes, 3 stilbenes, 2 phenolic acids, 1 [...] Read more.

Based on data from a previous ethnobotanical study in northern Angola, phytochemical investigations into the methanolic rhizomes and roots extract of Cyperus articulatus, monitored by in vitro assays, resulted in the recovery of 12 sesquiterpenes, 3 stilbenes, 2 phenolic acids, 1 monoterpene, and 1 flavonoid. Among them, 14 compounds were isolated for the first time from this species. Their inhibitory potential against nitric oxide (NO) production, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, was evaluated in LPS-treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. Especially, both stilbene dimer trans-scirpusin B and trimer cyperusphenol B showed promising inhibitory activity against the production of the inflammatory mediator, NO, in a concentration-dependent manner (10–1 µM). The obtained data are the first results confirming the anti-inflammatory potential of C. articulatus and support its indigenous use as a traditional remedy against inflammation-related disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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30 pages, 3391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fragaria × ananassa cv. Senga Sengana Leaf: An Agricultural Waste with Antiglycation Potential and High Content of Ellagitannins, Flavonols, and 2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic Acid

by Izabela Fecka, Katarzyna Bednarska and Maciej Włodarczyk

Molecules 2022, 27(16), 5293; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165293 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2473

Abstract

Strawberry leaves are considered a valuable waste material; so far, mainly due to their antioxidant properties. Since the annual production of this crop is high, our study aimed to thoroughly examine the chemical composition and antidiabetes-related bioactivity of Fragaria × ananassa leaf of [...] Read more.

Strawberry leaves are considered a valuable waste material; so far, mainly due to their antioxidant properties. Since the annual production of this crop is high, our study aimed to thoroughly examine the chemical composition and antidiabetes-related bioactivity of Fragaria × ananassa leaf of its popular and productive cultivar Senga Sengana. Leaves from three different seasons, collected after fruiting, were extensively analyzed (UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS, HPLC-DAD). Some individual components were isolated and quantified, including specific flavonol diglycosides (e.g., 3-O-[β-xylosyl(1‴→2″)]-β-glucuronosides). The separated quercetin glycosides were tested in an antiglycation assay, and their methylglyoxal uptake capacity was measured. In addition, the biodegradable polyester precursor 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) was confirmed at relatively high levels, providing further opportunity for strawberry leaf utilization. We want to bring to the attention of the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries the Senga Sengana strawberry leaf as a new botanical raw material. It is rich in PDC, ellagitannins, and flavonols—potent glycation inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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14 pages, 3064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Action of Mangifera indica Leaf Extract on Acne-Prone Skin through Sebum Harmonization and Targeting C. acnes

by Morgane De Tollenaere, Cloé Boira, Emilie Chapuis, Laura Lapierre, Cyrille Jarrin, Patrick Robe, Catherine Zanchetta, David Vilanova, Bénédicte Sennelier-Portet, Jessy Martinez, Amandine Scandolera, Daniel Auriol and Romain Reynaud

Molecules 2022, 27(15), 4769; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154769 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3582

Abstract

(1) Background: Preclinical studies report that the ethanolic fraction from Mangifera indica leaves is a potential anti-acne agent. Nevertheless, the biological activity of Mangifera indica leaves has scarcely been investigated, and additional data are needed, especially in a clinical setting, for establishing [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Preclinical studies report that the ethanolic fraction from Mangifera indica leaves is a potential anti-acne agent. Nevertheless, the biological activity of Mangifera indica leaves has scarcely been investigated, and additional data are needed, especially in a clinical setting, for establishing the actual effectiveness of Mangifera indica extract as an active component of anti-acne therapy. (2) Methods: The evaluation of the biological activity of Mangifera indica extract was carried out through different experimental phases, which comprised in silico, in vitro, ex vivo and clinical evaluations. (3) Results: In silico and in vitro studies allowed us to identify the phytomarkers carrying the activity of seboregulation and acne management. Results showed that Mangifera indica extract reduced lipid production by 40% in sebocytes, and an improvement of the sebum quality was reported after the treatment in analyses performed on sebaceous glands from skin explants. The evaluation of the sebum quantity and quality using triglyceride/free fatty acid analysis conducted on Caucasian volunteers evidenced a strong improvement and a reduction of porphyrins expression. The C. acnes lipase activity from a severe acne phylotype was evaluated in the presence of Mangifera indica, and a reduction by 29% was reported. In addition, the analysis of the skin microbiota documented that Mangifera indica protected the microbiota equilibrium while the placebo induced dysbiosis. (4) Conclusions: Our results showed that Mangifera indica is microbiota friendly and efficient against lipase activity of C. acnes and supports a role for Mangifera indica in the therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of acne. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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14 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Paulownia Leaves Extract Levels on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation, Microbial Population, Methane Production, and Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation

by Bogumiła Nowak, Barbara Moniuszko-Szajwaj, Maria Skorupka, Julia Puchalska, Martyna Kozłowska, Jan Bocianowski, Paweł Antoni Kołodziejski, Małgorzata Szumacher-Strabel, Amlan Kumar Patra, Anna Stochmal and Adam Cieslak

Molecules 2022, 27(13), 4288; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134288 - 3 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2358

Abstract

Paulownia is a fast-growing tree that produces a huge mass of leaves as waste that can be used as a feed source for ruminants. The previous study showed that phenolic compounds were the most active biological substances in Paulownia leaves, which affected the [...] Read more.

Paulownia is a fast-growing tree that produces a huge mass of leaves as waste that can be used as a feed source for ruminants. The previous study showed that phenolic compounds were the most active biological substances in Paulownia leaves, which affected the ruminal parameters and methane concentration. However, there are no scientific reports on the Paulownia leaves extract (PLE) containing phenolic compounds for their mode of action in the rumen. Phenolics constituted the main group of bioactive compounds in PLE (84.4 mg/g dry matter). PLE lowered the concentration of ammonia, modulated the VFA profile in the ruminal fluid, and decreased methane production. The PLE caused a significant reduction of in vitro dry matter degradability, reduced the number of methanogens and protozoa, and affected selected bacteria populations. PLE had a promising effect on the fatty acid profile in the ruminal fluid. Paulownia as a new dietary component or its extract as a feed additive may be used to mitigate ruminal methanogenesis, resulting in environmental protection and reducing ruminal biohydrogenation, improving milk and meat quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

15 pages, 2070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Proteinaceous Alpha-Amylase Inhibitor from Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract: Purification, Characterization, and Insecticide Effects against C. maculates Insect Larvae

by Aida Karray, Mona Alonazi, Raida Jallouli, Humidah Alanazi and Abir Ben Bacha

Molecules 2022, 27(13), 4222; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134222 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2414

Abstract

The main objective of the current study was the extraction, purification, and enzymatic characterization of a potent proteinaceous amylase inhibitor from Moringa oleifera. The antimicrobial potential and insecticide effects against C. maculates insect larvae were also studied. The α-amylase inhibitor was extracted [...] Read more.

The main objective of the current study was the extraction, purification, and enzymatic characterization of a potent proteinaceous amylase inhibitor from Moringa oleifera. The antimicrobial potential and insecticide effects against C. maculates insect larvae were also studied. The α-amylase inhibitor was extracted in methanol (with an inhibitory activity of 65.6% ± 4.93). Afterwards, the inhibitor αAI.Mol was purified after a heat treatment at 70 °C for 15 min followed by one chromatographic step of Sephadex G-50. An apparent molecular weight of 25 kDa was analyzed, and the N-terminal sequence showed the highest identity level (89%) with the monomeric α-amylase inhibitor from Triticum dicoccoides. αAI.Mol was found to tolerate pH values ranging from 5.0 to 11.0 and showed maximal activity at pH 9.0. Thermal stability was remarkably important, since the inhibitory activity was maintained at 55% after 1 h of incubation at 70 °C and at 53% after an incubation of 45 min at 80 °C. The potency of the current purified inhibitor against amylases from different origins indicates that αAI.Mol seems to possess the highest affinity toward human salivary α-amylase (90% inhibitory activity), followed by the α-amylase of insects Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium confusum (71% and 61%, respectively). The kinetic parameters were also calculated, and the K_max and V_max of the digestive amylase were estimated at 185 (mmol/min/mg) and 0.13 mM, respectively. The inhibitor possesses a strong bactericidal effect against Gram+ and Gram- strains, and the MIC values were >1 against B. cereus but >6 against E. coli. Interestingly, the rates of survival and pupation of C. maculates insect larvae were remarkably affected by the purified αAI.Mol from Moringa oleifera. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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14 pages, 2511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum Root and Rhizome Block the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 Wild-Type and Omicron Pseudotyped Viruses via Inhibition of the S-Protein and 3CL Protease

by Shengying Lin, Xiaoyang Wang, Roy Wai-Lun Tang, Hung Chun Lee, Ho Hin Chan, Sheyne S. A. Choi, Tina Ting-Xia Dong, Ka Wing Leung, Sarah E. Webb, Andrew L. Miller and Karl Wah-Keung Tsim

Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3806; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123806 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2731

Abstract

COVID-19, resulting from infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, caused a contagious pandemic. Even with the current vaccines, there is still an urgent need to develop effective pharmacological treatments against this deadly disease. Here, we show that the water and ethanol extracts of the [...] Read more.

COVID-19, resulting from infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, caused a contagious pandemic. Even with the current vaccines, there is still an urgent need to develop effective pharmacological treatments against this deadly disease. Here, we show that the water and ethanol extracts of the root and rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix), a common Chinese herbal medicine, blocked the entry of wild-type and the omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus into fibroblasts or zebrafish larvae, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.015 to 0.04 mg/mL. The extracts were shown to inhibit various aspects of the pseudovirus entry, including the interaction between the spike protein (S-protein) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor, and the 3CL protease activity. Out of the chemical compounds tested in this report, gallic acid, a phytochemical in P. cuspidatum, was shown to have a significant anti-viral effect. Therefore, this might be responsible, at least in part, for the anti-viral efficacy of the herbal extract. Together, our data suggest that the extracts of P. cuspidatum inhibit the entry of wild-type and the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, and so they could be considered as potent treatments against COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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19 pages, 2323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomic Approach for Rapid Identification of Antioxidants in Clinacanthus nutans Leaves with Liver Protective Potential

by Kai Song Ng, Sheri-Ann Tan, Chui Yin Bok, Khye Er Loh, Intan Safinar Ismail, Chen Son Yue and Chui Fung Loke

Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3650; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123650 - 7 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2839

Abstract

Antioxidants are currently utilized to prevent the occurrence of liver cancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Clinacanthus nutans possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that could be an ideal therapy for liver problems. The objective of this study is to determine the [...] Read more.

Antioxidants are currently utilized to prevent the occurrence of liver cancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Clinacanthus nutans possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that could be an ideal therapy for liver problems. The objective of this study is to determine the potential antioxidative compounds from the C. nutans leaves (CNL) and stems (CNS). Chemical- and cell-based antioxidative assays were utilized to evaluate the bioactivities of CNS and CNL. The NMR metabolomics approach assisted in the identification of contributing phytocompounds. Based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, CNL demonstrated stronger radical scavenging potential as compared to CNS. The leaf extract also recorded slightly higher reducing power properties. A HepG2 cell model system was used to investigate the ROS reduction potential of these extracts. It was shown that cells treated with CNL and CNS reduced innate ROS levels as compared to untreated controls. Interestingly, cells pre-treated with both extracts were also able to decrease ROS levels in cells induced with oxidative stress. CNL was again the better antioxidant. According to multivariate data analysis of the ¹H NMR results, the main metabolites postulated to contribute to the antioxidant and hepatoprotective abilities of leaves were clinacoside B, clinacoside C and isoschaftoside, which warrants further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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17 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Standardised Leaf Extracts of Gaultheria procumbens on Multiple Oxidants, Inflammation-Related Enzymes, and Pro-Oxidant and Pro-Inflammatory Functions of Human Neutrophils

by Piotr Michel, Sebastian Granica, Karolina Rosińska, Małgorzata Glige, Jarosław Rojek, Łukasz Poraj and Monika Anna Olszewska

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3357; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103357 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2589

Abstract

The leaves of Gaultheria procumbens are polyphenol-rich traditional medicines used to treat inflammation-related diseases. The present study aimed to optimise the solvent for the effective recovery of active leaf components through simple direct extraction and verify the biological effects of the selected extract [...] Read more.

The leaves of Gaultheria procumbens are polyphenol-rich traditional medicines used to treat inflammation-related diseases. The present study aimed to optimise the solvent for the effective recovery of active leaf components through simple direct extraction and verify the biological effects of the selected extract in a model of human neutrophils ex vivo. The extracts were comprehensively standardised, and forty-one individual polyphenols, representing salicylates, catechins, procyanidins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, were identified by UHPLC–PDA–ESI–MS³. The chosen methanol–water (75:25, v/v) extract (ME) was obtained with the highest extraction yield and total phenolic levels (397.9 mg/g extract’s dw), including 98.9 mg/g salicylates and 299.0 mg/g non-salicylate polyphenols. In biological tests, ME revealed a significant and dose-dependent ability to modulate pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory functions of human neutrophils: it strongly reduced the ROS level and downregulated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue remodelling enzymes, especially IL-1β and elastase 2, in cells stimulated by fMLP, LPS, or fMLP + cytochalasin B. The extracts were also potent direct scavengers of in vivo relevant oxidants (O₂^•−, ^•OH, and H₂O₂) and inhibitors of pro-inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2, hyaluronidase, and lipoxygenase). The statistically significant correlations between the tested variables revealed the synergic contribution of individual polyphenols to the observed effects and indicated them as useful active markers for the standardisation of the extract/plant material. Moreover, the safety of ME was confirmed in cytotoxicity tests. The obtained results might partially explain the ethnomedicinal application of G. procumbens leaves and support the usage of the standardised leaf extract in the adjuvant treatment of oxidative stress and inflammation-related chronic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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14 pages, 3594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Effects of Commiphora gileadensis Methanolic Extract on Wound Healing

by Ayman Alhazmi, Abdullah F. Aldairi, Ahmad Alghamdi, Anas Alomery, Abdulrahman Mujalli, Ahmad A. Obaid, Wesam F. Farrash, Mamdouh Allahyani, Ibrahim Halawani, Abdulelah Aljuaid, Sarah A. Alharbi, Mazen Almehmadi, Moodi S. Alharbi, Anmar A. Khan, Maisam A. Jastaniah and Abdulrhman Alghamdi

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3320; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103320 - 21 May 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3644

Abstract

Commiphora gileadensis (CG) is a small tree distributed throughout the Middle East. It was traditionally used in perfumes in countries in this area. In Saudi Arabia, it was used to treat wounds burns and as an antidote to scorpion stings. This [...] Read more.

Commiphora gileadensis (CG) is a small tree distributed throughout the Middle East. It was traditionally used in perfumes in countries in this area. In Saudi Arabia, it was used to treat wounds burns and as an antidote to scorpion stings. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and cutaneous wound healing efficiency of the CG extracts using microbiological tests, rate of wound contraction and histopathological changes. CG plant were extracted using the methanol extraction technique; then, the methanolic extract was characterized using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Afterwards, a six-millimetre (mm) excision wound was induced in 60 male Balb/c mice. Mice were classified into two classes; each class consisted of three groups of 10 mice. In the non-infected wound class, the group I was assigned as control and received normal saline. Group II received gentamicin treatment, and group III treated with CG-methanolic extract. In the Staphylococcus aureus-infected class, group IV received normal saline, and groups V and VI were treated with gentamicin and CG-methanolic extract, respectively. The colonization of infected wounds was determined using colony-forming units (CFUs), and the percentage of wound contraction was measured in all groups. Finally, the histopathologic semi-quantitative determination of wound healing was evaluated by inflammatory cell infiltration, the presence of collagen fibres and granulation tissue, and the grade of re-epithelization. Composition analysis of the methanolic extract confirmed the presence of a high amount of ceramide (69%) and, to a lesser extent, hexosylceramide (18%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (7%) of the total amount. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between the percentage of wound contraction in the CG-treated and control groups in both Staphylococcus aureus-infected and non-infected wounds (p < 0.01). The colonization of the infected wounds was lower in the group treated with CG than in the control group (p < 0.01). In both non-infected and infected wounds, the CG-treated group showed significant statistical differences in inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen fibres, re-epithelization and granulation tissue formation compared with the control group (p < 0.01). The CG extract possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that induce wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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21 pages, 7729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenols and Maillard Reaction Products in Dried Prunus spinosa Fruits: Quality Aspects and Contribution to Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity in Human Immune Cells Ex Vivo

by Anna Magiera, Monika Ewa Czerwińska, Aleksandra Owczarek, Anna Marchelak, Sebastian Granica and Monika Anna Olszewska

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3302; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103302 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3242

Abstract

Dried Prunus spinosa fruits (sloes) are folk phytotherapeutics applied to treat chronic inflammatory disorders. However, their pharmacological potential, activity vectors, and drying-related changes in bioactive components remain unexplored. Therefore, the present research aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of dried sloes [...] Read more.

Dried Prunus spinosa fruits (sloes) are folk phytotherapeutics applied to treat chronic inflammatory disorders. However, their pharmacological potential, activity vectors, and drying-related changes in bioactive components remain unexplored. Therefore, the present research aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of dried sloes in ex vivo models of human neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) and establish their main active components. It was revealed that the fruit extracts significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the respiratory burst, downregulated the production of elastase (ELA-2) and TNF-α, and upregulated the IL-10 secretion by immune cells under pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant stimulation. The slightly reduced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion was also observed. The structural identification of active compounds, including 45 phenolics and three Maillard reaction products (MRPs) which were formed during drying, was performed by an integrated approach combining LC-MS/MS, preparative HPLC isolation, and NMR studies. The cellular tests of four isolated model compounds (chlorogenic acid, quercetin, procyanidin B2, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), supported by statistical correlation studies, revealed a significant polyphenolic contribution and a slight impact of MRPs on the extracts’ effects. Moreover, a substantial synergy was observed for phenolic acids, flavonoids, condensed proanthocyanidins, and MPRs. These results might support the phytotherapeutic use of dried P. spinosa fruits to relieve inflammation and establish the quality control procedure for the extracts prepared thereof. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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19 pages, 1719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Inhibitory Effects of Viburnum opulus Bark and Flower Extracts on Digestion of Potato Starch and Carbohydrate Hydrolases Activity

by Dominika Kajszczak, Agnieszka Kowalska-Baron, Dorota Sosnowska and Anna Podsędek

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3118; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103118 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

One of the effective treatments for diabetes is to reduce and delay the absorption of glucose by inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in the digestive tract. Currently, there is a great interest in natural inhibitors from various part of plants. In the present [...] Read more.

One of the effective treatments for diabetes is to reduce and delay the absorption of glucose by inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in the digestive tract. Currently, there is a great interest in natural inhibitors from various part of plants. In the present study, the phenolic compounds composition of V. opulus bark and flower, and their inhibitory effects on in vitro potato starch digestion as well as on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, have been studied. Bark and flower phenolic extracts reduced the amount of glucose released from potato starch during tree-stage simulated digestion, with IC₅₀ value equal to 87.77 µg/mL and 148.87 µg/mL, respectively. Phenolic bark extract showed 34.9% and 38.4% more potent inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively, but the activity of plant extracts was lower than that of acarbose. Chlorogenic acid (27.26% of total phenolics) and (+)-catechin (30.48% of total phenolics) were the most prominent phenolics in the flower and bark extracts, respectively. Procyanidins may be responsible for the strongest V. opulus bark inhibitory activity against α-amylase, while (+)-catechin relative to α-glucosidase. This preliminary study provides the basis of further examination of the suitability of V. opulus bark compounds as components of nutraceuticals and functional foods with antidiabetic activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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16 pages, 3907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activity of Propolis Nanoparticles against HSV-2: Promising Approach to Inhibiting Infection and Replication

by Sirikwan Sangboonruang, Natthawat Semakul, Sanonthinee Sookkree, Jiraporn Kantapan, Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong, Woottichai Khamduang, Natedao Kongyai and Khajornsak Tragoolpua

Molecules 2022, 27(8), 2560; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082560 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2552

Abstract

Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infection causes a significant life-long disease. Long-term side effects of antiviral drugs can lead to the emergence of drug resistance. Thus, propolis, a natural product derived from beehives, has been proposed to prevent or treat HSV-2 infections. Unfortunately, [...] Read more.

Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infection causes a significant life-long disease. Long-term side effects of antiviral drugs can lead to the emergence of drug resistance. Thus, propolis, a natural product derived from beehives, has been proposed to prevent or treat HSV-2 infections. Unfortunately, therapeutic applications of propolis are still limited due its poor solubility. To overcome this, a nanoparticle-based drug delivery system was employed. An ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was encapsulated in nanoparticles composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and chitosan using a modified oil-in-water single emulsion by using the solvent evaporation method. The produced nanoparticles (EEP-NPs) had a spherical shape with a size of ~450 nm and presented satisfactory physicochemical properties, including positively charged surface (38.05 ± 7.65 mV), high entrapment efficiency (79.89 ± 13.92%), and sustained release profile. Moreover, EEP-NPs were less cytotoxic on Vero cells and exhibited anti-HSV-2 activity. EEP-NPs had a direct effect on the inactivation of viral particles, and also disrupted the virion entry and release from the host cells. A significant decrease in the expression levels of the HSV-2 replication-related genes (ICP4, ICP27, and gB) was also observed. Our study suggests that EEP-NPs provide a strong anti-HSV-2 activity and serve as a promising platform for the treatment of HSV-2 infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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Review

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30 pages, 2880 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vaccinium Species (Ericaceae): Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants

by Gheorghe Adrian Martău, Teleky Bernadette-Emőke, Răzvan Odocheanu, Dacian Andrei Soporan, Mihai Bochiș, Elemer Simon and Dan Cristian Vodnar

Molecules 2023, 28(4), 1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041533 - 5 Feb 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4547

Abstract

The Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) genus consists of a globally widespread and diverse genus of around 4250 species, of which the most valuable is the Vaccinioidae subfamily. The current review focuses on the distribution, history, bioactive compounds, and health-related effects of three species: cranberry, [...] Read more.

The Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) genus consists of a globally widespread and diverse genus of around 4250 species, of which the most valuable is the Vaccinioidae subfamily. The current review focuses on the distribution, history, bioactive compounds, and health-related effects of three species: cranberry, blueberry, and huckleberry. Several studies highlight that the consumption of Vaccinium spp. presents numerous beneficial health-related outcomes, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects against diabetes, obesity, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disorders. These plants’ prevalence and commercial value have enhanced in the past several years; thus, the generated by-products have also increased. Consequently, the identified phenolic compounds found in the discarded leaves of these plants are also presented, and their impact on health and economic value is discussed. The main bioactive compounds identified in this genus belong to anthocyanins (cyanidin, malvidin, and delphinidin), flavonoids (quercetin, isoquercetin, and astragalin), phenolic acids (gallic, p-Coumaric, cinnamic, syringic, ferulic, and caffeic acids), and iridoids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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23 pages, 6512 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biological Properties of Latex, Aqueous Extracts and Bee Products of Euphorbia officinarum L.: A Short Review

by Oumaima Boutoub, Lahsen El Ghadraoui and Maria Graça Miguel

Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7200; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217200 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1930

Abstract

Euphorbia officinarum L. is a Moroccan endemic plant known as “Tikiout” and “Daghmus” that can also be found in Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Algeria. In the present review, “Euphorbia officinarum”, “metabolites” “hemisynthesis” were the keywords used for the research in the [...] Read more.

Euphorbia officinarum L. is a Moroccan endemic plant known as “Tikiout” and “Daghmus” that can also be found in Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Algeria. In the present review, “Euphorbia officinarum”, “metabolites” “hemisynthesis” were the keywords used for the research in the Web search engine Google Scholar and in the database Web of Science. Triterpenes, phytosterols and ingol diterpenes were isolated and identified in the latex of Moroccan E. officinarum. More than sixty triterpenes were obtained by hemisynthesis from natural triterpenes. Some of these derivatives had insecticidal and antimicrobial activity (phytopathogenic bacteria). The total phenol content and the antioxidant and anti-α-glucosidase activities were dependent on the time and temperature of extractions and also on the plant solvent ratio. The antioxidant activity of monofloral honey of E. officinarum origin was attributed to the phenol fraction (this fraction, previously isolated from honey samples, had better activity than the entire honey). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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17 pages, 2390 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemistry, Bioactivities of Metabolites, and Traditional Uses of Fagopyrum tataricum

by Ivan Kreft, Mateja Germ, Aleksandra Golob, Blanka Vombergar, Alena Vollmannová, Samo Kreft and Zlata Luthar

Molecules 2022, 27(20), 7101; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207101 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

In Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), the edible parts are mainly grain and sprouts. Tartary buckwheat contains protecting substances, which make it possible for plants to survive on high altitudes and under strong natural ultraviolet radiation. The diversity and high content of [...] Read more.

In Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), the edible parts are mainly grain and sprouts. Tartary buckwheat contains protecting substances, which make it possible for plants to survive on high altitudes and under strong natural ultraviolet radiation. The diversity and high content of phenolic substances are important for Tartary buckwheat to grow and reproduce under unfriendly environmental effects, diseases, and grazing. These substances are mainly flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, vitexin, catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate), phenolic acids, fagopyrins, and emodin. Synthesis of protecting substances depends on genetic layout and on the environmental conditions, mainly UV radiation and temperature. Flavonoids and their glycosides are among Tartary buckwheat plants bioactive metabolites. Flavonoids are compounds of special interest due to their antioxidant properties and potential in preventing tiredness, diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. During the processing and production of food items, Tartary buckwheat metabolites are subjected to molecular transformations. The main Tartary buckwheat traditional food products are bread, groats, and sprouts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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20 pages, 10682 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mentha: Nutritional and Health Attributes to Treat Various Ailments Including Cardiovascular Diseases

by Saddam Saqib, Fazal Ullah, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Younas, Asma Ayaz, Sajid Ali and Wajid Zaman

Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6728; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196728 - 9 Oct 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6895

Abstract

A poor diet, resulting in malnutrition, is a critical challenge that leads to a variety of metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Mentha species are famous as therapeutic herbs and have long served as herbal medicine. Recently, the demand for its [...] Read more.

A poor diet, resulting in malnutrition, is a critical challenge that leads to a variety of metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Mentha species are famous as therapeutic herbs and have long served as herbal medicine. Recently, the demand for its products, such as herbal drugs, medicines, and natural herbal formulations, has increased significantly. However, the available literature lacks a thorough overview of Mentha phytochemicals’ effects for reducing malnutritional risks against cardiovascular diseases. In this context, we aimed to review the recent advances of Mentha phytochemicals and future challenges for reducing malnutritional risks in cardiovascular patients. Current studies indicated that Mentha species phytochemicals possess unique antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant potential, which can be used as herbal medicine directly or indirectly (such as food ingredients) and are effective in controlling and curing cardiovascular diseases. The presence of aromatic and flavor compounds of Mentha species greatly enhance the nutritional values of the food. Further interdisciplinary investigations are pivotal to explore main volatile compounds, synergistic actions of phytochemicals, organoleptic effects, and stability of Mentha sp. phytochemicals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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67 pages, 2155 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Artemisia Species with High Biological Values as a Potential Source of Medicinal and Cosmetic Raw Materials

by Halina Ekiert, Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Agnieszka Rzepiela, Paweł Klin and Agnieszka Szopa

Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6427; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196427 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7441

Abstract

Artemisia species play a vital role in traditional and contemporary medicine. Among them, Artemisia abrotanum, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia annua, Artemisia dracunculus, and Artemisia vulgaris are the most popular. The chemical composition and bioactivity of these species have been extensively [...] Read more.

Artemisia species play a vital role in traditional and contemporary medicine. Among them, Artemisia abrotanum, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia annua, Artemisia dracunculus, and Artemisia vulgaris are the most popular. The chemical composition and bioactivity of these species have been extensively studied. Studies on these species have confirmed their traditional applications and documented new pharmacological directions and their valuable and potential applications in cosmetology. Artemisia ssp. primarily contain sesquiterpenoid lactones, coumarins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Essential oils obtained from these species are of great biological importance. Extracts from Artemisia ssp. have been scientifically proven to exhibit, among others, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antidepressant, cytotoxic, and digestion-stimulating activities. In addition, their application in cosmetic products is currently the subject of several studies. Essential oils or extracts from different parts of Artemisia ssp. have been characterized by antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. Products with Artemisia extracts, essential oils, or individual compounds can be used on skin, hair, and nails. Artemisia products are also used as ingredients in skincare cosmetics, such as creams, shampoos, essences, serums, masks, lotions, and tonics. This review focuses especially on elucidating the importance of the most popular/important species of the Artemisia genus in the cosmetic industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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58 pages, 14861 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pharmacologically Active Phytomolecules Isolated from Traditional Antidiabetic Plants and Their Therapeutic Role for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

by Prawej Ansari, Samia Akther, J. M. A. Hannan, Veronique Seidel, Nusrat Jahan Nujat and Yasser H. A. Abdel-Wahab

Molecules 2022, 27(13), 4278; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134278 - 3 Jul 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 6301

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic complication that affects people of all ages. The increased prevalence of diabetes worldwide has led to the development of several synthetic drugs to tackle this health problem. Such drugs, although effective as antihyperglycemic agents, are accompanied by various [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic complication that affects people of all ages. The increased prevalence of diabetes worldwide has led to the development of several synthetic drugs to tackle this health problem. Such drugs, although effective as antihyperglycemic agents, are accompanied by various side effects, costly, and inaccessible to the majority of people living in underdeveloped countries. Medicinal plants have been used traditionally throughout the ages to treat various ailments due to their availability and safe nature. Medicinal plants are a rich source of phytochemicals that possess several health benefits. As diabetes continues to become prevalent, health care practitioners are considering plant-based medicines as a potential source of antidiabetic drugs due to their high potency and fewer side effects. To better understand the mechanism of action of medicinal plants, their active phytoconstituents are being isolated and investigated thoroughly. In this review article, we have focused on pharmacologically active phytomolecules isolated from medicinal plants presenting antidiabetic activity and the role they play in the treatment and management of diabetes. These natural compounds may represent as good candidates for a novel therapeutic approach and/or effective and alternative therapies for diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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16 pages, 978 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Phytochemical Components of Clinacanthus nutans

by Wei-Yi Ong, Deron R. Herr, Grace Y. Sun and Teng-Nan Lin

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3607; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113607 - 4 Jun 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6142

Abstract

Recent studies on the ethnomedicinal use of Clinacanthus nutans suggest promising anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and antiviral properties for this plant. Extraction of the leaves with polar and nonpolar solvents has yielded many C-glycosyl flavones, including schaftoside, isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin. Aside from studies [...] Read more.

Recent studies on the ethnomedicinal use of Clinacanthus nutans suggest promising anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and antiviral properties for this plant. Extraction of the leaves with polar and nonpolar solvents has yielded many C-glycosyl flavones, including schaftoside, isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin. Aside from studies with different extracts, there is increasing interest to understand the properties of these components, especially regarding their ability to exert anti-inflammatory effects on cells and tissues. A major focus for this review is to obtain information on the effects of C. nutans extracts and its phytochemical components on inflammatory signaling pathways in the peripheral and central nervous system. Particular emphasis is placed on their role to target the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-kB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines, the antioxidant defense pathway involving nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1); and the phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) pathway linking to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of eicosanoids. The ability to provide a better understanding of the molecular targets and mechanism of action of C. nutans extracts and their phytochemical components should encourage future studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for better use of this herb to combat inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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20 pages, 1462 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemistry, Bioactivities and Traditional Uses of Michelia × alba

by Kian-Kai Cheng, Muhammad Helmi Nadri, Nor Zalina Othman, Siti Nor Azlina Abd Rashid, Ying-Chin Lim and Hong-Yeng Leong

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3450; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113450 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4245

Abstract

Michelia × alba (M. alba) is a flowering tree best known for its essential oil, which has long been used as a fragrance ingredient for perfume and cosmetics. In addition, the plant has been used in traditional medicine in Asia and [...] Read more.

Michelia × alba (M. alba) is a flowering tree best known for its essential oil, which has long been used as a fragrance ingredient for perfume and cosmetics. In addition, the plant has been used in traditional medicine in Asia and dates back hundreds of years. To date, there is a limited number of publications on the bioactivities of M. alba, which focused on its tyrosinase inhibition, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Nevertheless, M. alba may have additional unexplored bioactivities associated with its bioactive compounds such as linalool (72.8% in flower oil and 80.1% in leaf oil), α-terpineol (6.04% flower oil), phenylethyl alcohol (2.58% flower oil), β-pinene (2.39% flower oil), and geraniol (1.23% flower oil). Notably, these compounds have previously been reported to exhibit therapeutic activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-depression, anti-ulcer, anti-hypertriglyceridemia, and anti-hypertensive activities. In this review paper, we examine and discuss the scientific evidence on the phytochemistry, bioactivities, and traditional uses of M. alba. Here, we report a total of 168 M. alba biological compounds and highlight the therapeutic potential of its key bioactive compounds. This review may provide insights into the therapeutic potential of M. alba and its biologically active components for the prevention and treatment of diseases and management of human health and wellness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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36 pages, 1861 KiB

Open AccessReview

Selected Species of the Cucurbitaceae Family Used in Mexico for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

by Maira Huerta-Reyes, Rosario Tavera-Hernández, J. Javier Alvarado-Sansininea and Manuel Jiménez-Estrada

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3440; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113440 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4599

Abstract

In Mexico, Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious health problem, and although the current pharmacological treatments for DM such as insulin and oral hypoglycemics are available, the Mexican population continues to use medicinal plants in the treatment of DM. The antidiabetic properties of [...] Read more.

In Mexico, Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious health problem, and although the current pharmacological treatments for DM such as insulin and oral hypoglycemics are available, the Mexican population continues to use medicinal plants in the treatment of DM. The antidiabetic properties of the plant species that belong to the Cucurbitaceae family has already been recognized worldwide. Since Mexico is one of the most important centers of diversity of Cucurbitaceae, the present work contributes to the review of the most used species of Cucurbitaceae in the treatment of DM in Mexico. The reviewed species (Cucurbita ficifolia, C. maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo, Ibervillea sonorae, Sechium edule, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, and C. sativus) revealed that the antidiabetic effects exerted are effective in a number of mechanisms involved in the complex pathogenesis of DM: hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, protective effects on diverse organs and cells, as well as in the control of dyslipidemias; furthermore, the select species of the Cucurbitaceae family could also be essential components of diets for the control of DM in patients with the disease. Thus, the Cucurbitaceae species selected in the present work represent a source of antidiabetic agents that perhaps establish the bases for novel clinical treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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22 pages, 1031 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rediscovering the Therapeutic Potential of Agarwood in the Management of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

by Juman Mohammed Rasmi Alamil, Keshav Raj Paudel, Yinghan Chan, Dikaia Xenaki, Jithendra Panneerselvam, Sachin Kumar Singh, Monica Gulati, Niraj Kumar Jha, Deepak Kumar, Parteek Prasher, Gaurav Gupta, Raniya Malik, Brian George Oliver, Philip Michael Hansbro, Kamal Dua and Dinesh Kumar Chellappan

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27093038 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4932

Abstract

The inflammatory response is a central aspect of the human immune system that acts as a defense mechanism to protect the body against infections and injuries. A dysregulated inflammatory response is a major health concern, as it can disrupt homeostasis and lead to [...] Read more.

The inflammatory response is a central aspect of the human immune system that acts as a defense mechanism to protect the body against infections and injuries. A dysregulated inflammatory response is a major health concern, as it can disrupt homeostasis and lead to a plethora of chronic inflammatory conditions. These chronic inflammatory diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the need for them to be managed in the long term has become a crucial task to alleviate symptoms and improve patients’ overall quality of life. Although various synthetic anti-inflammatory agents have been developed to date, these medications are associated with several adverse effects that have led to poor therapeutic outcomes. The hunt for novel alternatives to modulate underlying chronic inflammatory processes has unveiled nature to be a plentiful source. One such example is agarwood, which is a valuable resinous wood from the trees of Aquilaria spp. Agarwood has been widely utilized for medicinal purposes since ancient times due to its ability to relieve pain, asthmatic symptoms, and arrest vomiting. In terms of inflammation, the major constituent of agarwood, agarwood oil, has been shown to possess multiple bioactive compounds that can regulate molecular mechanisms of chronic inflammation, thereby producing a multitude of pharmacological functions for treating various inflammatory disorders. As such, agarwood oil presents great potential to be developed as a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic to overcome the drawbacks of existing therapies and improve treatment outcomes. In this review, we have summarized the current literature on agarwood and its bioactive components and have highlighted the potential roles of agarwood oil in treating various chronic inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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