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Recent Advances in Porous Materials
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Recent Advances in Porous Materials

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 29661

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Xinhua Qi

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
Interests: synthesis of value-added chemicals and materials from lignocellulosic biomass; biomass-derived porous carbons for catalysis; adsorption and energy storage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Porous materials are a variety of materials that have a porous structure, large surface area, and rich porosity. They have attracted the interest of numerous researchers and have been widely used in many fields, such as catalysis, adsorption, energy storage, analysis, and drug delivery, due to their unique pore characteristics. With the development of techniques for material preparation, more and more porous materials have been developed, including molecular sieves, porous carbons, metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, porous metal oxide and porous composites, and so on. This Special Issue of Molecules on “Recent Advances in Porous Materials” is focused on the most recent advances and research works that have been conducted in the past few years for the production, characterization, and application of various porous materials. We welcome research works, review documents, or communications that cover new concepts, current challenges, and strategies on the synthesis of various porous materials and their applications in crosscutting areas.  

We encourage you to contribute to this scientific program by submitting your papers for this Special Issue in Molecules entitled “Recent Advances in Porous Materials”.

Prof. Dr. Xinhua Qi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Porous carbon
  • Adsorption
  • Catalysis
  • Supercapacitor
  • Biomass
  • Energy storage
  • Zeolite
  • Fuel cell
  • Molecular sieves
  • Metal–organic frameworks
  • Porous metal oxide
  • Mesoporous silicon
  • Macroporous resin
  • Aerogel
  • Separation
  • Porous composites
  • Covalent organic frameworks

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 3513 KiB  
Article
Mercury Adsorption and Oxidation Performance of an Iron-Based Oxygen Carrier during Coal Chemical Looping Process
by Guochao Hu, Shuju Zhao, Minggang Gao and Yongzhuo Liu
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2195; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102195 - 8 May 2024
Viewed by 116
Abstract
During chemical looping combustion (CLC) and chemical looping gasification (CLG) of coal, the release, migration, and speciation of mercury in coal are significantly influenced by oxygen-carrier materials; however, the underlying mechanism remains inadequately addressed. In this work, the effect of a typical iron-based [...] Read more.
During chemical looping combustion (CLC) and chemical looping gasification (CLG) of coal, the release, migration, and speciation of mercury in coal are significantly influenced by oxygen-carrier materials; however, the underlying mechanism remains inadequately addressed. In this work, the effect of a typical iron-based oxygen carrier on the release behavior of mercury from a bituminous coal and a lignite was investigated based on the Ontario-Hydro method. It is found that the effect of the iron-based oxygen carrier is attributed to three aspects: the enhanced release rate of mercury from coal, the adsorption of the released mercury, and the oxidization of gaseous Hg0 into Hg2+. With the increasing temperature, the adsorbance of mercury by the iron-based oxygen carrier decreases, while the oxidation of mercury enhances. Even at 900 °C, the adsorbance of mercury by the oxygen carrier remained at 0.1687 g/g, with a relative content of Hg2+ at 22.55%. Additionally, it was observed that iron-based oxygen carriers can physically absorb both Hg0 and Hg2+, while chemisorption refers to complex-compound formation between the iron-based oxygen carrier and mercury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Porous Materials)
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22 pages, 2789 KiB  
Article
About the Dominance of Mesopores in Physisorption in Amorphous Materials
by Christoph Strangfeld, Philipp Wiehle and Sarah Mandy Munsch
Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7190; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237190 - 27 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1557
Abstract
Amorphous, porous materials represent by far the largest proportion of natural and men-made materials. Their pore networks consists of a wide range of pore sizes, including meso- and macropores. Within such a pore network, material moisture plays a crucial role in almost all [...] Read more.
Amorphous, porous materials represent by far the largest proportion of natural and men-made materials. Their pore networks consists of a wide range of pore sizes, including meso- and macropores. Within such a pore network, material moisture plays a crucial role in almost all transport processes. In the hygroscopic range, the pores are partially saturated and liquid water is only located at the pore fringe due to physisorption. Therefore, material parameters such as porosity or median pore diameter are inadequate to predict material moisture and moisture transport. To quantify the spatial distribution of material moisture, Hillerborg’s adsorption theory is used to predict the water layer thickness for different pore geometries. This is done for all pore sizes, including those in the lower nanometre range. Based on this approach, it is shown that the material moisture is almost completely located in mesopores, although the pore network is highly dominated by macropores. Thus, mesopores are mainly responsible for the moisture storage capacity, while macropores determine the moisture transport capacity, of an amorphous material. Finally, an electrical analogical circuit is used as a model to predict the diffusion coefficient based on the pore-size distribution, including physisorption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Porous Materials)
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22 pages, 19639 KiB  
Article
Mesoporous Poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) Particles for Efficient and Selective Phosphate and Sulfate Removal
by Konstantin B. L. Borchert, Christine Steinbach, Berthold Reis, Niklas Gerlach, Philipp Zimmermann, Simona Schwarz and Dana Schwarz
Molecules 2021, 26(21), 6615; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216615 - 31 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
Due to the existence-threatening risk to aquatic life and entire ecosystems, the removal of oxyanions such as sulfate and phosphate from anthropogenic wastewaters, such as municipal effluents and acid mine drainage, is inevitable. Furthermore, phosphorus is an indispensable resource for worldwide plant fertilization, [...] Read more.
Due to the existence-threatening risk to aquatic life and entire ecosystems, the removal of oxyanions such as sulfate and phosphate from anthropogenic wastewaters, such as municipal effluents and acid mine drainage, is inevitable. Furthermore, phosphorus is an indispensable resource for worldwide plant fertilization, which cannot be replaced by any other substance. This raises phosphate to one of the most important mineral resources worldwide. Thus, efficient recovery of phosphate is essential for ecosystems and the economy. To face the harsh acidic conditions, such as for acid mine drainage, an adsorber material with a high chemical resistivity is beneficial. Poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) (PMF) sustains these conditions whilst its very high amount of nitrogen functionalities (up to 53.7 wt.%) act as efficient adsorption sides. To increase adsorption capacities, PMF was synthesized in the form of mesoporous particles using a hard-templating approach yielding specific surface areas up to 409 m2/g. Different amounts of silica nanospheres were utilized as template and evaluated for the adsorption of sulfate and phosphate ions. The adsorption isotherms were validated by the Langmuir model. Due to their properties, the PMF particles possessed outperforming maximum adsorption capacities of 341 and 251 mg/g for phosphate and sulfate, respectively. Furthermore, selective adsorption of sulfate from mixed solutions of phosphate and sulfate was found for silica/PMF hybrid particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Porous Materials)
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16 pages, 7688 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Electrical Properties of Polyacrylonitrile Based Porous Carbon by Different Activation Methods
by Xiaoqiang Wang, Yifan Tan, Meijiao Sun, Binbin Yu, Junhe Yang, Yuhua Xue and Guangzhi Yang
Molecules 2021, 26(12), 3499; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123499 - 8 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1989
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based porous carbon was prepared by different methods of activation with PAN polymer microsphere as precursor. The morphology, structure and electrical properties for supercapacitor of the porous carbon were investigated. It was found that the morphology of PAN nanospheres tended to be [...] Read more.
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based porous carbon was prepared by different methods of activation with PAN polymer microsphere as precursor. The morphology, structure and electrical properties for supercapacitor of the porous carbon were investigated. It was found that the morphology of PAN nanospheres tended to be destroyed in the process of one-step activation (activation and carbonization were carried out simultaneously, and could only be retained when the amount of activating agent KOH was small). While the spherical morphology could be well reserved during the two-step activation method (carbonization and activation sequentially). The specific surface area and pore volume increased first and then decreased, with the increase in activation holding time for both one-step and two-step activation methods. The specific surface area reached the maximum value with 2430 m2 g−1 for the one-step activation method and 2830 m2 g−1 for the two-step activation method. Additionally, their mass-specific capacitances were 178.8 F g−1 and 160.2 F g−1, respectively, under the current density of 1 A g−1. After 2000 cycles, the specific capacitance retentions were 92.9% and 91.3%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Porous Materials)
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Review

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30 pages, 5244 KiB  
Review
Development of Starch-Based Materials Using Current Modification Techniques and Their Applications: A Review
by Sumedha M. Amaraweera, Chamila Gunathilake, Oneesha H. P. Gunawardene, Nimasha M. L. Fernando, Drashana B. Wanninayaka, Rohan S. Dassanayake, Suranga M. Rajapaksha, Asanga Manamperi, Chakrawarthige A. N. Fernando, Asela K. Kulatunga and Aruna Manipura
Molecules 2021, 26(22), 6880; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226880 - 15 Nov 2021
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 9309
Abstract
Starch is one of the most common biodegradable polymers found in nature, and it is widely utilized in the food and beverage, bioplastic industry, paper industry, textile, and biofuel industries. Starch has received significant attention due to its environmental benignity, easy fabrication, relative [...] Read more.
Starch is one of the most common biodegradable polymers found in nature, and it is widely utilized in the food and beverage, bioplastic industry, paper industry, textile, and biofuel industries. Starch has received significant attention due to its environmental benignity, easy fabrication, relative abundance, non-toxicity, and biodegradability. However, native starch cannot be directly used due to its poor thermo-mechanical properties and higher water absorptivity. Therefore, native starch needs to be modified before its use. Major starch modification techniques include genetic, enzymatic, physical, and chemical. Among those, chemical modification techniques are widely employed in industries. This review presents comprehensive coverage of chemical starch modification techniques and genetic, enzymatic, and physical methods developed over the past few years. In addition, the current applications of chemically modified starch in the fields of packaging, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, superabsorbent and wastewater treatment have also been discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Porous Materials)
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26 pages, 718 KiB  
Review
Research Progress and Application of Single-Atom Catalysts: A Review
by He He, Hudson Haocheng Wang, Junjian Liu, Xujun Liu, Weizun Li and Yannan Wang
Molecules 2021, 26(21), 6501; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216501 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8288
Abstract
Due to excellent performance properties such as strong activity and high selectivity, single-atom catalysts have been widely used in various catalytic reactions. Exploring the application of single-atom catalysts and elucidating their reaction mechanism has become a hot area of research. This article first [...] Read more.
Due to excellent performance properties such as strong activity and high selectivity, single-atom catalysts have been widely used in various catalytic reactions. Exploring the application of single-atom catalysts and elucidating their reaction mechanism has become a hot area of research. This article first introduces the structure and characteristics of single-atom catalysts, and then reviews recent preparation methods, characterization techniques, and applications of single-atom catalysts, including their application potential in electrochemistry and photocatalytic reactions. Finally, application prospects and future development directions of single-atom catalysts are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Porous Materials)
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29 pages, 4721 KiB  
Review
Ceramic-Polymer Composite Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Bridging the Big Gap between Ceramics and Polymers
by Masashi Kotobuki, Qilin Gu, Lei Zhang and John Wang
Molecules 2021, 26(11), 3331; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113331 - 1 Jun 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5727
Abstract
Clean water supply is an essential element for the entire sustainable human society, and the economic and technology development. Membrane filtration for water and wastewater treatments is the premier choice due to its high energy efficiency and effectiveness, where the separation is performed [...] Read more.
Clean water supply is an essential element for the entire sustainable human society, and the economic and technology development. Membrane filtration for water and wastewater treatments is the premier choice due to its high energy efficiency and effectiveness, where the separation is performed by passing water molecules through purposely tuned pores of membranes selectively without phase change and additional chemicals. Ceramics and polymers are two main candidate materials for membranes, where the majority has been made of polymeric materials, due to the low cost, easy processing, and tunability in pore configurations. In contrast, ceramic membranes have much better performance, extra-long service life, mechanical robustness, and high thermal and chemical stabilities, and they have also been applied in gas, petrochemical, food-beverage, and pharmaceutical industries, where most of polymeric membranes cannot perform properly. However, one of the main drawbacks of ceramic membranes is the high manufacturing cost, which is about three to five times higher than that of common polymeric types. To fill the large gap between the competing ceramic and polymeric membranes, one apparent solution is to develop a ceramic-polymer composite type. Indeed, the properly engineered ceramic-polymer composite membranes are able to integrate the advantages of both ceramic and polymeric materials together, providing improvement in membrane performance for efficient separation, raised life span and additional functionalities. In this overview, we first thoroughly examine three types of ceramic-polymer composite membranes, (i) ceramics in polymer membranes (nanocomposite membranes), (ii) thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes, and (iii) ceramic-supported polymer membranes. In the past decade, great progress has been made in improving the compatibility between ceramics and polymers, while the synergy between them has been among the main pursuits, especially in the development of the high performing nanocomposite membranes for water and wastewater treatment at lowered manufacturing cost. By looking into strategies to improve the compatibility among ceramic and polymeric components, we will conclude with briefing on the perspectives and challenges for the future development of the composite membranes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Porous Materials)
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