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Nanomaterials
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Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics
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Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Biology and Medicines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2022) | Viewed by 40708

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Parasuraman Padmanabhan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
2. Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
Interests: biochemistry; genetics; molecular biology and nanotheranostics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Balázs Gulyás

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
2. Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
Interests: development of small-molecular probes for understanding and possible therapeutic approaches for the neurodegenerative diseases; multifunctional nano particle development for theranostics; contri-butions to the field of functional brain mapping with positron emission tomography (PET), MRI and MEG with special regard to the localisation of cortical areas in the human brain related to perceptu-al, cognitive and memory functions; translational imaging in drug discovery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Domokos Mathe

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Imaging (HCEMM) In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility and Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Nanobiotechnology and In Vivo Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: multimodal imaging contrast nanoparticle discovery and development; therapeutic nanoparticles for targeted isotope therapy; nanoparticles in imaging neuroinflammation; liposomal structures for tumor microenvironment-targeted drug delivery; extracellular vesicles and their labeling for targeted therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aim

Within the past two decades, significant advancements have been accomplished in the field of nanotechnology, which have cross-fertilized developments in biomedical sciences in one way or another. With the advent of novel applications of nanotechnology, a key sub-field of nanomedicine has emerged. In this sub-field, the importance of nanotechnology-based diagnostic strategies cannot be emphasized enough, with the view of increasing neurodegenerative, oncological, and other disease pathologies, in which debilitating symptoms already surface and are irreversible in the more advanced stages. This chapter aims to offer a distillation of the key nanotechnology-based diagnostics which have emerged and are currently being researched; specifically, in the fields of oncology, neurodegeneration, and virology.

Scope

A focus will be placed on outlining the categories of nanotechnology-based diagnostics (especially nanoparticle-based) that have been developed or are under research to identify key neurodegenerative, oncological, and virological diseases. Strategies, together with the working mechanisms of these technologies, will be discussed.

History

From its advent as a breakthrough topic and innovation in the mid-20th century , nanotechnology has improved considerably, and is now readily incorporated into the medical field [6]. Current research, particularly in the field of nanotechnology, is investigating whether early diagnostic methods can potentially identify disease at nascent stages and even prevent it from progressing to a later, more serious state.

Summary

Current methods to diagnose neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD) are mainly based on clinical history, medical examinations, and imaging. Regardless, diagnosis solely becomes clear upon the disease progressing to a more advanced stage. Nanomaterial-based imaging agents have been formulated to detect misfolded proteins, a hallmark feature in NDDs, with the assistance of cutting-edge imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This is also the case for oncological diseases, whereby the late detection of cancerous tissues not only hinders the possibility of preventing disease progression, but also reduces the quality of life of patients tremendously. Within the last five years, there have been instances of nanotechnology that encompass a wide range of metallic, lipid-based, and polymer-based functionalized nanoparticles, among others. They allow for the seamless detection of misfolded proteins or other biomarkers of disease at an early stage, as demonstrated in studies conducted in vitro and/or in vivo [1–8]. After formulation, the nanoparticles may aid in detection complementarily with imaging modalities and optical or electrochemical methods [9].

References

  1. Padmanabhan, P.; Palanivel, M.; Kumar, A.; Máthé, D.; Radda, G. K.; Lim, K.-L.; Gulyás, B., Nanotheranostic agents for neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 2020, 4, (6), 645-675.
  2. Zeng, J.; Wu, J.; Li, M.; Wang, P., In vitro early detection of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease by Pittsburgh compound B-modified magnetic nanoparticles. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 2017, 97, (41), 3258-3262.
  3. Lu, Y.-J.; Purwidyantri, A.; Liu, H.-L.; Wang, L.-W.; Shih, C.-Y.; Pijanowska, D. G.; Yang, C.-M., Photoelectrochemical Detection of β-amyloid Peptides by a TiO 2 Nanobrush Biosensor. IEEE Sensors Journal 2020, 20, (12), 6248-6255.
  4. Conti, E.; Gregori, M.; Radice, I.; Da Re, F.; Grana, D.; Re, F.; Salvati, E.; Masserini, M.; Ferrarese, C.; Zoia, C. P., Multifunctional liposomes interact with Abeta in human biological fluids: therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurochemistry international 2017, 108, 60-65.
  5. Ahlschwede, K. M.; Curran, G. L.; Rosenberg, J. T.; Grant, S. C.; Sarkar, G.; Jenkins, R. B.; Ramakrishnan, S.; Poduslo, J. F.; Kandimalla, K. K., Cationic carrier peptide enhances cerebrovascular targeting of nanoparticles in Alzheimer's disease brain. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2019, 16, 258-266.
  6. Agarwal, S.; Mishra, P.; Shivange, G.; Kodipelli, N.; Moros, M.; Jesús, M.; Anindya, R., Citrate-capped gold nanoparticles for the label-free detection of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-1. Analyst 2015, 140, (4), 1166-1173.
  7. Liu, X.-g.; Lu, S.; Liu, D.-q.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L.-x.; Yu, X.-l.; Liu, R.-t., ScFv-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI-based diagnosis in transgenic mouse models of Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. Brain research 2019, 1707, 141-153.
  8. Zhang, J.; Zu, Y.; Dhanasekara, C. S.; Li, J.; Wu, D.; Fan, Z.; Wang, S., Detection and treatment of atherosclerosis using nanoparticles. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2017, 9, (1), e1412.
  9. Vaculovicova, M.; Michalek, P.; Krizkova, S.; Macka, M.; Adam, V., Nanotechnology-based analytical approaches for detection of viruses. Analytical Methods 2017, 9, (16), 2375-2391.

Dr. Parasuraman Padmanabhan
Prof. Dr. Balázs Gulyás
Dr. Domokos Mathe
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Nano crystals
  • Carbon nanodots
  • SPIONs
  • Green synthesis
  • Multifunctional nanoparticles
  • Nanoparticles targeted disease functionalization conjugation
  • Imaging/Probe theranostics nanotheronostics

Published Papers (13 papers)

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18 pages, 4836 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Effects of CuO-TiO2-Chitosan-Escin Nanocomposites on Human Leukemic MOLT4 Cells
by Abozer Y. Elderdery, Abdulaziz H. Alhamidi, Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa, Maryam M. Althobiti, Nawal Eltayeb Omer, Mahdi H. Alsugoor, Naif Alsuhaymi, Entesar M. Atebien, Siddiqa M. A. Hamza, Badr Alzahrani, Fehaid Alanazi, Suresh S. Kumar and Pooi Ling Mok
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3753; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213753 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1487
Abstract
Nanocomposites comprised of CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin, which has adjustable physicochemical properties, provide a solution for therapeutic selectivity in cancer treatment. By controlling the intrinsic signaling primarily through the mitochondrial signaling pathway, we desired nanocomposites with enhanced anticancer activity by containing CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin. [...] Read more.
Nanocomposites comprised of CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin, which has adjustable physicochemical properties, provide a solution for therapeutic selectivity in cancer treatment. By controlling the intrinsic signaling primarily through the mitochondrial signaling pathway, we desired nanocomposites with enhanced anticancer activity by containing CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin. The metal oxides CuO and TiO2, the natural polymer chitosan, and a phytochemical compound escin were combined to form CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin nanocomposites. The synthesized nanocomposites were confirmed and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, TEM, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. A human leukemia cell line (MOLT-4) was used to assess the efficacy and selectivity of nanocomposites. Based on a cytotoxicity study, CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin nanocomposites had inhibition concentrations (IC50) of 13.68, 8.9, and 7.14 µg/mL against human T lymphoblast cells after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation, respectively. Compared with untreated MOLT-4 cells, CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin nanocomposite-treated cells significantly increased (p < 0.05) caspase-3, -8, and -9 and decreased the levels of antioxidant enzymes GR, SOD, and GSH. Furthermore, MDA for lipid peroxidase and ROS levels significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the treated cells than in the untreated cells. Remarkably, CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin nanocomposite-mediated control of cell cycles were mainly achieved through the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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14 pages, 3681 KiB  
Article
Box–Behnken Design: Optimization of Proanthocyanidin-Loaded Transferosomes as an Effective Therapeutic Approach for Osteoarthritis
by Neelakandan Tamilarasan, Begum M. Yasmin, Posina Anitha, Hani Umme, Wan Hee Cheng, Sellapan Mohan, Sundarapandian Ramkanth and Ashok Kumar Janakiraman
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(17), 2954; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12172954 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1930
Abstract
Transferosomes are one of the vesicular carriers that have received extensive research and attention recently because of their capacity to get beyond the barriers posed by the stratum corneum to penetration. The intent of the current study is to optimize and evaluate proanthocyanidin [...] Read more.
Transferosomes are one of the vesicular carriers that have received extensive research and attention recently because of their capacity to get beyond the barriers posed by the stratum corneum to penetration. The intent of the current study is to optimize and evaluate proanthocyanidin (PAC) containing transferosomal transdermal gels. PAC-containing transferosomes were prepared using the film hydration method and then loaded into a 4% methylcellulose gel. A 23 Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the PAC-loaded transferosomal gel, where the effects of phospholipid 90 G (X1), Tween 80 (X2), and sonication time (X3) were evaluated. The formulation factors, such as the drug entrapment efficiency percentage (PEE) and in vitro drug release, were characterized. A PEE of 78.29 ± 1.43% and a drug release in vitro at 6 h of 24.2 ± 1.25% were obtained. The optimized transferosomal-loaded proanthocyanidin (OTP) formulation penetrated the porcine skin at an excellent rate (0.123 ± 0.0067 mg/cm2/h). Stability tests were conducted for OTP to predict the effects of various temperature conditions on the physical appearance, drug content, and PEE for periods of 15, 30, and 45 days. Finally, this transferosomal system for transdermal PAC delivery may be a suitable alternative to the conventional treatment for osteoarthritis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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20 pages, 8591 KiB  
Article
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Citrus limon Zest Extract: Characterization and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties
by Yasmina Khane, Khedidja Benouis, Salim Albukhaty, Ghassan M. Sulaiman, Mosleh M. Abomughaid, Amer Al Ali, Djaber Aouf, Fares Fenniche, Sofiane Khane, Wahiba Chaibi, Abdallah Henni, Hadj Daoud Bouras and Nadir Dizge
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(12), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122013 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 115 | Viewed by 9694
Abstract
The current work concentrated on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through the use of aqueous Citruslimon zest extract, optimizing the different experimental factors required for the formation and stability of AgNPs. The preparation of nanoparticles was confirmed by the observation [...] Read more.
The current work concentrated on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through the use of aqueous Citruslimon zest extract, optimizing the different experimental factors required for the formation and stability of AgNPs. The preparation of nanoparticles was confirmed by the observation of the color change of the mixture of silver nitrate, after the addition of the plant extract, from yellow to a reddish-brown colloidal suspension and was established by detecting the surface plasmon resonance band at 535.5 nm, utilizing UV-Visible analysis. The optimum conditions were found to be 1 mM of silver nitrate concentration, a 1:9 ratio extract of the mixture, and a 4 h incubation period. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum indicated that the phytochemicals compounds present in Citrus limon zest extract had a fundamental effect on the production of AgNPs as a bio-reducing agent. The morphology, size, and elemental composition of AgNPs were investigated by zeta potential (ZP), dynamic light scattering (DLS), SEM, EDX, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, which showed crystalline spherical silver nanoparticles. In addition, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of this bioactive silver nanoparticle were also investigated. The AgNPs showed excellent antibacterial activity against one Gram-negative pathogens bacteria, Escherichia coli, and one Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, as well as antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The obtained results indicate that the antioxidant activity of this nanoparticle is significant. This bioactive silver nanoparticle can be used in biomedical and pharmacological fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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15 pages, 2446 KiB  
Article
An Implantable Magneto-Responsive Poly(aspartamide) Based Electrospun Scaffold for Hyperthermia Treatment
by Tamás Veres, Constantinos Voniatis, Kristóf Molnár, Dániel Nesztor, Daniella Fehér, Andrea Ferencz, Iván Gresits, György Thuróczy, Bence Gábor Márkus, Ferenc Simon, Norbert Marcell Nemes, Mar García-Hernández, Lilla Reiniger, Ildikó Horváth, Domokos Máthé, Krisztián Szigeti, Etelka Tombácz and Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091476 - 26 Apr 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2277
Abstract
When exposed to an alternating magnetic field, superparamagnetic nanoparticles can elicit the required hyperthermic effect while also being excellent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Their main drawback is that they diffuse out of the area of interest in one or two days, [...] Read more.
When exposed to an alternating magnetic field, superparamagnetic nanoparticles can elicit the required hyperthermic effect while also being excellent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Their main drawback is that they diffuse out of the area of interest in one or two days, thus preventing a continuous application during the typical several-cycle multi-week treatment. To solve this issue, our aim was to synthesise an implantable, biodegradable membrane infused with magnetite that enabled long-term treatment while having adequate MRI contrast and hyperthermic capabilities. To immobilise the nanoparticles inside the scaffold, they were synthesised inside hydrogel fibres. First, polysuccinimide (PSI) fibres were produced by electrospinning and crosslinked, and then, magnetitc iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) were synthesised inside and in-between the fibres of the hydrogel membranes with the well-known co-precipitation method. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) investigation proved the success of the chemical synthesis and the presence of iron oxide, and the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) study revealed their superparamagnetic property. The magnetic hyperthermia efficiency of the samples was significant. The given alternating current (AC) magnetic field could induce a temperature rise of 5 °C (from 37 °C to 42 °C) in less than 2 min even for five quick heat-cool cycles or for five consecutive days without considerable heat generation loss in the samples. Short-term (1 day and 7 day) biocompatibility, biodegradability and MRI contrast capability were investigated in vivo on Wistar rats. The results showed excellent MRI contrast and minimal acute inflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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9 pages, 15166 KiB  
Article
Gadolinium and Polythiophene Functionalized Polyurea Polymer Dots as Fluoro-Magnetic Nanoprobes
by Soner Karabacak, Alagappan Palaniappan, Tsang Siu Hon Tony, Teo Hang Tong Edwin, Balázs Gulyás, Parasuraman Padmanabhan and Ümit Hakan Yildiz
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(4), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040642 - 14 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2181
Abstract
A rapid and one-pot synthesis of poly 3-thiopheneacetic acid (PTAA) functionalized polyurea polymer dots (Pdots) using polyethyleneimine and isophorone diisocyanate is reported. The one-pot mini-emulsion polymerization technique yielded Pdots with an average diameter of ~20 nm. The size, shape, and concentration of the [...] Read more.
A rapid and one-pot synthesis of poly 3-thiopheneacetic acid (PTAA) functionalized polyurea polymer dots (Pdots) using polyethyleneimine and isophorone diisocyanate is reported. The one-pot mini-emulsion polymerization technique yielded Pdots with an average diameter of ~20 nm. The size, shape, and concentration of the surface functional groups could be controlled by altering the synthesis parameters such as ultrasonication time, concentration of the surfactant, and crosslinking agent, and the types of isocyanates utilized for the synthesis. Colloidal properties of Pdots were characterized using dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. The spherical geometry of Pdots was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The Pdots were post-functionalized by 1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid for chelating gadolinium nanoparticles (Gd3+) that provide magnetic properties to the Pdots. Thus, the synthesized Pdots possess fluorescent and magnetic properties, imparted by PTAA and Gd3+, respectively. Fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy revealed that the synthesized dual-functional Gd3+-Pdots exhibited detectable fluorescent signals even at lower concentrations. Magnetic levitation experiments indicated that the Gd3+-Pdots could be easily manipulated via an external magnetic field. These findings illustrate that the dua- functional Gd3+-Pdots could be potentially utilized as fluorescent reporters that can be magnetically manipulated for bioimaging applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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14 pages, 5797 KiB  
Article
Mollification of Doxorubicin (DOX)-Mediated Cardiotoxicity Using Conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles with Supplementation of Propionic Acid
by Durairaj Siva, Subramanian Abinaya, Durairaj Rajesh, Govindaraju Archunan, Parasuraman Padmanabhan, Balázs Gulyás and Shanmugam Achiraman
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030502 - 31 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2724
Abstract
Doxorubicin is an extensively prescribed antineoplastic agent. It is also known for adverse effects, among which cardiotoxicity tops the list. The possible mechanism underlying doxorubicin (DOX)-mediated cardiotoxicity has been investigated in this study. Further, to reduce the DOX-mediated cardiotoxicity, DOX was conjugated with [...] Read more.
Doxorubicin is an extensively prescribed antineoplastic agent. It is also known for adverse effects, among which cardiotoxicity tops the list. The possible mechanism underlying doxorubicin (DOX)-mediated cardiotoxicity has been investigated in this study. Further, to reduce the DOX-mediated cardiotoxicity, DOX was conjugated with Chitosan Nanoparticles (DCNPs) and supplemented with propionic acid. Initially, the drug loading efficacy and conjugation of DOX with chitosan was confirmed by UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The average sizes of the synthesized Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNPs) and DCNPs were measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis as 187.9 ± 1.05 nm and 277.3 ± 8.15 nm, respectively, and the zeta potential values were recorded as 55.2 ± 0.7 mV and 51.9 ± 1.0 mV, respectively. The size and shape of CNPs and DCNPs were recorded using a High-Resolution Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The particles measured <30 nm and 33–84 nm, respectively. The toxic effects of DCNPs and propionic acid were evaluated in rat model. The data from the electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac biomarkers, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and histological observations indicated evidence of DOX-mediated cardiotoxicity, whereas the administration of DCNPs, as well as Propionic Acid (PA), brought about a restoration to normalcy and offered protection in the context of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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17 pages, 3418 KiB  
Article
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Spontaneous Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in an Interleukin-2 Receptor α−/− Transgenic Mouse Model Using Targeted Microbubbles
by Huaijun Wang, Jose G. Vilches-Moure, Thierry Bettinger, Samir Cherkaoui, Amelie Lutz and Ramasamy Paulmurugan
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12020280 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2149
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong inflammatory disorder with relapsing–remission cycles, which is currently diagnosed by clinical symptoms and signs, along with laboratory and imaging findings. However, such clinical findings are not parallel to the disease activity of IBD and are difficult [...] Read more.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong inflammatory disorder with relapsing–remission cycles, which is currently diagnosed by clinical symptoms and signs, along with laboratory and imaging findings. However, such clinical findings are not parallel to the disease activity of IBD and are difficult to use in treatment monitoring. Therefore, non-invasive quantitative imaging tools are required for the multiple follow-up exams of IBD patients in order to monitor the disease activity and determine treatment regimens. In this study, we evaluated a dual P- and E-selectin-targeted microbubble (MBSelectin) in an interleukin-2 receptor α deficient (IL-2Rα−/−) spontaneous chronic IBD mouse model for assessing long-term anti-inflammatory effects with ultrasound molecular imaging (USMI). We used IL-2Rα−/− (male and female on a C57BL/6 genetic background; n = 39) and C57BL/6 wild-type (negative control; n = 6) mice for the study. USMI of the proximal, middle, and distal colon was performed with MBSelectin using a small animal scanner (Vevo 2100) up to six times in each IL-2Rα−/− mouse between 6–30 weeks of age. USMI signals were compared between IL-2Rα−/− vs. wild-type mice, and sexes in three colonic locations. Imaged colon segments were analyzed ex vivo for inflammatory changes on H&E-stained sections and for selectin expression by immunofluorescence staining. We successfully detected spontaneous chronic colitis in IL-2Rα−/− mice between 6–30 weeks (onset at 6–14 weeks) compared to wild-type mice. Both male and female IL-2Rα−/− mice were equally (p = 0.996) affected with the disease, and there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in USMI signals of colitis between the proximal, middle, and distal colon. We observed the fluctuating USMI signals in IL-2Rα−/− mice between 6–30 weeks, which might suggest a resemblance of the remission-flare pattern of human IBD. The ex vivo H&E and immunostaining further confirmed the inflammatory changes, and the high expression of P- and E-selectin in the colon. The results of this study highlight the IL-2Rα−/− mice as a chronic colitis model and are suitable for the long-term assessment of treatment response using a dual P- and E-selectin-targeted USMI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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20 pages, 15223 KiB  
Article
V2O5, CeO2 and Their MWCNTs Nanocomposites Modified for the Removal of Kerosene from Water
by Thamer Adnan Abdullah, Tatjána Juzsakova, Rashed Taleb Rasheed, Muhammad Ali Mallah, Ali Dawood Salman, Le Phuoc Cuong, Miklós Jakab, Balázs Zsirka, Karol Kułacz and Viktor Sebestyén
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12020189 - 6 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1752
Abstract
In this paper, the application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based on metal oxide nanocomposites as adsorbents for the removal of hydrocarbons such as kerosene from water was investigated. Functionalized MWCNTs were obtained by chemical oxidation using concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. V [...] Read more.
In this paper, the application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based on metal oxide nanocomposites as adsorbents for the removal of hydrocarbons such as kerosene from water was investigated. Functionalized MWCNTs were obtained by chemical oxidation using concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. V2O5, CeO2, and V2O5:CeO2 nanocomposites were prepared using the hydrothermal method followed by deposition of these oxides over MWCNTs. Individual and mixed metal oxides, fresh MWCNTs, and metal oxide nanoparticle-doped MWCNTs using different analysis techniques were characterized. XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, AFM, Raman, TG/DTA, and BET techniques were used to determine the structure as well as chemical and morphological properties of the newly prepared adsorbents. Fresh MWCNTs, Ce/MWCNTs, V/MWCNTs, and V:Ce/MWCNTs were applied for the removal of kerosene from a model solution of water. GC analysis indicated that high kerosene removal efficiency (85%) and adsorption capacity (4270 mg/g) after 60 min of treatment were obtained over V:Ce/MWCNTs in comparison with fresh MWCNTs, Ce/MWCNTs and V/MWCNTs. The kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intra-particle diffusion rate equations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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15 pages, 2627 KiB  
Article
Camptothecin Encapsulated in β-Cyclodextrin-EDTA-Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Induce Metabolic Reprogramming Repair in HT29 Cancer Cells through Epigenetic Modulation: A Bioinformatics Approach
by Aisha Farhana, Avin Ee-Hwan Koh, Pooi Ling Mok, Abdullah Alsrhani, Yusuf Saleem Khan and Suresh Kumar Subbiah
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123163 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1998
Abstract
Cancer progresses through a distinctive reprogramming of metabolic pathways directed by genetic and epigenetic modifications. The hardwired changes induced by genetic mutations are resilient, while epigenetic modifications are softwired and more vulnerable to therapeutic intervention. Colon cancer is no different. This gives us [...] Read more.
Cancer progresses through a distinctive reprogramming of metabolic pathways directed by genetic and epigenetic modifications. The hardwired changes induced by genetic mutations are resilient, while epigenetic modifications are softwired and more vulnerable to therapeutic intervention. Colon cancer is no different. This gives us the need to explore the mechanism as an attractive therapeutic target to combat colon cancer cells. We have previously established the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of a newly formulated camptothecin encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin-EDTA-Fe3O4 nanoparticles (CPT-CEF) in colon cancer cells. We furthered this study by carrying out RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to underscore specific regulatory signatures in the CPT-CEF treated versus untreated HT29 cells. In the study, we identified 95 upregulated and 146 downregulated genes spanning cellular components and molecular and metabolic functions. We carried out extensive bioinformatics analysis to harness genes potentially involved in epigenetic modulation as either the cause or effect of metabolic rewiring exerted by CPT-CEF. Significant downregulation of 13 genes involved in the epigenetic modulation and 40 genes from core metabolism was identified. Three genes, namely, DNMT-1, POLE3, and PKM-2, were identified as the regulatory overlap between epigenetic drivers and metabolic reprogramming in HT29 cells. Based on our results, we propose a possible mechanism that intercepts the two functional axes, namely epigenetic control, and metabolic modulation via CPT-CEF in colon cancer cells, which could skew cancer-induced metabolic deregulation towards metabolic repair. Thus, the study provides avenues for further validation of transcriptomic changes affected by these deregulated genes at epigenetic level, and ultimately may be harnessed as targets for regenerating normal metabolism in colon cancer with better treatment potential, thereby providing new avenues for colon cancer therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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17 pages, 5809 KiB  
Article
Anticancer Potential of L-Histidine-Capped Silver Nanoparticles against Human Cervical Cancer Cells (SiHA)
by Rajmohamed Mohammed Asik, Chidhambaram Manikkaraja, Karuppusamy Tamil Surya, Natarajan Suganthy, Archunan Priya Aarthy, Domokos Mathe, Muthusamy Sivakumar, Govindaraju Archunan, Parasuraman Padmanabhan and Balazs Gulyas
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 3154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113154 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2082
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using amino acid L-histidine as a reducing and capping agent as an eco-friendly approach. Fabricated L-histidine-capped silver nanoparticles (L-HAgNPs) were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic studies. Spherical shaped L-HAgNPs were synthesized with a particle size [...] Read more.
This study reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using amino acid L-histidine as a reducing and capping agent as an eco-friendly approach. Fabricated L-histidine-capped silver nanoparticles (L-HAgNPs) were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic studies. Spherical shaped L-HAgNPs were synthesized with a particle size of 47.43 ± 19.83 nm and zeta potential of −20.5 ± 0.95 mV. Results of the anticancer potential of L-HAgNPs showed antiproliferative effect against SiHa cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 18.25 ± 0.36 µg/mL. Fluorescent microscopic analysis revealed L-HAgNPs induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to activation of apoptotic pathway and DNA damage eventually causing cell death. To conclude, L-HAgNPs can act as promising candidates for cervical cancer therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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Review

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23 pages, 10839 KiB  
Review
Nanomaterial Probes for Nuclear Imaging
by Vanessa Jing Xin Phua, Chang-Tong Yang, Bin Xia, Sean Xuexian Yan, Jiang Liu, Swee Eng Aw, Tao He and David Chee Eng Ng
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(4), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040582 - 9 Feb 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3172
Abstract
Nuclear imaging is a powerful non-invasive imaging technique that is rapidly developing in medical theranostics. Nuclear imaging requires radiolabeling isotopes for non-invasive imaging through the radioactive decay emission of the radionuclide. Nuclear imaging probes, commonly known as radiotracers, are radioisotope-labeled small molecules. Nanomaterials [...] Read more.
Nuclear imaging is a powerful non-invasive imaging technique that is rapidly developing in medical theranostics. Nuclear imaging requires radiolabeling isotopes for non-invasive imaging through the radioactive decay emission of the radionuclide. Nuclear imaging probes, commonly known as radiotracers, are radioisotope-labeled small molecules. Nanomaterials have shown potential as nuclear imaging probes for theranostic applications. By modifying the surface of nanomaterials, multifunctional radio-labeled nanomaterials can be obtained for in vivo biodistribution and targeting in initial animal imaging studies. Various surface modification strategies have been developed, and targeting moieties have been attached to the nanomaterials to render biocompatibility and enable specific targeting. Through integration of complementary imaging probes to a single nanoparticulate, multimodal molecular imaging can be performed as images with high sensitivity, resolution, and specificity. In this review, nanomaterial nuclear imaging probes including inorganic nanomaterials such as quantum dots (QDs), organic nanomaterials such as liposomes, and exosomes are summarized. These new developments in nanomaterials are expected to introduce a paradigm shift in nuclear imaging, thereby creating new opportunities for theranostic medical imaging tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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26 pages, 17694 KiB  
Review
The Multifarious Applications of Copper Nanoclusters in Biosensing and Bioimaging and Their Translational Role in Early Disease Detection
by Kumar Babu Busi, Mathangi Palanivel, Krishna Kanta Ghosh, Writoban Basu Ball, Balázs Gulyás, Parasuraman Padmanabhan and Sabyasachi Chakrabortty
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030301 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3160
Abstract
Nanoclusters possess an ultrasmall size, amongst other favorable attributes, such as a high fluorescence and long-term colloidal stability, and consequently, they carry several advantages when applied in biological systems for use in diagnosis and therapy. Particularly, the early diagnosis of diseases may be [...] Read more.
Nanoclusters possess an ultrasmall size, amongst other favorable attributes, such as a high fluorescence and long-term colloidal stability, and consequently, they carry several advantages when applied in biological systems for use in diagnosis and therapy. Particularly, the early diagnosis of diseases may be facilitated by the right combination of bioimaging modalities and suitable probes. Amongst several metallic nanoclusters, copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) present advantages over gold or silver NCs, owing to their several advantages, such as high yield, raw abundance, low cost, and presence as an important trace element in biological systems. Additionally, their usage in diagnostics and therapeutic modalities is emerging. As a result, the fluorescent properties of Cu NCs are exploited for use in optical imaging technology, which is the most commonly used research tool in the field of biomedicine. Optical imaging technology presents a myriad of advantages over other bioimaging technologies, which are discussed in this review, and has a promising future, particularly in early cancer diagnosis and imaging-guided treatment. Furthermore, we have consolidated, to the best of our knowledge, the recent trends and applications of copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs), a class of metal nanoclusters that have been gaining much traction as ideal bioimaging probes, in this review. The potential modes in which the Cu NCs are used for bioimaging purposes (e.g., as a fluorescence, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), two-photon imaging probe) are firstly delineated, followed by their applications as biosensors and bioimaging probes, with a focus on disease detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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24 pages, 4264 KiB  
Review
Functionalized Nanomaterials as Tailored Theranostic Agents in Brain Imaging
by Ramar Thangam, Ramasamy Paulmurugan and Heemin Kang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12010018 - 22 Dec 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4505
Abstract
Functionalized nanomaterials of various categories are essential for developing cancer nano-theranostics for brain diseases; however, some limitations exist in their effectiveness and clinical translation, such as toxicity, limited tumor penetration, and inability to cross blood–brain and blood-tumor barriers. Metal nanomaterials with functional fluorescent [...] Read more.
Functionalized nanomaterials of various categories are essential for developing cancer nano-theranostics for brain diseases; however, some limitations exist in their effectiveness and clinical translation, such as toxicity, limited tumor penetration, and inability to cross blood–brain and blood-tumor barriers. Metal nanomaterials with functional fluorescent tags possess unique properties in improving their functional properties, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), superparamagnetism, and photo/bioluminescence, which facilitates imaging applications in addition to their deliveries. Moreover, these multifunctional nanomaterials could be synthesized through various chemical modifications on their physical surfaces via attaching targeting peptides, fluorophores, and quantum dots (QD), which could improve the application of these nanomaterials by facilitating theranostic modalities. In addition to their inherent CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PAI (Photo-acoustic imaging), and X-ray contrast imaging, various multifunctional nanoparticles with imaging probes serve as brain-targeted imaging candidates in several imaging modalities. The primary criteria of these functional nanomaterials for translational application to the brain must be zero toxicity. Moreover, the beneficial aspects of nano-theranostics of nanoparticles are their multifunctional systems proportioned towards personalized disease management via comprising diagnostic and therapeutic abilities in a single biodegradable nanomaterial. This review highlights the emerging aspects of engineered nanomaterials to reach and deliver therapeutics to the brain and how to improve this by adopting the imaging modalities for theranostic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics)
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