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19 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Jaboticaba Peels and Application into Zein Ultrafine Fibers Produced by Electrospinning

by Luisa Bataglin Avila, Milena Ramos Vaz Fontes, Elessandra da Rosa Zavareze, Caroline Costa Moraes, Marcilio Machado Morais and Gabriela Silveira da Rosa

Polymers 2020, 12(12), 2916; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122916 - 5 Dec 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3366

Abstract

This work focused on the recovery bioactive compounds from jaboticaba peels and to develop ultrafine fibers from zein incorporated with the jaboticaba extract by electrospinning technique. Jaboticaba peel extracts (JPE) were obtained by maceration according a central composite rotational design (CCDR) and characterized [...] Read more.

This work focused on the recovery bioactive compounds from jaboticaba peels and to develop ultrafine fibers from zein incorporated with the jaboticaba extract by electrospinning technique. Jaboticaba peel extracts (JPE) were obtained by maceration according a central composite rotational design (CCDR) and characterized with respect to total phenolic content (TP), antioxidant activity (AA) and total anthocyanin (TA). The optimal condition for the extraction was obtained using a desirability function in order to maximize the presence of bioactive compounds. Under these conditions the amount of cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cn-3-Glu) and the antimicrobial inhibition (AI) of E. coli were evaluated. Ultrafine fibers were obtained by electrospinning technique using zein in an aqueous ethanol as solvent and freeze-dried JPE at different concentrations (1.7% and 3.3%) to produce a composite membrane. The apparent viscosity and electrical conductivity of the polymer solutions, as well as the morphology, thermal stability and functional groups of the ultrafine fibers, were evaluated. The optimal conditions for extraction were 88 °C and pH 1. Under these conditions, a high amount of Cn-3-Glu was obtained (718.12 mg 100 g⁻¹), along with 22.2% antimicrobial inhibition against E. coli. The addition of JPE into composite membranes did not affect the morphology of fibers, which presented a homogeneous and continuous format. Therefore, fibers containing JPE showed interesting characteristics for the food packaging industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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15 pages, 3099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Molecular Weight Silk Fibroin Prepared by Papain Degumming

by Yanfei Feng, Jiaming Lin, Longxing Niu, Ying Wang, Zhiling Cheng, Xiaoxiao Sun and Mingzhong Li

Polymers 2020, 12(9), 2105; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092105 - 16 Sep 2020

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6713

Abstract

A major challenge for the silk textile industry and for the process of silk-based biomaterials is to find a degumming method that can completely remove sericin while avoiding obvious hydrolysis damage to the silk fibroin. In this study, papain was used to degum [...] Read more.

A major challenge for the silk textile industry and for the process of silk-based biomaterials is to find a degumming method that can completely remove sericin while avoiding obvious hydrolysis damage to the silk fibroin. In this study, papain was used to degum Bombyx mori silk fibers under nearly neutral conditions based on the specificity of papain to sericin. The degumming efficiency was investigated, as well as the mechanical properties and molecular weight of the sericin-free silk fibroin. The results indicated that increasing the papain concentration aided in sericin removal, as the concentration increased to 3.0 g/L, the degummed fibers showed a clean, smooth surface morphology and exhibited a yellow color when stained by picric acid and carmine, confirming the complete removal of sericin from silk fibroin. Furthermore, an analysis of the amino acid composition indicated that the silk fibroin suffered less damage because papain specifically cleaved the binding sites between L-arginine or L-lysine residue and another amino acid residue in sericin, leading to a significantly higher molecular weight and improved tensile strength compared to traditional sodium carbonate degumming. This study provides a novel degumming method which cannot only completely remove sericin, but also maintain the original strong mechanical properties and high molecular weight of silk fibroin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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12 pages, 1357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epoxidation of Cardanol’s Terminal Double Bond

by Emre Kinaci, Erde Can, John J. La Scala and Giuseppe R. Palmese

Polymers 2020, 12(9), 2104; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092104 - 16 Sep 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3576

Abstract

In this investigation, the terminal double bonds of the side chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) molecule were further epoxidized in the presence of Oxone^® (potassium peroxomonosulfate) and fluorinated acetone. Regular methods for the double bond epoxidation are not effective on the [...] Read more.

In this investigation, the terminal double bonds of the side chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) molecule were further epoxidized in the presence of Oxone^® (potassium peroxomonosulfate) and fluorinated acetone. Regular methods for the double bond epoxidation are not effective on the terminal double bonds because of their reduced electronegativity with respect to internal double bonds. The terminal double bond functionality of the SCECGE was epoxidized to nearly 70%, increasing the epoxy functionality of SCECGE from 2.45 to 2.65 epoxies/molecule as measured using proton magnetic nuclear resonance (¹H-NMR). This modified material—side chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether with terminal epoxies (TE-SCECGE)—was thermally cured with cycloaliphatic curing agent 4-4′-methylenebis(cyclohexanamine) (PACM) at stoichiometry, and the cured polymer properties, such as glass transition temperature (T_g) and tensile modulus, were compared with SCECGE resin cured with PACM. The T_g of the material was increased from 52 to 69 °C as obtained via a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) while the tensile modulus of the material increased from 0.88 to 1.24 GPa as a result of terminal double bond epoxidation. In addition to highlighting the effects of dangling side groups in an epoxy network, this modest increase in T_g and modulus could be sufficient to significantly expand the potential uses of amine-cured cardanol-based epoxies for fiber reinforced composite applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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16 pages, 2374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bionanocomposite Films Containing Halloysite Nanotubes and Natural Antioxidants with Enhanced Performance and Durability as Promising Materials for Cultural Heritage Protection

by Giulia Infurna, Giuseppe Cavallaro, Giuseppe Lazzara, Stefana Milioto and Nadka Tzankova Dintcheva

Polymers 2020, 12(9), 1973; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091973 - 31 Aug 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3161

Abstract

In the last decade, the interest toward the formulation of polymer films for cultural heritage protection continuously grew, and these films must be imperatively transparent, removable, and should not react/interact with surface of the artworks. In this research, bionanocomposite films, based on chitosan [...] Read more.

In the last decade, the interest toward the formulation of polymer films for cultural heritage protection continuously grew, and these films must be imperatively transparent, removable, and should not react/interact with surface of the artworks. In this research, bionanocomposite films, based on chitosan (Ch) and pectin (P) and containing naturally occurring fillers and antioxidants, were formulated by solvent casting methods and were accurately characterized. The natural halloysite nanotubes (HNT) have a two-fold role, specifically, physical compatibilizer and antioxidant carrier. Therefore, the theoretical solubility between Ch and P was estimated considering Hoy’s method for solubility of polymers, while the optimum ratio between biopolymer constituents was assessed by ζ-potential measurements. The transparency, wettability, and mechanical behavior of Ch:P films, also in presence of HNT without and with antioxidants, were investigated. The beneficial effects of natural antioxidants, such as vanillic acid (VA) and quercetin (Q), on Ch:P/HNT durability were found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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14 pages, 3476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Epoxidized Cardanol Functionality and Reactivity on Network Formation and Properties

by Emre Kinaci, Erde Can, John J. La Scala and Giuseppe R. Palmese

Polymers 2020, 12(9), 1956; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091956 - 29 Aug 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5033

Abstract

Cardanol is a renewable resource based on cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), which consists of a phenol ring with a C15 long aliphatic side chain in the meta position with varying degrees of unsaturation. Cardanol glycidyl ether was chemically modified to form side-chain [...] Read more.

Cardanol is a renewable resource based on cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), which consists of a phenol ring with a C15 long aliphatic side chain in the meta position with varying degrees of unsaturation. Cardanol glycidyl ether was chemically modified to form side-chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) with an average epoxy functionality of 2.45 per molecule and was cured with petroleum-based epoxy hardeners, 4-4′-methylenebis(cyclohexanamine) and diethylenetriamine, and a cardanol-based amine hardener. For comparison, cardanol-based diphenol diepoxy resin, NC514 (Cardolite), and a petroleum-based epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) were also evaluated. Chemical and thermomechanical analyses showed that for SCECGE resins, incomplete cure of the secondary epoxides led to reduced cross-link density, reduced thermal stability, and reduced elongation at break when compared with difunctional resins containing only primary epoxides. However, because of functionality greater than two, amine-cured SCECGE produced a T_g very similar to that of NC514 and thus could be useful in formulating epoxy with renewable cardanol content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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13 pages, 1697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Lignin Extraction of Poplar by Treatment of Deep Eutectic Solvent with Low Halogen Content

by Jinke Liu, Letian Qi, Guihua Yang, Yu Xue, Ming He, Lucian A. Lucia and Jiachuan Chen

Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1599; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071599 - 18 Jul 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3686

Abstract

A novel choline-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) with low halogen content—namely choline lactate-lactic acid (CLL)—was synthesized by replacing the chloride anion with lactate anion in choline chloride-lactic acid (CCL). CLL and CCL treatments were conducted at 140 °C for 12 h with hydrogen [...] Read more.

A novel choline-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) with low halogen content—namely choline lactate-lactic acid (CLL)—was synthesized by replacing the chloride anion with lactate anion in choline chloride-lactic acid (CCL). CLL and CCL treatments were conducted at 140 °C for 12 h with hydrogen bond acceptor/hydrogen bond donor =1/10, thereafter composition analysis and characterizations of the lignin extracted by DES treatment (DES lignin) and the solid residue were carried out. The proposed low halogen content DES presented an improved lignin extraction efficiency. The CLL treatment extracted 90.13% of initial lignin from poplar, while CCL extracted 86.02%. In addition, the CLL treatment also provided DES lignin with an improved purity (91.17%), lower molecular weight (Mw/Mn=1805/971 g/mol) and more concentrated distribution (polydispersity index=1.86). The efficient lignin extraction was mainly ascribed to the cleavage of β-O-4 bonds in lignin macromolecule, especially in the guaiacyl units, thereby breaking them into smaller molecules, facilitating the lignin extraction. The replacement of chloride anion allowed CLL acting as a more efficient DES to interact with lignin macromolecules, thus providing lignin with higher uniformity and suitable molecular weight. The low halogen content DES system proposed in present work could benefit the fractionation of biomass, improve the valorization of lignin compounds and facilitate industrial process in the downstream. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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14 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Ethanol Detection by Automatic Headspace Method for Cellulose Insulation Aging of Oil-immersed Transformers

by Hanbo Zheng, Chuansheng Zhang, Yiyi Zhang, Jiefeng Liu, Enze Zhang, Zhen Shi, Guangqi Shao, Kuikui Shi, Jing Guo and Chaohai Zhang

Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071567 - 15 Jul 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2620

Abstract

The method using ethanol to evaluate the cellulose insulation aging condition of oil-immersed transformers has been proposed. At present, the dominating method for detecting ethanol in insulating oil is to use headspace–gas-chromatography–mass-spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). However, the problem of quantitative inaccuracy will be sometimes encountered [...] Read more.

The method using ethanol to evaluate the cellulose insulation aging condition of oil-immersed transformers has been proposed. At present, the dominating method for detecting ethanol in insulating oil is to use headspace–gas-chromatography–mass-spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). However, the problem of quantitative inaccuracy will be sometimes encountered in the actual detection process due to improper instrument parameter setting and improper manual operation. In this study, as an aging marker, ethanol in transformer insulating oil was separated by using VF-624 ms capillary column. The effects of gas-chromatography–mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) optimization conditions, headspace equilibrium temperature, headspace equilibrium time and standard solution preparation method on the determination of ethanol content in oil were discussed, and optimized measures were proposed. The experimental results showed that the measurement can be more accurate under the headspace temperature of 80 °C and the headspace time of 40 min, and relative standard deviation percentage (RSD%) could reach to 4.62% under this condition. It was also pointed out that, for the preparation of standard solution, the method which controlled the sampling volume of anhydrous ethanol by microliter syringe could make the peak area of ethanol chromatogram have a better linear relationship with the standard curve. Under the similar linear range, the goodness of fitting curve without diluting process could be as high as 0.9993, while the method of preparing the stock solution and diluting stepwise to obtain the fitting curve only had a goodness of 0.9910. The method was validated by standard addition recovery test, and the recovery values obtained were between 90.3% and 95.8%. The optimized method is of great significance for the measurement of ethanol dissolved in insulating oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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16 pages, 19604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Palm Bunch and Bagasse Agricultural Wastes: Effect of Delignification with Hydrogen Peroxide

by Rungsiri Suriyatem, Nichaya Noikang, Tamolwan Kankam, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Noppol Leksawasdi, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Chayatip Insomphun, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Thanongsak Chaiyaso, Pensak Jantrawut, Sarana Rose Sommano, Thi Minh Phuong Ngo and Pornchai Rachtanapun

Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071505 - 7 Jul 2020

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6831

Abstract

The aim of this work was to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and produce CMC films from the cellulose of palm bunch and bagasse agricultural waste. The effect of various amounts of H₂O₂ (0–40% v/v) during delignification on [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and produce CMC films from the cellulose of palm bunch and bagasse agricultural waste. The effect of various amounts of H₂O₂ (0–40% v/v) during delignification on the properties of cellulose, CMC, and CMC films was studied. As the H₂O₂ content increased, yield and the lignin content of the cellulose from palm bunch and bagasse decreased, whereas lightness (L*) and whiteness index (WI) increased. FTIR confirmed the substitution of a carboxymethyl group on the cellulose structure. A higher degree of substitution of CMC from both sources was found when 20%–30% H₂O₂ was employed. The trend in the L* and WI values of each CMC and CMC film was related to those values in their respective cellulose. Bleaching each cellulose with 20% H₂O₂ provided the cellulose with the highest viscosity and the CMC films with the greatest mechanical (higher tensile strength and elongation at break) and soluble attributes, but the lowest water vapor barrier. This evidence indicates that cellulose delignification with H₂O₂ has a strong effect on the appearance and physical properties of both CMCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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14 pages, 2350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Reclamation of Chitin and Protein-Containing Marine By-Products for the Production of Prodigiosin and the Evaluation of Its Bioactivities

by Van Bon Nguyen, Dai Nam Nguyen and San-Lang Wang

Polymers 2020, 12(6), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061328 - 10 Jun 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3896

Abstract

Chitin and protein-containing marine by-products (CPCMBPs), including crab shells, squid pens, and shrimp shells, were investigated as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source for prodigiosin (PG) production by Serratia marcescens TNU01 in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and a 10 L bioreactor system. Among [...] Read more.

Chitin and protein-containing marine by-products (CPCMBPs), including crab shells, squid pens, and shrimp shells, were investigated as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source for prodigiosin (PG) production by Serratia marcescens TNU01 in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and a 10 L bioreactor system. Among the used C/N source of CPCMBPs, squid pens powder (SPP) showed the most optimum PG productivity. Different ratios of chitin/protein combination were also used as the C/N sources for PG production. With a similar chitin/protein ratio (4/6) of squid pens, a significant PG productivity was achieved when the chitin/protein ratios were controlled in the range of 3/7–4/6. Maximum PG yield (3450 mg/L) by S. marcescens TNU01 was achieved in the bioreactor system containing 3 L medium of 1.75% SPP, 0.03% K₂HPO₄, and 0.05% MgSO₄ at 25 °C for 12 h in dark. The results of in vitro bioassays reveal that the purified PG possesses acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and antioxidant as well as anticancer activities. This study suggests that squid pens may have the potential to be used for cost effective production of bioactive PG at a large-scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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22 pages, 5421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Corn Starch Derivatives and Their Application in Yarn Sizing

by Stana Kovačević, Ivana Schwarz, Suzana Đorđević and Dragan Đorđević

Polymers 2020, 12(6), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061251 - 30 May 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5860

Abstract

The use of synthesized natural starches for the sizing process in fabric production is primarily an environmental contribution. Synthesized corn starch is environmentally friendly and productive, showing good results in cotton yarn sizing. Acrylamide (AA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were applied for the [...] Read more.

The use of synthesized natural starches for the sizing process in fabric production is primarily an environmental contribution. Synthesized corn starch is environmentally friendly and productive, showing good results in cotton yarn sizing. Acrylamide (AA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were applied for the grafting process of corn starch, and the initiators azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), potassium persulfate (KPS), and benzoyl peroxide (BP) were chosen to form the grafted monomers more effectively. The application of synthesized corn starch has been confirmed, especially with the AIBIN initiator in the grafting process of HEMA onto starch. The FTIR analysis confirmed that new and efficient products for sizing cotton yarns based on natural raw material (corn) were developed. The research showed that the synthesized corn starch improved physical-mechanical yarn properties and abrasion resistance and reduced yarn surface hairiness. Ultrasonic desizing of yarn and the use of a lower size concentration led to better results than desizing by washing, and the Tegewa numbers confirmed that the desizing process was successful. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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20 pages, 3069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reinforcement of Refined and Semi-Refined Carrageenan Film with Nanocellulose

by Bakti B. Sedayu, Marlene J. Cran and Stephen W. Bigger

Polymers 2020, 12(5), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051145 - 17 May 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4856

Abstract

Carrageenans obtained from seaweeds can be processed into films for a range of applications including food packaging. The level of carrageenan refinement during extraction can influence the key properties, with semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) containing more impurities than the more refined carrageenan (RC). Further [...] Read more.

Carrageenans obtained from seaweeds can be processed into films for a range of applications including food packaging. The level of carrageenan refinement during extraction can influence the key properties, with semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) containing more impurities than the more refined carrageenan (RC). Further refinement steps, however, result in higher costs associated with the production of RC. In order to obtain a lower cost and more ecofriendly, bio-based material for food packaging applications, SRC was used in this investigation to produce a thin film reinforced with nanocellulose fibrils (NCF). Films derived from RC containing NCF were also investigated with water sensitivity and physico-mechanical and thermal properties among the properties tested. Levels of NCF were varied from 1% to 7% (w/w), and in general, the NCF reinforcement improved the overall properties of both the SRC and RC films, including the water sensitivity and moisture barrier. However, NCF inclusion in SRC film was less effective with regard to the mechanical and thermal properties compared with NCF inclusion in RC film. The enhancement in properties was attributed to the greater cohesiveness of the reinforced polymer structure and the crystalline regions formed in the structures of SRC and RC films by NCF incorporation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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12 pages, 2695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Properties of Cyanobacteria-Based Carbon Quantum Dots/Polyvinyl Alcohol/ Nanocellulose Composite

by Li Xu, Ying Li, Shiyu Gao, Yue Niu, Huaxuan Liu, Changtong Mei, Jiabin Cai and Changyan Xu

Polymers 2020, 12(5), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051143 - 17 May 2020

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4622

Abstract

Blue luminescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were prepared from cyanobacteria by a hydrothermal method. The PL quantum yields of the obtained CQDs was 5.30%. Cyanobacteria-based carbon quantum dots/polyvinyl alcohol/nanocellulose composite films were prepared, which could emit bright blue under UV light. FTIR characterization [...] Read more.

Blue luminescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were prepared from cyanobacteria by a hydrothermal method. The PL quantum yields of the obtained CQDs was 5.30%. Cyanobacteria-based carbon quantum dots/polyvinyl alcohol/nanocellulose composite films were prepared, which could emit bright blue under UV light. FTIR characterization showed that the composite films had hydroxyl groups on the surface and no new groups were formed after combining the three materials. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed that the emission of the prepared CQDs was excitation dependent. Studies on the water resistance performance and light barrier properties of the composite films showed that they possessed higher water resistance properties and better UV/infrared light barrier properties. Therefore, we report the cyanobacteria-based carbon quantum dots/polyvinyl alcohol/nanocellulose composite films have the potential to be applied in flexible packaging materials, anti-fake materials, UV/infrared light barrier materials and so on. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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12 pages, 1549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Binary Solutions of Hyaluronan and Lactose-Modified Chitosan: The Influence of Experimental Variables in Assembling Complex Coacervates

by Federica Vecchies, Pasquale Sacco, Eleonora Marsich, Giuseppe Cinelli, Francesco Lopez and Ivan Donati

Polymers 2020, 12(4), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040897 - 13 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2720

Abstract

A miscibility study between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, namely hyaluronic acid and a lactose-modified chitosan, is here reported. Experimental variables such as polymers’ weight ratios, pH values, ionic strengths and hyaluronic acid molecular weights were considered. Transmittance analyses demonstrated the mutual solubility of the [...] Read more.

A miscibility study between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, namely hyaluronic acid and a lactose-modified chitosan, is here reported. Experimental variables such as polymers’ weight ratios, pH values, ionic strengths and hyaluronic acid molecular weights were considered. Transmittance analyses demonstrated the mutual solubility of the two biopolymers at a neutral pH. The onset of the liquid-liquid phase separation due to electrostatic interactions between the two polymers was detected at pH 4.5, and it was found to be affected by the overall ionic strength, the modality of mixing and the polymers’ weight ratio. Thorough Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements were performed to check the quality of the formed coacervates by investigating their dimensions, homogeneity and surface charge. The whole DLS results highlighted the influence of the hyaluronic acid molecular weight in affecting coacervates’ dispersity and size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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Review

Jump to: Research

34 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessReview

Methods of Incorporating Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds into Films Made with Agro-Based Polymers for Application as Food Packaging: A Brief Review

by Gislaine Ferreira Nogueira, Rafael Augustus de Oliveira, José Ignacio Velasco and Farayde Matta Fakhouri

Polymers 2020, 12(11), 2518; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112518 - 28 Oct 2020

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 9232

Abstract

Plastic, usually derived from non-renewable sources, is among the most used materials in food packaging. Despite its barrier properties, plastic packaging has a recycling rate below the ideal and its accumulation in the environment leads to environmental issues. One of the solutions approached [...] Read more.

Plastic, usually derived from non-renewable sources, is among the most used materials in food packaging. Despite its barrier properties, plastic packaging has a recycling rate below the ideal and its accumulation in the environment leads to environmental issues. One of the solutions approached to minimize this impact is the development of food packaging materials made from polymers from renewable sources that, in addition to being biodegradable, can also be edible. Different biopolymers from agricultural renewable sources such as gelatin, whey protein, starch, chitosan, alginate and pectin, among other, have been analyzed for the development of biodegradable films. Moreover, these films can serve as vehicles for transporting bioactive compounds, extending their applicability as bioactive, edible, compostable and biodegradable films. Biopolymer films incorporated with plant-derived bioactive compounds have become an interesting area of research. The interaction between environment-friendly biopolymers and bioactive compounds improves functionality. In addition to interfering with thermal, mechanical and barrier properties of films, depending on the properties of the bioactive compounds, new characteristics are attributed to films, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, color and innovative flavors. This review compiles information on agro-based biopolymers and plant-derived bioactive compounds used in the production of bioactive films. Particular emphasis has been given to the methods used for incorporating bioactive compounds from plant-derived into films and their influence on the functional properties of biopolymer films. Some limitations to be overcome for future advances are also briefly summarized. This review will benefit future prospects for exploring innovative methods of incorporating plant-derived bioactive compounds into films made from agricultural polymers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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24 pages, 7004 KiB

Open AccessReview

Natural Compounds as Sustainable Additives for Biopolymers

by Nadka Tzankova Dintcheva, Giulia Infurna, Marilena Baiamonte and Francesca D’Anna

Polymers 2020, 12(4), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040732 - 25 Mar 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5067

Abstract

In the last few decades, the interest towards natural compounds, coming from a natural source and biodegradable, for biopolymers is always increasing because of a public request for the formulation of safe, eco-friendly, and sustainable materials. The main classes of natural compounds for [...] Read more.

In the last few decades, the interest towards natural compounds, coming from a natural source and biodegradable, for biopolymers is always increasing because of a public request for the formulation of safe, eco-friendly, and sustainable materials. The main classes of natural compounds for biopolymers are: (i) naturally occurring fillers (nFil), such as nano-/micro- sized layered alumino-silicate: halloysite, bentonite, montmorillonite, hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, etc.; (ii) naturally occurring fibers (nFib), such as wood and vegetable fibers; (iii) naturally occurring antioxidant molecules (nAO), such as phenols, polyphenols, vitamins, and carotenoids. However, in this short review, the advantages and drawbacks, considering naturally occurring compounds as safe, eco-friendly, and sustainable additives for biopolymers, have been focused and discussed briefly, even taking into account the requests and needs of different application fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers II)

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