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Ion Selective Electrodes and Optodes

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 27600

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Aleksandar Radu

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Guest Editor

Chemistry School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Building room 1.06, Keele University, Keele, Staffs ST5 5BG, UK
Interests: chemical sensors; ionophore-based sensors; bio/environmental analysis; analytical methodologies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Lukasz Mendecki

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Guest Editor

Allergy Amulet, Inc., 111 North Fairchild Street Suite 240 Madison, WI 53703, USA
Interests: sensors; electrochemical; voltammetry; ion-selective electrodes; nanomaterials; metal-organic frameworks; polymers; impedance; electrodes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ion selective electrodes (ISEs) are one of the oldest classes of chemical sensors. Together with their sister class of optical sensors (optodes) ISEs enjoyed tremendous success in clinical analysis. It is estimated that over a billion measurement world-wide are performed in clinical laboratories alone, while devices based on these two classes of sensors have estimated market value of over 3 billion USD. Success in theoretical understanding of mechanisms of response resulted in substantial lowering of limits of detection and improvement of selectivity.

We appreciate that research in modern ISEs and optodes is very versatile. In this Special Issue, we would like to showcase examples of work that can lead towards expansion of application abilities of ISEs and optodes. Therefore, potential topics include, but are not limited to:

Materials:
- Externally stimulated materials
- Conductive polymers
- Carbon-based nanomaterials
- MOFs
- Ionic liquids
- Biomaterials
Instrumental devices
- Integration of sensors with electronic devices
- Utilization of statistical methodologies for simpler data processing
Application of novel-material-based electrochemical sensors in:
- Environmental analysis
- Health
- Safety and security

Both journal articles and reviews are welcome.

Dr. Aleksandar Radu
Dr. Lukasz Mendecki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

Ion-selective electrodes
Optodes
Environemntal analysis
Clinical analysis
Biomaterials
Ionic liquids
MOFs
Carbon nano-tubes
Graphene
Conductive polymers
Stimulated materials

Published Papers (7 papers)

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9 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Semi-Automated Data Analysis for Ion-Selective Electrodes and Arrays Using the R Package ISEtools

by Peter W. Dillingham, Basim S.O. Alsaedi, Aleksandar Radu and Christina M. McGraw

Sensors 2019, 19(20), 4544; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204544 - 19 Oct 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2281

Abstract

A new software package, ISEtools, is introduced for use within the popular open-source programming language R that allows Bayesian statistical data analysis techniques to be implemented in a straightforward manner. Incorporating all collected data simultaneously, this Bayesian approach naturally accommodates sensor arrays and provides improved limit of detection estimates, including providing appropriate uncertainty estimates. Utilising >1500 lines of code, ISEtools provides a set of three core functions—loadISEdata, describeISE, and analyseISE— for analysing ion-selective electrode data using the Nikolskii–Eisenman equation. The functions call, fit, and extract results from Bayesian models, automatically determining data structures, applying appropriate models, and returning results in an easily interpretable manner and with publication-ready figures. Importantly, while advanced statistical and computationally intensive methods are employed, the functions are designed to be accessible to non-specialists. Here we describe basic features of the package, demonstrated through a worked environmental application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Selective Electrodes and Optodes)

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19 pages, 7293 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fusion of Spectroscopy and Cobalt Electrochemistry Data for Estimating Phosphate Concentration in Hydroponic Solution

by Dae-Hyun Jung, Hak-Jin Kim, Hyoung Seok Kim, Jaeyoung Choi, Jeong Do Kim and Soo Hyun Park

Sensors 2019, 19(11), 2596; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112596 - 7 Jun 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5288

Abstract

Phosphate is a key element affecting plant growth. Therefore, the accurate determination of phosphate concentration in hydroponic nutrient solutions is essential for providing a balanced set of nutrients to plants within a suitable range. This study aimed to develop a data fusion approach for determining phosphate concentrations in a paprika nutrient solution. As a conventional multivariate analysis approach using spectral data, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal components regression (PCR) models were developed using 56 samples for calibration and 24 samples for evaluation. The R² values of estimation models using PCR and PLSR ranged from 0.44 to 0.64. Furthermore, an estimation model using raw electromotive force (EMF) data from cobalt electrodes gave R² values of 0.58–0.71. To improve the model performance, a data fusion method was developed to estimate phosphate concentration using near infrared (NIR) spectral and cobalt electrochemical data. Raw EMF data from cobalt electrodes and principle component values from the spectral data were combined. Results of calibration and evaluation tests using an artificial neural network estimation model showed that R² = 0.90 and 0.89 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 96.70 and 119.50 mg/L, respectively. These values are sufficiently high for application to measuring phosphate concentration in hydroponic solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Selective Electrodes and Optodes)

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13 pages, 2439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disposable Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Based Plasticizer-Free Solid-Contact Pb²⁺-Selective Electrodes with a Sub-PPB Detection Limit †

by Yueling Liu, Yingying Gao, Rui Yan, Haobo Huang and Ping Wang

Sensors 2019, 19(11), 2550; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112550 - 4 Jun 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3109

Abstract

Potentiometric plasticizer-free solid-contact Pb²⁺-selective electrodes based on copolymer methyl methacrylate-n-butyl acrylate (MMA-BA) as membrane matrix and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as intermediate ion-to-electron transducing layer have been developed. The disposable electrodes were prepared by drop-casting the copolymer membrane onto a layer of MWCNTs, which deposited on golden disk electrodes. The obtained electrodes exhibited a sub-ppb level detection limit of 10⁻¹⁰ mol·L⁻¹. The proposed electrodes demonstrated a Nernstian slope of 29.1 ± 0.5 mV/decade in the linear range from 2.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 1.5 × 10⁻³ mol·L⁻¹. No interference from gases (O₂ and CO₂) or water films was observed. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the fabricated electrodes was compared to that of plasticizer-free Pb²⁺-selective electrodes without MWCNTs as intermediated layers. The plasticizer-free MWCNTs-based Pb²⁺-selective electrodes can provide a promising platform for Pb(II) detection in environmental and clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Selective Electrodes and Optodes)

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13 pages, 2151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New ISE-Based Apparatus for Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, pH and Transepithelial Potential Difference Real-Time Simultaneous Measurements of Ion Transport across Epithelial Cells Monolayer–Advantages and Pitfalls

by Mirosław Zając, Andrzej Lewenstam, Magdalena Stobiecka and Krzysztof Dołowy

Sensors 2019, 19(8), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081881 - 20 Apr 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5101

Abstract

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal human genetic disease, which is caused by a defect in an anion channel protein (CFTR) that affects ion and water transport across the epithelium. We devised an apparatus to enable the measurement of concentration changes of sodium, potassium, chloride, pH, and transepithelial potential difference by means of ion-selective electrodes that were placed on both sides of a 16HBE14σ human bronchial epithelial cell line that was grown on a porous support. Using flat miniaturized ISE electrodes allows for reducing the medium volume adjacent to cells to approximately 20 μL and detecting changes in ion concentrations that are caused by transport through the cell layer. In contrast to classic electrochemical measurements, in our experiments neither the calibration of electrodes nor the interpretation of results is simple. The calibration solutions might affect cell physiology, the medium composition might change the direction of actions of the membrane channels and transporters, and water flow that might trigger or cut off the transport pathways accompanies the transport of ions. We found that there is an electroneutral transport of sodium chloride in both directions of the cell monolayer in the isosmotic transepithelial concentration gradient of sodium or chloride ions. The ions and water are transported as an isosmotic solution of 145 mM of NaCl. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Selective Electrodes and Optodes)

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11 pages, 1072 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Dopamine/2-Phenylethylamine Sensitivity of Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on Bifunctional-Symmetrical Boron Receptors

by Martyna Durka, Krzysztof Durka, Agnieszka Adamczyk-Woźniak and Wojciech Wróblewski

Sensors 2019, 19(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020283 - 12 Jan 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3827

Abstract

Piperazine-based compounds bearing two phenylboronic acid or two benzoxaborole groups (PBPA and PBBB) were applied as dopamine receptors in polymeric membranes (PVC/DOS) of ion-selective electrodes. The potentiometric sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors towards dopamine were evaluated and compared with the results obtained for 2-phenylethylamine. Since the developed electrodes displayed strong interference from 2-phenylethylamine, single-molecule geometry optimizations were performed using the density functional theory (DFT) method in order to investigate the origin of dopamine/2-phenylethylamine selectivity. The results indicated that phenylboronic acid and benzoxaborole receptors bind dopamine mainly through the dative B–N bond (like 2-phenylethylamine) and the potentiometric selectivity is mainly governed by the higher lipophilicity of 2-phenylethylamine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Selective Electrodes and Optodes)

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19 pages, 631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Over One-Year Long-Term Laboratory Tests of pH Electrodes in Terms of Industrial Applications Checking Stabilities of Their Parameters and Their Influence on Uncertainties of Measurements

by Alicja Wiora and Józef Wiora

Sensors 2018, 18(12), 4102; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124102 - 23 Nov 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2714

Abstract

Glass pH electrodes are still successfully applied in the chemical and environmental industry. During their long-term use, periodic calibration is required to maintain the required accuracy of measurements because the parameters of the electrodes change over time. This work presents an aging of 11 pH electrodes within approximately 600 days in tap water. During this period, potentials of all electrodes in five buffer solutions were measured 44 times. This allowed determining the aging models of the electrodes. Models in other mediums might be different. Changes in slope, standard potential, hysteresis, and linearity of the characteristics were the objects of observations. A method for predicting electrode parameters is proposed. Furthermore, the procedure for estimating the uncertainty of pH measurements considering the aging of the electrodes is described. As a result of this work, a model of the aging process of pH electrodes in tap water can be constructed and subsequently, the measurement accuracy in the periods between calibrations can be improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Selective Electrodes and Optodes)

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12 pages, 2718 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Ion Selective Amperometric Biosensors for Environmental Analysis of Nitrate, Nitrite and Sulfate

by Niels Peter Revsbech, Michael Nielsen and Deby Fapyane

Sensors 2020, 20(15), 4326; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154326 - 3 Aug 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4458

Abstract

Inorganic ions that can be redox-transformed by living cells can be sensed by biosensors, where the redox transformation gives rise to a current in a measuring circuit. Such biosensors may be based on enzymes, or they may be based on application of whole cells. In this review focus will be on biosensors for the environmentally important ions NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, and SO₄²⁻, and for comparison alternative sensor-based detection will also be mentioned. The developed biosensors are generally characterized by a high degree of specificity, but unfortunately also by relatively short lifetimes. There are several investigations where biosensor measurement of NO₃⁻ and NO₂⁻ have given new insight into the functioning of nitrogen transformations in man-made and natural environments such as sediments and biofilms, but the biosensors have not become routine tools. Future modifications resulting in better long-term stability may enable such general use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Selective Electrodes and Optodes)

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