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Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications—2nd Edition

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 February 2025 | Viewed by 10781

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: optical measurement technology; photoelectric detection technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: photoelectric detection and photoelectric sensing; laser measurement; machine vision measurement; gas imaging detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: laser measurement; laser sensing; infrared gas detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Laser-based measurement and sensing technologies have attracted growing attention due to their advantages of high sensitivity and fast response. Their applications include industrial production, substance analysis, environmental monitoring, and so on. In recent years, with the development of laser source and measurement approaches, many new technologies or applications of laser measurement and sensing have appeared. This Special Issue aims to collect original research papers and reviews on recent developments of laser measurement technologies and innovative applications. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, laser measurement and sensing, micro- and nano-photoelectric measurement, simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters, structured light measurement, online digital measurement, computational measurement, embedded photoelectric measurement, and laser spectroscopy analysis.

Prof. Dr. Qibo Feng
Dr. Jiakun Li
Dr. Qixin He
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • laser measurement
  • laser sensing
  • laser spectroscopy measurement
  • image measurement
  • micro- and nano- photoelectric measurement
  • simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters
  • structured light measurement
  • online digital measurement
  • computational measurement
  • embedded photoelectric measurement

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3994 KiB  
Article
Welding Defect Monitoring Based on Multi-Scale Feature Fusion of Molten Pool Videos
by Chenbo Shi, Lei Wang, Changsheng Zhu, Tengyue Han, Xiangyu Zhang, Delin Wang and Chun Zhang
Sensors 2024, 24(20), 6561; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206561 - 11 Oct 2024
Viewed by 463
Abstract
Real-time quality monitoring through molten pool images is a critical focus in researching high-quality, intelligent automated welding. However, challenges such as the dynamic nature of the molten pool, changes in camera perspective, and variations in pool shape make defect detection using single-frame images [...] Read more.
Real-time quality monitoring through molten pool images is a critical focus in researching high-quality, intelligent automated welding. However, challenges such as the dynamic nature of the molten pool, changes in camera perspective, and variations in pool shape make defect detection using single-frame images difficult. We propose a multi-scale fusion method for defect monitoring based on molten pool videos to address these issues. This method analyzes the temporal changes in light spots on the molten pool surface, transferring features between frames to capture dynamic behavior. Our approach employs multi-scale feature fusion using row and column convolutions along with a gated fusion module to accommodate variations in pool size and position, enabling the detection of light spot changes of different sizes and directions from coarse to fine. Additionally, incorporating mixed attention with row and column features enables the model to capture the characteristics of the molten pool more efficiently. Our method achieves an accuracy of 97.416% on a molten pool video dataset, with a processing time of 16 ms per sample. Experimental results on the UCF101-24 and JHMDB datasets also demonstrate the method’s generalization capability. Full article
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21 pages, 10962 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Sensing of Thermal Error of CNC Machine Tool Spindle Based on Multi-Source Information Fusion
by Zeqing Yang, Beibei Liu, Yanrui Zhang, Yingshu Chen, Hongwei Zhao, Guofeng Zhang, Wei Yi and Zonghua Zhang
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3614; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113614 - 3 Jun 2024
Viewed by 702
Abstract
Aiming at the shortcomings of single-sensor sensing information characterization ability, which is easily interfered with by external environmental factors, a method of intelligent perception is proposed in this paper. This method integrates multi-source and multi-level information, including spindle temperature field, spindle thermal deformation, [...] Read more.
Aiming at the shortcomings of single-sensor sensing information characterization ability, which is easily interfered with by external environmental factors, a method of intelligent perception is proposed in this paper. This method integrates multi-source and multi-level information, including spindle temperature field, spindle thermal deformation, operating parameters, and motor current. Firstly, the internal and external thermal-error-related signals of the spindle system are collected by sensors, and the feature parameters are extracted; then, the radial basis function (RBF) neural network is utilized to realize the preliminary integration of the feature parameters because of the advantages of the RBF neural network, which offers strong multi-dimensional solid nonlinear mapping ability and generalization ability. Thermal-error decision values are then generated by a weighted fusion of different pieces of evidence by considering uncertain information from multiple sources. The spindle thermal-error sensing experiment was based on the spindle system of the VMC850 (Yunnan Machine Tool Group Co., LTD, Yunnan, China) vertical machining center of the Yunnan Machine Tool Factory. Experiments were designed for thermal-error sensing of the spindle under constant speed (2000 r/min and 4000 r/min), standard variable speed, and stepped variable speed conditions. The experiment’s results show that the prediction accuracy of the intelligent-sensing model with multi-source information fusion can reach 98.1%, 99.3%, 98.6%, and 98.8% under the above working conditions, respectively. The intelligent-perception model proposed in this paper has higher accuracy and lower residual error than the traditional BP neural network perception and wavelet neural network models. The research in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the operation, maintenance management, and performance optimization of machine tool spindle systems. Full article
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15 pages, 9501 KiB  
Article
Using Spectroradiometry to Measure Organic Carbon in Carbonate-Containing Soils
by Piotr Bartmiński, Anna Siedliska and Marcin Siłuch
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3591; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113591 - 2 Jun 2024
Viewed by 726
Abstract
This study explores the feasibility of analyzing soil organic carbon (SOC) in carbonate-rich soils using visible near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS-NIR). Employing a combination of datasets, feature groups, variable selection methods, and regression models, 22 modeling pipelines were developed. Spectral data and spectral data combined [...] Read more.
This study explores the feasibility of analyzing soil organic carbon (SOC) in carbonate-rich soils using visible near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS-NIR). Employing a combination of datasets, feature groups, variable selection methods, and regression models, 22 modeling pipelines were developed. Spectral data and spectral data combined with carbonate contents were used as datasets, while raw reflectance, first-derivative (FD) reflectance, and second-derivative (SD) reflectance constituted the feature groups. The variable selection methods included Spearman correlation, Variable Importance in Projection (VIP), and Random Frog (Rfrog), while Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Random Forest Regression (RFR), and Support Vector Regression (SVR) were the regression models. The obtained results indicated that the FD preprocessing method combined with RF, results in the model that is sufficiently robust and stable to be applied to soils rich in calcium carbonate. Full article
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13 pages, 3903 KiB  
Article
An Autocollimator Axial Measurement Method Based on the Strapdown Inertial Navigation System
by Wenjia Ma, Jianrong Li, Shaojin Liu, Yan Han, Xu Liu, Zhiqian Wang and Changhong Jiang
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2590; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082590 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 933
Abstract
Autocollimators are widely used optical axis-measuring tools, but their measurement errors increase significantly when measuring under non-leveled conditions and they have a limited measurement range due to the limitations of the measurement principle. To realize axis measurement under non-leveled conditions, this paper proposes [...] Read more.
Autocollimators are widely used optical axis-measuring tools, but their measurement errors increase significantly when measuring under non-leveled conditions and they have a limited measurement range due to the limitations of the measurement principle. To realize axis measurement under non-leveled conditions, this paper proposes an autocollimator axis measurement method based on the strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS). First, the measurement model of the system was established. This model applies the SINS to measure the change in attitude of the autocollimator. The autocollimator was then applied to measure the angular relationship between the measured axis and its own axis, based on which the angular relationship of the axis was measured via computation through signal processing and data fusion in a multi-sensor system. After analyzing the measurement errors of the system model, the Monte Carlo method was applied to carry out a simulation analysis. This showed that the majority of the measurement errors were within ±0.002° and the overall measurement accuracy was within ±0.006°. Tests using equipment with the same parameters as those used in the simulation analysis showed that the majority of the measurement errors were within ±0.004° and the overall error was within ±0.006°, which is consistent with the simulation results. This analysis proves that this method solves the problem of the autocollimator being unable to measure the axis under non-leveled conditions and meets the needs of axis measurement with the application of autocollimators under a moving base. Full article
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17 pages, 4372 KiB  
Article
Measurement Method for Contact Wire Wear Based on Stereovision
by Wei Zhou, Zhe Qin, Xinyu Du, Xiantang Xue, Haiying Wang and Hailang Li
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2085; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072085 - 25 Mar 2024
Viewed by 943
Abstract
The contact wire wear is an important parameter to ensure the safety operation of electric railways. The contact wire may break if the wear is serious, which leads to transportation interruptions. This study proposes an optical measurement method of contact wire wear, using [...] Read more.
The contact wire wear is an important parameter to ensure the safety operation of electric railways. The contact wire may break if the wear is serious, which leads to transportation interruptions. This study proposes an optical measurement method of contact wire wear, using stereovision technology. The matching method of stereovision based on line-scan cameras is proposed. A lookup-table method is developed to exactly determine the image resolution caused by the contact wire being in different spatial positions. The wear width of the contact wire is extracted from catenaries’ images, and the residual thickness of the contact wire is calculated. The method was verified by field tests. The round-robin tests of the residual thickness at the same location present excellent measurement repetitiveness. The maximum difference value between dynamic test results and ground measurement results is 0.13 mm. This research represents a potential way to implement condition-based maintenance for contact wire wear in the future in order to improve the maintenance efficiency and ensure the safety of catenary infrastructure. Full article
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12 pages, 7211 KiB  
Article
Near-Infrared Dual Greenhouse Gas Sensor Based on Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber for Gas-Cell In-Situ Applications
by Jianing Wang, Bingqiang Li, Weiping Wu and Guanyu Lin
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051670 - 5 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1030
Abstract
A greenhouse gas sensor has been developed to simultaneously detect multiple gas species within a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBF) structure entirely composed of fibers. To enhance sensitivity, the gas cell consists of HC-PBF enclosed between two single-mode fibers fused with a reflective [...] Read more.
A greenhouse gas sensor has been developed to simultaneously detect multiple gas species within a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBF) structure entirely composed of fibers. To enhance sensitivity, the gas cell consists of HC-PBF enclosed between two single-mode fibers fused with a reflective end surface to double the absorption length. The incorporation of side holes for gas diffusion allows for analysis of the relationship between gas diffusion speed, number of drilled side holes, and energy loss. As the number of drilled holes increases, the response time decreases to less than 3 min at the expense of energy loss. Gas experiments demonstrated detection limits of 0.1 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for carbon dioxide, with an average time of 50 s. In-situ testing conducted in rice fields validates the effectiveness of the developed gas detection system using HC-PBF cells, establishing all-fiber sensors with high sensitivity and rapid response. Full article
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15 pages, 5256 KiB  
Article
Modelling and Thermographic Measurements of LED Optical Power
by Maria Strąkowska, Sebastian Urbaś, Mariusz Felczak, Błażej Torzyk, Iyad S. M. Shatarah, Rafał Kasikowski, Przemysław Tabaka and Bogusław Więcek
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1471; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051471 - 24 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 943
Abstract
This paper presents a simple engineering method for evaluating the optical power emitted by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using infrared thermography. The method is based on the simultaneous measurement of the electrical power and temperature of an LED and a heat source (resistor) that [...] Read more.
This paper presents a simple engineering method for evaluating the optical power emitted by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using infrared thermography. The method is based on the simultaneous measurement of the electrical power and temperature of an LED and a heat source (resistor) that are enclosed in the same plastic packaging under the same cooling conditions. This ensures the calculation of the optical power emitted by the LED regardless of the value of the heat transfer coefficient. The obtained result was confirmed by comparing it with the standard direct measurement method using an integrated sphere. The values of the estimated optical power using the proposed method and the integrated sphere equipped with a spectrometer were consistent with each other. The tested LED exhibited a high optical energy efficiency, reaching approximately η ≈ 30%. In addition, an uncertainty analysis of the obtained results was performed. Compact modelling based on a thermal resistor network (Rth) and a 3D-FEM analysis were performed to confirm the experimental results. Full article
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16 pages, 11285 KiB  
Article
A Novel Combined Method for Measuring the Three-Dimensional Rotational Angle of a Spherical Joint
by Qianyun Yang, Kai Ouyang, Long Yang, Rao Fu and Penghao Hu
Sensors 2024, 24(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010090 - 23 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1131
Abstract
To improve the measurement accuracy of the three-dimensional rotation angle of a spherical joint, a novel approach is proposed in this study, which combines magnetic detection by a Hall sensor and surface feature identification by an eddy current sensor. Firstly, a permanent magnet [...] Read more.
To improve the measurement accuracy of the three-dimensional rotation angle of a spherical joint, a novel approach is proposed in this study, which combines magnetic detection by a Hall sensor and surface feature identification by an eddy current sensor. Firstly, a permanent magnet is embedded in the ball head of a spherical joint, and Hall sensors are set and distributed in the ball socket to measure the variation in the magnetic flux density when the spherical joint rotates, which are related to the 3D rotation angle. In order to further improve the measurement accuracy and robustness, we also set grooves on the ball head and use eddy current sensors to synchronously identify the rotation angle of the ball head. After the combination of two signals is performed, a measurement model is established using the RBF neural network by training, and the real-time measurement of the 3D rotation angle of the spherical joint is realized. The feasibility and superiority of this method are validated through experiments. The experimental results indicate that the measurement accuracy is substantially promoted compared to the preliminary measurement scheme based on spherical coding; the average measurement error of the single axis is reduced by 9′9″. The root mean square errors for the measurements of the 3D rotation angles in this proposed method are as follows: pitch angle α has an error of 1′8″, yaw angle β has an error of 2′15″, and roll angle γ has an error of 29′6″. Full article
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13 pages, 4376 KiB  
Article
Maximum Acceptable Tilt Angle for Point Autofocus Microscopy
by Huixu Song, Qingwei Li and Zhaoyao Shi
Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9655; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249655 - 6 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1204
Abstract
The complete and accurate acquisition of geometric information forms the bedrock of maintaining high-end instrument performance and monitoring product quality. It is also a prerequisite for achieving the ‘precision’ and ‘intelligence’ that the manufacturing industry aspires to achieve. Industrial microscopes, known for their [...] Read more.
The complete and accurate acquisition of geometric information forms the bedrock of maintaining high-end instrument performance and monitoring product quality. It is also a prerequisite for achieving the ‘precision’ and ‘intelligence’ that the manufacturing industry aspires to achieve. Industrial microscopes, known for their high accuracy and resolution, have become invaluable tools in the precision measurement of small components. However, these industrial microscopes often struggle to demonstrate their advantages when dealing with complex shapes or large tilt angles. This paper introduces a ray-tracing model for point autofocus microscopy, and it provides the quantified relationship formula between the maximum acceptable tilt angle and the beam offset accepted in point autofocus microscopy, then analyzing the maximum acceptable tilt angle of the objects being measured. This novel approach uses the geometric features of a high-precision reference sphere to simulate the tilt angle and displacement of the surface under investigation. The research findings show that the maximum acceptable tilt angles of a point autofocus microscope vary across different measured directions. Additionally, the extent to which the maximum acceptable tilt angles are affected by the distances of the beam offset also varies. Finally, the difference between the experiment results and the theoretical results is less than 0.5°. Full article
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Review

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24 pages, 9430 KiB  
Review
Advances in Aeroengine Cooling Hole Measurement: A Comprehensive Review
by Shuyan Yan, Junkai Shi, Guannan Li, Can Hao, Ying Wang, Hao Yu and Weihu Zhou
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2152; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072152 - 27 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1529
Abstract
Film cooling technology is of great significance to enhance the performance of aero-engines and extend service life. With the increasing requirements for film cooling efficiency, researchers and engineers have carried out a lot of work on the precision and digital measurement of cooling [...] Read more.
Film cooling technology is of great significance to enhance the performance of aero-engines and extend service life. With the increasing requirements for film cooling efficiency, researchers and engineers have carried out a lot of work on the precision and digital measurement of cooling holes. Based on the above, this paper outlines the importance and principles of film cooling technology and reviews the evolution of cooling holes. Also, this paper details the traditional measurement methods of the cooling hole used in current engineering scenarios with their limitations and categorizes digital measurement methods into five main types, including probing measurement technology, optical measurement technology, infrared imaging technology, computer tomography (CT) scanning technology, and composite measurement technology. The five types of methods and integrated automated measurement platforms are also analyzed. Finally, through a generalize and analysis of cooling hole measurement methods, this paper points out technical challenges and future trends, providing a reference and guidance for forward researches. Full article
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