Sensors

Research

14 pages, 357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Securing Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Against Collusive SSDF Attack using XOR Distance Analysis in Cognitive Radio Networks

by Jingyu Feng, Man Zhang, Yun Xiao and Hongzhou Yue

Sensors 2018, 18(2), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020370 - 27 Jan 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3570

Abstract

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is considered as a powerful approach to improve the utilization of scarce spectrum resources. However, if CSS assumes that all secondary users (SU) are honest, it may offer opportunities for attackers to conduct a spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) [...] Read more.

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is considered as a powerful approach to improve the utilization of scarce spectrum resources. However, if CSS assumes that all secondary users (SU) are honest, it may offer opportunities for attackers to conduct a spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack. To suppress such a threat, recent efforts have been made to develop trust mechanisms. Currently, some attackers can collude with each other to form a collusive clique, and thus not only increase the power of SSDF attack but also avoid the detection of a trust mechanism. Noting the duality of sensing data, we propose a defense scheme called XDA from the perspective of XOR distance analysis to suppress a collusive SSDF attack. In the XDA scheme, the XOR distance calculation in line with the type of “0” and “1” historical sensing data is used to measure the similarity between any two SUs. Noting that collusive SSDF attackers hold high trust value and the minimum XOR distance, the algorithm to detect collusive SSDF attackers is designed. Meanwhile, the XDA scheme can perfect the trust mechanism to correct collusive SSDF attackers’ trust value. Simulation results show that the XDA scheme can enhance the accuracy of trust evaluation, and thus successfully reduce the power of collusive SSDF attack against CSS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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3013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Strategic Bargaining Game for a Spectrum Sharing Scheme in Cognitive Radio-Based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

by Yuxing Mao, Tao Cheng, Huiyuan Zhao and Na Shen

Sensors 2017, 17(12), 2737; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122737 - 27 Nov 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4189

Abstract

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), unlicensed users, that is, sensor nodes, have excessively exploited the unlicensed radio spectrum. Through Cognitive Radio (CR), licensed radio spectra, which are owned by licensed users, can be partly or entirely shared with unlicensed users. This paper proposes [...] Read more.

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), unlicensed users, that is, sensor nodes, have excessively exploited the unlicensed radio spectrum. Through Cognitive Radio (CR), licensed radio spectra, which are owned by licensed users, can be partly or entirely shared with unlicensed users. This paper proposes a strategic bargaining spectrum-sharing scheme, considering a CR-based heterogeneous WSN (HWSN). The sensors of HWSNs are discrepant and exist in different wireless environments, which leads to various signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for the same or different licensed users. Unlicensed users bargain with licensed users regarding the spectrum price. In each round of bargaining, licensed users are allowed to adaptively adjust their spectrum price to the best for maximizing their profits. . Then, each unlicensed user makes their best response and informs licensed users of “bargaining” and “warning”. Through finite rounds of bargaining, this scheme can obtain a Nash bargaining solution (NBS), which makes all licensed and unlicensed users reach an agreement. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can quickly find a NBS and all players in the game prefer to be honest. The proposed scheme outperforms existing schemes, within a certain range, in terms of fairness and trade success probability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Weighted Sum Harvested Energy Maximization for SWIPT Cognitive Radio Networks Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

by Pham Viet Tuan and Insoo Koo

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2275; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102275 - 6 Oct 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4386

Abstract

In this paper, we consider multiuser simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) for cognitive radio systems where a secondary transmitter (ST) with an antenna array provides information and energy to multiple single-antenna secondary receivers (SRs) equipped with a power splitting (PS) receiving [...] Read more.

In this paper, we consider multiuser simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) for cognitive radio systems where a secondary transmitter (ST) with an antenna array provides information and energy to multiple single-antenna secondary receivers (SRs) equipped with a power splitting (PS) receiving scheme when multiple primary users (PUs) exist. The main objective of the paper is to maximize weighted sum harvested energy for SRs while satisfying their minimum required signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), the limited transmission power at the ST, and the interference threshold of each PU. For the perfect channel state information (CSI), the optimal beamforming vectors and PS ratios are achieved by the proposed PSO-SDR in which semidefinite relaxation (SDR) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods are jointly combined. We prove that SDR always has a rank-1 solution, and is indeed tight. For the imperfect CSI with bounded channel vector errors, the upper bound of weighted sum harvested energy (WSHE) is also obtained through the S-Procedure. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed PSO-SDR has fast convergence and better performance as compared to the other baseline schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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3025 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Achieving Congestion Mitigation Using Distributed Power Control for Spectrum Sensor Nodes in Sensor Network-Aided Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

by Long Zhang, Haitao Xu, Fan Zhuo and Hucai Duan

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 2132; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092132 - 15 Sep 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4365

Abstract

The data sequence of spectrum sensing results injected from dedicated spectrum sensor nodes (SSNs) and the data traffic from upstream secondary users (SUs) lead to unpredictable data loads in a sensor network-aided cognitive radio ad hoc network (SN-CRN). As a result, network congestion [...] Read more.

The data sequence of spectrum sensing results injected from dedicated spectrum sensor nodes (SSNs) and the data traffic from upstream secondary users (SUs) lead to unpredictable data loads in a sensor network-aided cognitive radio ad hoc network (SN-CRN). As a result, network congestion may occur at a SU acting as fusion center when the offered data load exceeds its available capacity, which degrades network performance. In this paper, we present an effective approach to mitigate congestion of bottlenecked SUs via a proposed distributed power control framework for SSNs over a rectangular grid based SN-CRN, aiming to balance resource load and avoid excessive congestion. To achieve this goal, a distributed power control framework for SSNs from interior tier (IT) and middle tier (MT) is proposed to achieve the tradeoff between channel capacity and energy consumption. In particular, we firstly devise two pricing factors by considering stability of local spectrum sensing and spectrum sensing quality for SSNs. By the aid of pricing factors, the utility function of this power control problem is formulated by jointly taking into account the revenue of power reduction and the cost of energy consumption for IT or MT SSN. By bearing in mind the utility function maximization and linear differential equation constraint of energy consumption, we further formulate the power control problem as a differential game model under a cooperation or noncooperation scenario, and rigorously obtain the optimal solutions to this game model by employing dynamic programming. Then the congestion mitigation for bottlenecked SUs is derived by alleviating the buffer load over their internal buffers. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach under the rectangular grid based SN-CRN scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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1342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Optimal Cooperative Sensing with Energy Detection in Cognitive Radio

by Sunghwan Bae, Jaewoo So and Hongseok Kim

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 2111; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092111 - 15 Sep 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5356

Abstract

In this paper, we propose an optimal cooperative sensing technique for cognitive radio to maximize sensing performance based on energy detection. In most spectrum sensing research, many cooperation methods have been proposed to overcome the sensitivity of energy detection so that both primary [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose an optimal cooperative sensing technique for cognitive radio to maximize sensing performance based on energy detection. In most spectrum sensing research, many cooperation methods have been proposed to overcome the sensitivity of energy detection so that both primary and secondary users are better off in terms of spectral efficiency. However, without assigning a proper sensing threshold to each sensing node, cooperation may not be effective unless the received average primary user signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is identical. We show that equal threshold energy detection severely degrades sensing performance when cooperative sensing nodes experience diverse average SNRs, and it is not unusual for even single-node sensing to be better than cooperative sensing. To this end, based on the Neyman–Pearson criterion we formulate an optimization problem to maximize sensing performance by using optimized thresholds. Since this is a non-convex optimization problem, we provide a condition that convexifies the problem and thus serves as a sufficient optimality condition. We find that, perhaps surprisingly, in all practical cases one may consider this condition satisfied, and thus optimal sensing performance can be obtained. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed technique achieves a globally optimal solution, i.e., it maximizes the probability of detection under practical operating parameters such as the target probability of false alarm, different SNRs, and the number of cooperative sensing nodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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1509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Resource Optimization for Cognitive Sensor Networks with SWIPT-Enabled Relay

by Weidang Lu, Yuanrong Lin, Hong Peng, Tian Nan and Xin Liu

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 2093; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092093 - 13 Sep 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3603

Abstract

Energy-constrained wireless networks, such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), are usually powered by fixed energy supplies (e.g., batteries), which limits the operation time of networks. Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is a promising technique to prolong the lifetime of energy-constrained wireless [...] Read more.

Energy-constrained wireless networks, such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), are usually powered by fixed energy supplies (e.g., batteries), which limits the operation time of networks. Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is a promising technique to prolong the lifetime of energy-constrained wireless networks. This paper investigates the performance of an underlay cognitive sensor network (CSN) with SWIPT-enabled relay node. In the CSN, the amplify-and-forward (AF) relay sensor node harvests energy from the ambient radio-frequency (RF) signals using power splitting-based relaying (PSR) protocol. Then, it helps forward the signal of source sensor node (SSN) to the destination sensor node (DSN) by using the harvested energy. We study the joint resource optimization including the transmit power and power splitting ratio to maximize CSN’s achievable rate with the constraint that the interference caused by the CSN to the primary users (PUs) is within the permissible threshold. Simulation results show that the performance of our proposed joint resource optimization can be significantly improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Efficient Optimal Power Allocation in Integrated Wireless Sensor and Cognitive Satellite Terrestrial Networks

by Shengchao Shi, Guangxia Li, Kang An, Bin Gao and Gan Zheng

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092025 - 4 Sep 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4503

Abstract

This paper proposes novel satellite-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which integrate the WSN with the cognitive satellite terrestrial network. Having the ability to provide seamless network access and alleviate the spectrum scarcity, cognitive satellite terrestrial networks are considered as a promising candidate for [...] Read more.

This paper proposes novel satellite-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which integrate the WSN with the cognitive satellite terrestrial network. Having the ability to provide seamless network access and alleviate the spectrum scarcity, cognitive satellite terrestrial networks are considered as a promising candidate for future wireless networks with emerging requirements of ubiquitous broadband applications and increasing demand for spectral resources. With the emerging environmental and energy cost concerns in communication systems, explicit concerns on energy efficient resource allocation in satellite networks have also recently received considerable attention. In this regard, this paper proposes energy-efficient optimal power allocation schemes in the cognitive satellite terrestrial networks for non-real-time and real-time applications, respectively, which maximize the energy efficiency (EE) of the cognitive satellite user while guaranteeing the interference at the primary terrestrial user below an acceptable level. Specifically, average interference power (AIP) constraint is employed to protect the communication quality of the primary terrestrial user while average transmit power (ATP) or peak transmit power (PTP) constraint is adopted to regulate the transmit power of the satellite user. Since the energy-efficient power allocation optimization problem belongs to the nonlinear concave fractional programming problem, we solve it by combining Dinkelbach’s method with Lagrange duality method. Simulation results demonstrate that the fading severity of the terrestrial interference link is favorable to the satellite user who can achieve EE gain under the ATP constraint comparing to the PTP constraint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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1778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Full-Duplex Cooperative Sensing for Spectrum-Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks

by Peng Liu, Wangdong Qi, En Yuan, Li Wei and Yuexin Zhao

Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081773 - 2 Aug 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4482

Abstract

In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), spectrum sensing is critical for guaranteeing that the opportunistic spectrum access by secondary users (SUs) will not interrupt legitimate primary users (PUs). The application of full-duplex radio to spectrum sensing enables SU to carry out sensing and transmission [...] Read more.

In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), spectrum sensing is critical for guaranteeing that the opportunistic spectrum access by secondary users (SUs) will not interrupt legitimate primary users (PUs). The application of full-duplex radio to spectrum sensing enables SU to carry out sensing and transmission simultaneously, improving both spectrum awareness and CRN throughput. However, the issue of spectrum sensing with full-duplex radios deployed in heterogeneous environments, where SUs may observe different spectrum activities, has not been addressed. In this paper, we give a first look into this problem and develop a light-weight cooperative sensing framework called PaCoSIF, which involves only a pairwise SU transmitter (SU-Tx) and its receiver (SU-Rx) in cooperation. A dedicated control channel is not required for pairwise cooperative sensing with instantaneous feedback (PaCoSIF) because sensing results are collected and fused via the reverse channel provided by full-duplex radios. We present a detailed protocol description to illustrate how PaCoSIF works. However, it is a challenge to optimize the sensing performance of PaCoSIF since the two sensors suffer from spectrum heterogeneity and different kinds of interference. Our goal is to minimize the false alarm rate of PaCoSIF given the bound on the missed detection rate by adaptively adjusting the detection threshold of each sensor. We derive an expression for the optimal threshold using the Lagrange method and propose a fast binary-searching algorithm to solve it numerically. Simulations show that, with perfect signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR) information, PaCoSIF could decrease the false alarm rate and boost CRN throughput significantly against conventional cooperative sensing when SUs are deployed in spectrum-heterogeneous environments. Finally, the impact of SINR error upon the performance of PaCoSIF is evaluated via extensive simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Network Computation of the Optimal Weighting Matrix for Distributed Consensus on Wireless Sensor Networks

by Xabier Insausti, Jesús Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Marta Zárraga-Rodríguez and Pedro M. Crespo

Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081702 - 25 Jul 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3885

Abstract

In a network, a distributed consensus algorithm is fully characterized by its weighting matrix. Although there exist numerical methods for obtaining the optimal weighting matrix, we have not found an in-network implementation of any of these methods that works for all network topologies. [...] Read more.

In a network, a distributed consensus algorithm is fully characterized by its weighting matrix. Although there exist numerical methods for obtaining the optimal weighting matrix, we have not found an in-network implementation of any of these methods that works for all network topologies. In this paper, we propose an in-network algorithm for finding such an optimal weighting matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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1966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Optimization of Receiver Placement and Illuminator Selection for a Multiband Passive Radar Network

by Rui Xie, Xianrong Wan, Sheng Hong and Jianxin Yi

Sensors 2017, 17(6), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061378 - 14 Jun 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4032

Abstract

The performance of a passive radar network can be greatly improved by an optimal radar network structure. Generally, radar network structure optimization consists of two aspects, namely the placement of receivers in suitable places and selection of appropriate illuminators. The present study investigates [...] Read more.

The performance of a passive radar network can be greatly improved by an optimal radar network structure. Generally, radar network structure optimization consists of two aspects, namely the placement of receivers in suitable places and selection of appropriate illuminators. The present study investigates issues concerning the joint optimization of receiver placement and illuminator selection for a passive radar network. Firstly, the required radar cross section (RCS) for target detection is chosen as the performance metric, and the joint optimization model boils down to the partition p-center problem (PPCP). The PPCP is then solved by a proposed bisection algorithm. The key of the bisection algorithm lies in solving the partition set covering problem (PSCP), which can be solved by a hybrid algorithm developed by coupling the convex optimization with the greedy dropping algorithm. In the end, the performance of the proposed algorithm is validated via numerical simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spectrum Sensing Using Co-Prime Array Based Modulated Wideband Converter

by Wanghan Lv, Huali Wang and Shanxiang Mu

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051052 - 6 May 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3879

Abstract

As known to us all, it is challenging to monitor wideband signals in frequency domain due to the restriction of hardware. Several practical sampling schemes, such as multicoset sampling and the modulated wideband converter (MWC), have been proposed. In this work, a co-prime [...] Read more.

As known to us all, it is challenging to monitor wideband signals in frequency domain due to the restriction of hardware. Several practical sampling schemes, such as multicoset sampling and the modulated wideband converter (MWC), have been proposed. In this work, a co-prime array (CA) based modulated wideband converter (MWC) spectrum sensing method is suggested. Our proposed method has the same sampling principle as the MWC but has some advantages compared to MWC. Firstly, CA-based MWC is an array-based MWC system. Each sensor is usually corrupted by independent noise for an array system which can be used for noise averaging, while all channels in conventional MWC have the same receiving noise. Secondly, by incorporating the co-prime array, we can estimate the power spectrum of signal directly employing its second-order statistical properties. Moreover, the system minimal sampling rate can be reduced further because of the reduction of sampling channels. Simulation results show that our method has better performance than traditional methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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12264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Single Channel Modulated Wideband Converter for Wideband Spectrum Sensing: Theory, Architecture and Hardware Implementation

by Weisong Liu, Zhitao Huang, Xiang Wang and Weichao Sun

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051035 - 4 May 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4904

Abstract

In a cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN), wideband spectrum sensing devices which aims to effectively exploit temporarily vacant spectrum intervals as soon as possible are of great importance. However, the challenge of increasingly high signal frequency and wide bandwidth requires an extremely high [...] Read more.

In a cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN), wideband spectrum sensing devices which aims to effectively exploit temporarily vacant spectrum intervals as soon as possible are of great importance. However, the challenge of increasingly high signal frequency and wide bandwidth requires an extremely high sampling rate which may exceed today’s best analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) front-end bandwidth. Recently, the newly proposed architecture called modulated wideband converter (MWC), is an attractive analog compressed sensing technique that can highly reduce the sampling rate. However, the MWC has high hardware complexity owing to its parallel channel structure especially when the number of signals increases. In this paper, we propose a single channel modulated wideband converter (SCMWC) scheme for spectrum sensing of band-limited wide-sense stationary (WSS) signals. With one antenna or sensor, this scheme can save not only sampling rate but also hardware complexity. We then present a new, SCMWC based, single node CR prototype System, on which the spectrum sensing algorithm was tested. Experiments on our hardware prototype show that the proposed architecture leads to successful spectrum sensing. And the total sampling rate as well as hardware size is only one channel’s consumption of MWC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Pre-Distortion and Censoring for Bandwidth-Efficient and Energy-Efficient Fusion of Spectrum Sensing Information

by Guilherme Pedro Aquino, Dayan Adionel Guimarães, Luciano Leonel Mendes and Tales Cleber Pimenta

Sensors 2017, 17(3), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030654 - 22 Mar 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4388

Abstract

This paper describes a novel scheme for the fusion of spectrum sensing information in cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radio applications. The scheme combines a spectrum-efficient, pre-distortion-based fusion strategy with an energy-efficient censoring-based fusion strategy to achieve the combined effect of reduction in [...] Read more.

This paper describes a novel scheme for the fusion of spectrum sensing information in cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radio applications. The scheme combines a spectrum-efficient, pre-distortion-based fusion strategy with an energy-efficient censoring-based fusion strategy to achieve the combined effect of reduction in bandwidth and power consumption during the transmissions of the local decisions to the fusion center. Expressions for computing the key performance metrics of the spectrum sensing of the proposed scheme are derived and validated by means of computer simulations. An extensive analysis of the overall energy efficiency is made, along with comparisons with reference strategies proposed in the literature. It is demonstrated that the proposed fusion scheme can outperform the energy efficiency attained by these reference strategies. Moreover, it attains approximately the same global decision performance of the best among these strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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Review

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461 KiB

Open AccessReview

Medium Access Control Protocols for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey

by Mahdi Zareei, A. K. M. Muzahidul Islam, Sabariah Baharun, Cesar Vargas-Rosales, Leyre Azpilicueta and Nafees Mansoor

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 2136; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092136 - 16 Sep 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8177

Abstract

New wireless network paradigms will demand higher spectrum use and availability to cope with emerging data-hungry devices. Traditional static spectrum allocation policies cause spectrum scarcity, and new paradigms such as Cognitive Radio (CR) and new protocols and techniques need to be developed in [...] Read more.

New wireless network paradigms will demand higher spectrum use and availability to cope with emerging data-hungry devices. Traditional static spectrum allocation policies cause spectrum scarcity, and new paradigms such as Cognitive Radio (CR) and new protocols and techniques need to be developed in order to have efficient spectrum usage. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols are accountable for recognizing free spectrum, scheduling available resources and coordinating the coexistence of heterogeneous systems and users. This paper provides an ample review of the state-of-the-art MAC protocols, which mainly focuses on Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHN). First, a description of the cognitive radio fundamental functions is presented. Next, MAC protocols are divided into three groups, which are based on their channel access mechanism, namely time-slotted protocol, random access protocol and hybrid protocol. In each group, a detailed and comprehensive explanation of the latest MAC protocols is presented, as well as the pros and cons of each protocol. A discussion on future challenges for CRAHN MAC protocols is included with a comparison of the protocols from a functional perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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Other

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4784 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Cooperation Techniques between LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum and Wi-Fi towards Fair Spectral Efficiency

by Vasilis Maglogiannis, Dries Naudts, Adnan Shahid, Spilios Giannoulis, Eric Laermans and Ingrid Moerman

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17091994 - 31 Aug 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6833

Abstract

On the road towards 5G, a proliferation of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) is expected. Sensor networks are of great importance in this new wireless era, as they allow interaction with the environment. Additionally, the establishment of the Internet of Things (IoT) has incredibly increased [...] Read more.

On the road towards 5G, a proliferation of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) is expected. Sensor networks are of great importance in this new wireless era, as they allow interaction with the environment. Additionally, the establishment of the Internet of Things (IoT) has incredibly increased the number of interconnected devices and consequently the already massive wirelessly transmitted traffic. The exponential growth of wireless traffic is pushing the wireless community to investigate solutions that maximally exploit the available spectrum. Recently, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) announced standards that permit the operation of Long Term Evolution (LTE) in the unlicensed spectrum in addition to the exclusive use of the licensed spectrum owned by a mobile operator. Alternatively, leading wireless technology developers examine standalone LTE operation in the unlicensed spectrum without any involvement of a mobile operator. In this article, we present a classification of different techniques that can be applied on co-located LTE and Wi-Fi networks. Up to today, Wi-Fi is the most widely-used wireless technology in the unlicensed spectrum. A review of the current state of the art further reveals the lack of cooperation schemes among co-located networks that can lead to more optimal usage of the available spectrum. This article fills this gap in the literature by conceptually describing different classes of cooperation between LTE and Wi-Fi. For each class, we provide a detailed presentation of possible cooperation techniques that can provide spectral efficiency in a fair manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Sensing and Sensor Networks)

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