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Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications
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Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2016) | Viewed by 91220

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Woosuck Shin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Inorganic Functional Materials Research Institute, AIST, Nagoya, Japan
Interests: microsensors; VOC sensors; health care and medical application
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Toshio Itoh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Inorganic Functional Materials Research Institute, AIST, Nagoya, Japan
Interests: semiconductor oxide sensors; PCA analysis; room air monitoring

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue welcomes both reviews and original research articles on the current progress of new sensor technology, human gas specimen collection methods, and interpretation of breath analyses. The recent advancement of breath, using breath-gas monitoring, highly sensitive volatile organic compounds (VOC) detection by chemical or gas sensors, and progress of array or microsensors combined with system technology, enables new applications of human monitoring and parts per billion (ppb) level detection of breath VOC. This state-of-the-art of detection technology accelerates the generation of commercially available sensor systems for health care applications, with significantly-enhanced detection capabilities and minimal size, weight, and power consumption. In this Special Issue, the current state-of-the-art of VOC detection and analysis for health care and medical applications will be examined, and the standardization and methodology for specimen collection, patient preparation, and data analysis for assessing human health or disease will be discussed. This session intends to bridge the gap between the recent achievements of chemical sensors and systems and their applications to the new field of human health monitoring. As such, breath analysis can have an important impact on the global challenges that are faced by medical communities and sensor-technology users.

Prof. Dr. Woosuck Shin
Dr. Toshio Itoh
Guest Editors

Keywords

  • Metal oxide sensors
  • Sensor arrays
  • Electronic nose or e-nose
  • principal component (PC) analysis
  • Food monitoring using gas sensors
  • Room air monitoring
  • Breath analysis
  • Machine learning
  • Breath analysis for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung cancer
  • Sensors for halitosis management

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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2949 KiB  
Article
A Novel Medical E-Nose Signal Analysis System
by Lu Kou, David Zhang and Dongxu Liu
Sensors 2017, 17(4), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040402 - 5 Apr 2017
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 7212
Abstract
It has been proven that certain biomarkers in people’s breath have a relationship with diseases and blood glucose levels (BGLs). As a result, it is possible to detect diseases and predict BGLs by analysis of breath samples captured by e-noses. In this paper, [...] Read more.
It has been proven that certain biomarkers in people’s breath have a relationship with diseases and blood glucose levels (BGLs). As a result, it is possible to detect diseases and predict BGLs by analysis of breath samples captured by e-noses. In this paper, a novel optimized medical e-nose system specified for disease diagnosis and BGL prediction is proposed. A large-scale breath dataset has been collected using the proposed system. Experiments have been organized on the collected dataset and the experimental results have shown that the proposed system can well solve the problems of existing systems. The methods have effectively improved the classification accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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2528 KiB  
Article
Diagnosis by Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath from Lung Cancer Patients Using Support Vector Machine Algorithm
by Yuichi Sakumura, Yutaro Koyama, Hiroaki Tokutake, Toyoaki Hida, Kazuo Sato, Toshio Itoh, Takafumi Akamatsu and Woosuck Shin
Sensors 2017, 17(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020287 - 4 Feb 2017
Cited by 80 | Viewed by 10558
Abstract
Monitoring exhaled breath is a very attractive, noninvasive screening technique for early diagnosis of diseases, especially lung cancer. However, the technique provides insufficient accuracy because the exhaled air has many crucial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at very low concentrations (ppb level). We analyzed [...] Read more.
Monitoring exhaled breath is a very attractive, noninvasive screening technique for early diagnosis of diseases, especially lung cancer. However, the technique provides insufficient accuracy because the exhaled air has many crucial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at very low concentrations (ppb level). We analyzed the breath exhaled by lung cancer patients and healthy subjects (controls) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and performed a subsequent statistical analysis to diagnose lung cancer based on the combination of multiple lung cancer-related VOCs. We detected 68 VOCs as marker species using GC/MS analysis. We reduced the number of VOCs and used support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to classify the samples. We observed that a combination of five VOCs (CHN, methanol, CH3CN, isoprene, 1-propanol) is sufficient for 89.0% screening accuracy, and hence, it can be used for the design and development of a desktop GC-sensor analysis system for lung cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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823 KiB  
Communication
An Electrochemical Gas Biosensor Based on Enzymes Immobilized on Chromatography Paper for Ethanol Vapor Detection
by Tatsumi Kuretake, Shogo Kawahara, Masanobu Motooka and Shigeyasu Uno
Sensors 2017, 17(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020281 - 1 Feb 2017
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5960
Abstract
This paper presents a novel method of fabricating an enzymatic biosensor for breath analysis using chromatography paper as enzyme supporting layer and a liquid phase layer on top of screen printed carbon electrodes. We evaluated the performance with ethanol vapor being one of [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel method of fabricating an enzymatic biosensor for breath analysis using chromatography paper as enzyme supporting layer and a liquid phase layer on top of screen printed carbon electrodes. We evaluated the performance with ethanol vapor being one of the breathing ingredients. The experimental results show that our sensor is able to measure the concentration of ethanol vapor within the range of 50 to 500 ppm. These results suggest the ability of detecting breath ethanol, and it can possibly be applied as a generic vapor biosensor to a wide range of diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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1123 KiB  
Article
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for the Determination of Lung Cancer Biomarkers—A Preliminary Investigation
by Yannick Saalberg, Henry Bruhns and Marcus Wolff
Sensors 2017, 17(1), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010210 - 21 Jan 2017
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8452
Abstract
With 1.6 million deaths per year, lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One reason for this high number is the absence of a preventive medical examination method. Many diagnoses occur in a late cancer stage with a low [...] Read more.
With 1.6 million deaths per year, lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One reason for this high number is the absence of a preventive medical examination method. Many diagnoses occur in a late cancer stage with a low survival rate. An early detection could significantly decrease the mortality. In recent decades, certain substances in human breath have been linked to certain diseases. Different studies show that it is possible to distinguish between lung cancer patients and a healthy control group by analyzing the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their breath. We developed a sensor based on photoacoustic spectroscopy for six of the most relevant VOCs linked to lung cancer. As a radiation source, the sensor uses an optical-parametric oscillator (OPO) in a wavelength region from 3.2 µm to 3.5 µm. The limits of detection for a single substance range between 5 ppb and 142 ppb. We also measured high resolution absorption spectra of the biomarkers compared to the data currently available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database, which is the basis of any selective spectroscopic detection. Future lung cancer screening devices could be based on the further development of this sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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9881 KiB  
Article
Novel Isoprene Sensor for a Flu Virus Breath Monitor
by Pelagia-Irene Gouma, Lisheng Wang, Sanford R. Simon and Milutin Stanacevic
Sensors 2017, 17(1), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010199 - 20 Jan 2017
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 21100
Abstract
A common feature of the inflammatory response in patients who have actually contracted influenza is the generation of a number of volatile products of the alveolar and airway epithelium. These products include a number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitric oxide (NO). [...] Read more.
A common feature of the inflammatory response in patients who have actually contracted influenza is the generation of a number of volatile products of the alveolar and airway epithelium. These products include a number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitric oxide (NO). These may be used as biomarkers to detect the disease. A portable 3-sensor array microsystem-based tool that can potentially detect flu infection biomarkers is described here. Whether used in connection with in-vitro cell culture studies or as a single exhale breathalyzer, this device may be used to provide a rapid and non-invasive screening method for flu and other virus-based epidemics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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2793 KiB  
Article
Mixed-Potential Gas Sensors Using an Electrolyte Consisting of Zinc Phosphate Glass and Benzimidazole
by Takafumi Akamatsu, Toshio Itoh and Woosuck Shin
Sensors 2017, 17(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010097 - 5 Jan 2017
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4678
Abstract
Mixed-potential gas sensors with a proton conductor consisting of zinc metaphosphate glass and benzimidazole were fabricated for the detection of hydrogen produced by intestinal bacteria in dry and humid air. The gas sensor consisting of an alumina substrate with platinum and gold electrodes [...] Read more.
Mixed-potential gas sensors with a proton conductor consisting of zinc metaphosphate glass and benzimidazole were fabricated for the detection of hydrogen produced by intestinal bacteria in dry and humid air. The gas sensor consisting of an alumina substrate with platinum and gold electrodes showed good response to different hydrogen concentrations from 250 parts per million (ppm) to 25,000 ppm in dry and humid air at 100–130 °C. The sensor response varied linearly with the hydrogen and carbon monoxide concentrations due to mass transport limitations. The sensor responses to hydrogen gas (e.g., −0.613 mV to 1000 ppm H2) was higher than those to carbon monoxide gas (e.g., −0.128 mV to 1000 ppm CO) at 120 °C under atmosphere with the same level of humidity as expired air. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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3224 KiB  
Article
A Novel Wireless Wearable Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Monitoring Device with Disposable Sensors
by Yue Deng, Cheng Chen, Xiaojun Xian, Francis Tsow, Gaurav Verma, Rob McConnell, Scott Fruin, Nongjian Tao and Erica S. Forzani
Sensors 2016, 16(12), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122060 - 3 Dec 2016
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8670
Abstract
A novel portable wireless volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring device with disposable sensors is presented. The device is miniaturized, light, easy-to-use, and cost-effective. Different field tests have been carried out to identify the operational, analytical, and functional performance of the device and its [...] Read more.
A novel portable wireless volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring device with disposable sensors is presented. The device is miniaturized, light, easy-to-use, and cost-effective. Different field tests have been carried out to identify the operational, analytical, and functional performance of the device and its sensors. The device was compared to a commercial photo-ionization detector, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and carbon monoxide detector. In addition, environmental operational conditions, such as barometric change, temperature change and wind conditions were also tested to evaluate the device performance. The multiple comparisons and tests indicate that the proposed VOC device is adequate to characterize personal exposure in many real-world scenarios and is applicable for personal daily use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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1185 KiB  
Article
Effects of Sampling Conditions and Environmental Factors on Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis by an Electronic Nose Device
by Daniel J. C. Berkhout, Marc A. Benninga, Ruby M. Van Stein, Paul Brinkman, Hendrik J. Niemarkt, Nanne K. H. De Boer and Tim G. J. De Meij
Sensors 2016, 16(11), 1967; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111967 - 23 Nov 2016
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5931
Abstract
Prior to implementation of volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis in clinical practice, substantial challenges, including methodological, biological and analytical difficulties are faced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of several sampling conditions and environmental factors on fecal VOC profiles, [...] Read more.
Prior to implementation of volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis in clinical practice, substantial challenges, including methodological, biological and analytical difficulties are faced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of several sampling conditions and environmental factors on fecal VOC profiles, analyzed by an electronic nose (eNose). Effects of fecal sample mass, water content, duration of storage at room temperature, fecal sample temperature, number of freeze–thaw cycles and effect of sampling method (rectal swabs vs. fecal samples) on VOC profiles were assessed by analysis of totally 725 fecal samples by means of an eNose (Cyranose320®). Furthermore, fecal VOC profiles of totally 1285 fecal samples from 71 infants born at three different hospitals were compared to assess the influence of center of origin on VOC outcome. We observed that all analyzed variables significantly influenced fecal VOC composition. It was feasible to capture a VOC profile using rectal swabs, although this differed significantly from fecal VOC profiles of similar subjects. In addition, 1285 fecal VOC-profiles could significantly be discriminated based on center of birth. In conclusion, standardization of methodology is necessary before fecal VOC analysis can live up to its potential as diagnostic tool in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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3292 KiB  
Article
Development of an Exhaled Breath Monitoring System with Semiconductive Gas Sensors, a Gas Condenser Unit, and Gas Chromatograph Columns
by Toshio Itoh, Toshio Miwa, Akihiro Tsuruta, Takafumi Akamatsu, Noriya Izu, Woosuck Shin, Jangchul Park, Toyoaki Hida, Takeshi Eda and Yasuhiro Setoguchi
Sensors 2016, 16(11), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111891 - 10 Nov 2016
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 6635
Abstract
Various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath exhaled by patients with lung cancer, healthy controls, and patients with lung cancer who underwent surgery for resection of cancer were analyzed by gas condenser-equipped gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for development of an exhaled breath monitoring [...] Read more.
Various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath exhaled by patients with lung cancer, healthy controls, and patients with lung cancer who underwent surgery for resection of cancer were analyzed by gas condenser-equipped gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for development of an exhaled breath monitoring prototype system involving metal oxide gas sensors, a gas condenser, and gas chromatography columns. The gas condenser-GC/MS analysis identified concentrations of 56 VOCs in the breath exhaled by the test population of 136 volunteers (107 patients with lung cancer and 29 controls), and selected four target VOCs, nonanal, acetoin, acetic acid, and propanoic acid, for use with the condenser, GC, and sensor-type prototype system. The prototype system analyzed exhaled breath samples from 101 volunteers (74 patients with lung cancer and 27 controls). The prototype system exhibited a level of performance similar to that of the gas condenser-GC/MS system for breath analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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Review

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2346 KiB  
Review
Understanding the Potential of WO3 Based Sensors for Breath Analysis
by Anna Staerz, Udo Weimar and Nicolae Barsan
Sensors 2016, 16(11), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111815 - 29 Oct 2016
Cited by 78 | Viewed by 9437
Abstract
Tungsten trioxide is the second most commonly used semiconducting metal oxide in gas sensors. Semiconducting metal oxide (SMOX)-based sensors are small, robust, inexpensive and sensitive, making them highly attractive for handheld portable medical diagnostic detectors. WO3 is reported to show high sensor [...] Read more.
Tungsten trioxide is the second most commonly used semiconducting metal oxide in gas sensors. Semiconducting metal oxide (SMOX)-based sensors are small, robust, inexpensive and sensitive, making them highly attractive for handheld portable medical diagnostic detectors. WO3 is reported to show high sensor responses to several biomarkers found in breath, e.g., acetone, ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, toluene, and nitric oxide. Modern material science allows WO3 samples to be tailored to address certain sensing needs. Utilizing recent advances in breath sampling it will be possible in the future to test WO3-based sensors in application conditions and to compare the sensing results to those obtained using more expensive analytical methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Health Care and Medical Applications)
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