Advanced Research on Cyanotoxins: Toxic Mechanisms, Toxicological Effects, and Analytical Aspects

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine and Freshwater Toxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2023) | Viewed by 2432

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
Interests: toxicology; genotoxicity; cylindrospermopsin; microcystins; in vivo; in vitro; food safety; toxicological evaluation; method validation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
Interests: toxicology; food safety; cyanotoxins; microcystins; cylindrospermopsin; UPLC-MS/MS analyses; method validation; neurotoxicity; bioaccessibility
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Due to global climate change, anthropogenic activities and/or the increase in nutrient loads, the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in waterbodies is increasing worldwide. They require attention due to the production of cyanotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites that are released to the water. Thus, a wide variety of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans, are targets of cyanotoxin exposure and potential intoxication, with the increasing concern that these toxins represent human, environmental, and economic risks across many countries. This Special Issue aims to gather new studies or review articles related to different aspects of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, such as their mechanisms of toxicity and the toxicological effects that they exert at different levels, both in vitro and in vivo. We have special interest not only in the effects of individual toxins, but also in those produced by their combination, as this represents a more realistic scenario, as well as combinations with other contaminants. Special interest is given to the validation of robust analytical methods for the determination of cyanotoxins in different matrices (water, food, soil, and biological samples), and in vitro and in vivo studies to determine the mechanisms involved in its toxicity, clarifying its toxicological profile. Moreover, studies of other new bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria are welcome in this Special Issue. All contributions addressing data gaps in the aforementioned subjects are welcome in this Special Issue.

Dr. Leticia Díez-Quijada
Dr. Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • microcystins
  • cylindrospermopsin
  • in vitro
  • in vivo
  • toxicological profile
  • risk assessment
  • analytics

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

17 pages, 1262 KiB  
Article
LC-MS/MS Analysis of Cyanotoxins in Bivalve Mollusks—Method Development, Validation and First Evidence of Occurrence of Nodularin in Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Oysters (Magallana gigas) from the West Coast of Sweden
by Julio César España Amórtegui, Heidi Pekar, Mark Dennis Chico Retrato, Malin Persson, Bengt Karlson, Jonas Bergquist and Aida Zuberovic-Muratovic
Toxins 2023, 15(5), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15050329 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2192
Abstract
In this paper, an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of cyanotoxins with hydrophilic and lipophilic properties in edible bivalves is presented. The method includes 17 cyanotoxins comprising 13 microcystins (MCs), nodularin (NOD), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), homoanatoxin (h-ATX) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). A [...] Read more.
In this paper, an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of cyanotoxins with hydrophilic and lipophilic properties in edible bivalves is presented. The method includes 17 cyanotoxins comprising 13 microcystins (MCs), nodularin (NOD), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), homoanatoxin (h-ATX) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). A benefit to the presented method is the possibility for the MS detection of MC-LR-[Dha7] and MC-LR-[Asp3] as separately identified and MS-resolved MRM signals, two congeners which were earlier detected together. The performance of the method was evaluated by in-house validation using spiked mussel samples in the quantification range of 3.12–200 µg/kg. The method was found to be linear over the full calibration range for all included cyanotoxins except CYN for which a quadratic regression was used. The method showed limitations for MC-LF (R2 = 0.94), MC-LA (R2 ≤ 0.98) and MC-LW (R2 ≤ 0.98). The recoveries for ATX-a, h-ATX, CYN, NOD, MC-LF and MC-LW were lower than desired (<70%), but stable. Despite the given limitations, the validation results showed that the method was specific and robust for the investigated parameters. The results demonstrate the suitability of the method to be applied as a reliable monitoring tool for the presented group of cyanotoxins, as well as highlight the compromises that need to be included if multi-toxin methods are to be used for the analysis of cyanotoxins with a broader range of chemical properties. Furthermore, the method was used to analyze 13 samples of mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters (Magallana gigas) collected in the 2020–2022 summers along the coast of Bohuslän (Sweden). A complementary qualitative analysis for the presence of cyanotoxins in phytoplankton samples collected from marine waters around southern Sweden was performed with the method. Nodularin was identified in all samples and quantified in bivalve samples in the range of 7–397 µg/kg. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria are not included in the European Union regulatory monitoring of bivalves; thus, the results presented in this study can be useful in providing the basis for future work including cyanotoxins within the frame of regulatory monitoring to increase seafood safety. Full article
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