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Toxins
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Mycotoxins and Their Chromatographic-Based Detection Technology
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Mycotoxins and Their Chromatographic-Based Detection Technology

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2022) | Viewed by 9334

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Siegrid De Baere

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
Interests: research related to the mycotoxin problem in livestock; method development for quantification of mycotoxins and metabolites in animal matrices using LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS; investigation of toxicity, toxicokinetics, and residues of (emerging) mycotoxins in livestock; interactions between mycotoxins and pathogens in livestock and models for in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy testing of mycotoxin detoxifiers
Prof. Dr. Siska Croubels

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
Interests: mycotoxins; toxicokinetics; toxicity; binders; modifiers; in vitro; in vivo; food production animals; porcine biomedical model for humans; bioanalysis; biomarkers; cytochrome P450; ABC transporters; impact on infectious diseases; veterinary drugs; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; PK/PD modeling; residues; food safety
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

The worldwide contamination of crops and subsequently of food and feed with mycotoxins is of major agro-economic importance. In addition, these mycotoxins can have a negative impact on human and animal health.

The identification and quantification of mycotoxins in these commodities, as well as the biomonitoring in biological matrices, is of key importance both in mycotoxin monitoring and exposure assessment. Analytical techniques play a major role in the analysis of mycotoxins and their metabolites. However, the development of new analytical methods is often challenging, certainly when a multianalyte determination is required, for the following reasons : (1) the different chemical properties of various classes of mycotoxins, (2) the lack of commercial availability of analytical standards of some mycotoxins or metabolites, thus complicating method development and toxin quantification, (3) the presence of modified metabolites, (4) the complexity of the matrices to be analyzed, and (5) the low amounts detected.

Today, technical platforms based on chromatographic techniques (mainly liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC)) and combined with spectrometric detection (ultraviolet, fluorescence, mass spectrometry) are widely used tools for the identification and quantification of these analytes and being the techniques of choice when a multianalyte determination is required. Recently, the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has allowed the identification of novel mycotoxins and metabolites and boosted the advances in metabolomics studies.

This Special Issue is dedicated to the development, validation, and application of novel methods based on chromatographic separation (single or multidimensional LC, GC, CE) in combination with spectrometric detection techniques for the identification and quantification of major and emerging mycotoxins in different matrices (crops, food, feed, biological matrices). In addition, novel sampling techniques (e.g., microsampling, such as dried blood spots (DBS), volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS), etc.), as well as innovative and high-throughput sample preparation and purification methods are welcome.

Dr. Siegrid De Baere
Prof. Dr. Siska Croubels
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxins
  • metabolites
  • identification
  • quantification
  • chromatography
  • multimethods
  • mass spectrometry
  • sample preparation
  • method development
  • validation

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 792 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Analysis of Mycotoxins, Potentially Toxic Elements, and Pesticides in Rice: A Health Risk Assessment Study
by Mohammad Hashem Yousefi, Esmaeel Abbasi, Milad Hadidi, Seyedenayat Hashemi, Amir Hossein Ghadimi, Saeed Yousefinejad, Hossein Arfaeinia, Abbas Yousefinejad, Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski, Agnieszka Tomkowiak, Saeid Hosseinzadeh and Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Toxins 2023, 15(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15020102 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2296
Abstract
Rice is a widely consumed food worldwide; however, it can be a source of pollutants, such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs), mycotoxins, and pesticides. Sixty rice samples imported from Pakistan (PAK), India (IND), and Thailand (THAI), as well as domestic Iranian (IRN) rice, [...] Read more.
Rice is a widely consumed food worldwide; however, it can be a source of pollutants, such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs), mycotoxins, and pesticides. Sixty rice samples imported from Pakistan (PAK), India (IND), and Thailand (THAI), as well as domestic Iranian (IRN) rice, were collected from Bushehr, Iran, and investigated for the contamination of PTEs, including arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni); pesticides, including chlorpyrifos, trichlorfon, diazinon, fenitrothion, and chlorothalonil; mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), and deoxynivalenol (DON); and molds. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) of pollutants and hazard index (HI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of rice types for the Iranian adult population were calculated. The content of PTEs in Iranian rice was not higher than Iran’s national standard limits. In contrast, other types of rice (imported) had at least one PTE above the permissible level. OTA content was below the detection limit, and all other mycotoxins were within the allowable range in all rice types. Thai rice was the only group without pesticides. The HI order of rice types was as follows: HIPAK = 2.1 > HIIND = 1.86 > HIIRN = 1.01 > HITHAI = 0.98. As was the biggest contributor to the HI of Iranian and Thai rice, and diazinon in the HI of Pakistani and Indian rice. The calculation of ILCR confirmed that the concentrations of Ni and Pb in Pakistani and Ni and As in Indian, Thai, and Iranian rice were not acceptable in terms of lifetime carcinogenic health risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins and Their Chromatographic-Based Detection Technology)
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24 pages, 1558 KiB  
Article
Development of High-Throughput Sample Preparation Procedures for the Quantitative Determination of Aflatoxins in Biological Matrices of Chickens and Cattle Using UHPLC-MS/MS
by Siegrid De Baere, Phillis E. Ochieng, David C. Kemboi, Marie-Louise Scippo, Sheila Okoth, Johanna F. Lindahl, James K. Gathumbi, Gunther Antonissen and Siska Croubels
Toxins 2023, 15(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010037 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2169
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) frequently contaminate food and animal feeds, especially in (sub) tropical countries. If animals consume contaminated feeds, AFs (mainly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2) and their major metabolites aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2)) can be transferred to [...] Read more.
Aflatoxins (AFs) frequently contaminate food and animal feeds, especially in (sub) tropical countries. If animals consume contaminated feeds, AFs (mainly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2) and their major metabolites aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2)) can be transferred to edible tissues and products, such as eggs, liver and muscle tissue and milk, which ultimately can reach the human food chain. Currently, the European Union has established a maximum level for AFM1 in milk (0.05 µg kg−1). Dietary adsorbents, such as bentonite clay, have been used to reduce AFs exposure in animal husbandry and carry over to edible tissues and products. To investigate the efficacy of adding bentonite clay to animal diets in reducing the concentration of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and the metabolites AFM1 and AFM2 in animal-derived foods (chicken muscle and liver, eggs, and cattle milk), chicken and cattle plasma and cattle ruminal fluid, a sensitive and selective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed. High-throughput sample preparation procedures were optimized, allowing the analysis of 96 samples per analytical batch and consisted of a liquid extraction using 1% formic acid in acetonitrile, followed by a further clean-up using QuEChERS (muscle tissue), QuEChERS in combination with Oasis® Ostro (liver tissue), Oasis® Ostro (egg, plasma), and Oasis® PRiME HLB (milk, ruminal fluid). The different procedures were validated in accordance with European guidelines. As a proof-of-concept, the final methods were used to successfully determine AFs concentrations in chicken and cattle samples collected during feeding trials for efficacy and safety evaluation of mycotoxin detoxifiers to protect against AFs as well as their carry-over to animal products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins and Their Chromatographic-Based Detection Technology)
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17 pages, 1691 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Fumonisin Esterase in Piglets as Animal Model for Fumonisin Detoxification in Humans: Pilot Study Comparing Intraoral to Intragastric Administration
by Kaat Neckermann, Gunther Antonissen, Barbara Doupovec, Dian Schatzmayr, James Gathumbi, Véronique Delcenserie, Silvio Uhlig and Siska Croubels
Toxins 2022, 14(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020136 - 11 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2325
Abstract
Fumonisins, a group of highly prevalent and toxic mycotoxins, are suspected to be causal agents of several diseases in animals and humans. In the animal feed industry, fumonisin esterase is used as feed additive to prevent mycotoxicosis caused by fumonisins. In humans, a [...] Read more.
Fumonisins, a group of highly prevalent and toxic mycotoxins, are suspected to be causal agents of several diseases in animals and humans. In the animal feed industry, fumonisin esterase is used as feed additive to prevent mycotoxicosis caused by fumonisins. In humans, a popular dosage form for dietary supplements, with high patient acceptance for oral intake, is capsule ingestion. Thus, fumonisin esterase provided in a capsule could be an effective strategy against fumonisin intoxication in humans. To determine the efficacy of fumonisin esterase through capsule ingestion, two modes of application were compared using piglets in a small-scale preliminary study. The enzyme was administered intraorally (in-feed analogue) or intragastrically (capsule analogue), in combination with fumonisin B1 (FB1). Biomarkers for FB1 exposure; namely FB1, hydrolysed FB1 (HFB1) and partially hydrolysed forms (pHFB1a and pHFB1b), were measured both in serum and faeces using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and toxicokinetic parameters were calculated. Additionally, the serum sphinganine/sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio, a biomarker of effect, was determined using LC-MS/MS. A significantly higher Sa/So ratio was shown in the placebo group compared to both esterase treatments, demonstrating the efficacy of the esterase. Moreover, a significant decrease in serum FB1 area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and an increase of faecal HFB1 AUC were observed after intraoral esterase administration. However, these effects were not observed with statistical significance after intragastric esterase administration with the current sample size. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins and Their Chromatographic-Based Detection Technology)
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14 pages, 819 KiB  
Article
Validation of a New Sensitive Method for the Detection and Quantification of R and S-Epimers of Ergot Alkaloids in Canadian Spring Wheat Utilizing Deuterated Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard
by Jensen Cherewyk, Taylor Grusie-Ogilvie, Barry Blakley and Ahmad Al-Dissi
Toxins 2022, 14(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010022 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1708
Abstract
Ergot sclerotia effect cereal crops intended for consumption. Ergot alkaloids within ergot sclerotia are assessed to ensure contamination is below safety standards established for human and animal health. Ergot alkaloids exist in two configurations, the R and S-epimers. It is important to [...] Read more.
Ergot sclerotia effect cereal crops intended for consumption. Ergot alkaloids within ergot sclerotia are assessed to ensure contamination is below safety standards established for human and animal health. Ergot alkaloids exist in two configurations, the R and S-epimers. It is important to quantify both configurations. The objective of this study was to validate a new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for quantification of six R and six S-epimers of ergot alkaloids in hard red spring wheat utilizing deuterated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-D3) as an internal standard. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effects, recovery and precision were investigated. For the 12 epimers analyzed, low LOD and LOQ values were observed, allowing for the sensitive detection of ergot epimers. Matrix effects ranged between 101–113% in a representative wheat matrix. Recovery was 68.3–119.1% with an inter-day precision of <24% relative standard deviation (RSD). The validation parameters conform with previous studies and exhibit differences between the R and S-epimers which has been rarely documented. This new sensitive method allows for the use of a new internal standard and can be incorporated and applied to research or diagnostic laboratories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins and Their Chromatographic-Based Detection Technology)
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