Porcine Virus and Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 October 2024) | Viewed by 13969

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Interests: preventive veterinary medicine; public health

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses may affect different systems of porcine, e.g., the gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, reproductive system, central nervous system, and heart, resulting in various porcine diseases. The virus causes serious losses to swine production every year, such as the African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine respiratory and reproductive dysfunction syndrome virus (PRRSV). It is an important measure for disease prevention to study the pathogenic mechanism of viruses and develop targeted vaccines. New immune adjuvants and optimization of administration routes may affect the immune effect of porcine vaccines. This Special Issue will gather the latest advances in porcine viruses and their vaccines. 

Potential topics for this Special Issue include but are not limited to the following:

  • Discovery and virulence identification of a new porcine virus;
  • Immunosuppressive or pathogenic mechanism of a porcine virus;
  • Development of a new porcine virus vaccine;
  • Immunological assessment of a porcine vaccine;
  • Immune adjuvants for a porcine vaccine;
  • Optimization of administration route and/or formula in a porcine vaccine.

Dr. Huixing Lin
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • porcine
  • virus
  • vaccine
  • diarrhea
  • dyspnea
  • reproductive failure
  • adjuvant
  • attenuated vaccine
  • live vector vaccine
  • peptide vaccine

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2625 KiB  
Article
Detection of PCV2d in Vaccinated Pigs in Colombia and Prediction of Vaccine T Cell Epitope Coverage against Circulating Strains Using EpiCC Analysis
by Diana S. Vargas-Bermudez, Alixs Constanza Gil-Silva, María F. Naranjo-Ortíz, José Darío Mogollón, Jair F. Gómez-Betancur, José F. Estrada, Álvaro Aldaz, Harold Garzón-González, José Angulo, Dennis Foss, Andres H. Gutierrez and Jairo Jaime
Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101119 - 29 Sep 2024
Viewed by 580
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is strongly linked to a group of syndromes referred to as porcine-circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), which are controlled through vaccination; however, this does not induce sterilizing immunity but is instead involved in the evolution of the virus and is [...] Read more.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is strongly linked to a group of syndromes referred to as porcine-circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), which are controlled through vaccination; however, this does not induce sterilizing immunity but is instead involved in the evolution of the virus and is considered a factor in vaccine failure. This study sampled 84 herds (167 pigs) vaccinated against PCV2 and with clinical signs of PCVADs in five provinces across Colombia. PCV2 was identified and further characterized at the molecular level via genotyping and phylogenetic reconstructions. In addition, PCV2-associated lesions were examined via histopathology. Furthermore, the PCV2-Cap sequences retrieved were compared with three vaccines via the EpiCC tool and T cell epitope coverage. The prevalence of PCV2 was 82% in pigs and 92.9% in herds. The highest viral loads were identified in lymphoid tissue, and PCV2d emerged as the most predominant in pigs and herds (93.4% and 92.3%). Sequences for PCV2-ORF2 (n = 57; 55 PCV2d and 2 PCV2a) were determined, and PCV2d sequences were highly similar. The most common pneumonia pattern was suppurative bronchopneumonia, while the most common lung lesion was exudation in the airways; in lymphoid tissue, there was lymphoid depletion. The bivalent vaccine (PCV2a and PCVb) exhibited a higher EpiCC score (8.36) and T cell epitope coverage (80.6%) than monovalent PCV2a vaccines. In conclusion, PCV2d currently circulates widely in Colombia. Despite vaccination, there are clinical cases of PCV2, and immunoinformatic analyses demonstrate that bivalent vaccines improved the average coverage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)
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25 pages, 2058 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Efficacy of Surface Coated versus Encapsulated Influenza Antigens in Mannose–Chitosan Nanoparticle-Based Intranasal Vaccine in Swine
by Dina Bugybayeva, Ekachai Dumkliang, Veerupaxagouda Patil, Ganesh Yadagiri, Raksha Suresh, Mithilesh Singh, Jennifer Schrock, Sara Dolatyabi, Olaitan C. Shekoni, Hadi M. Yassine, Praneet Opanasopit, Harm HogenEsch and Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060647 - 11 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1288
Abstract
This study focuses on the development and characterization of an intranasal vaccine platform using adjuvanted nanoparticulate delivery of swine influenza A virus (SwIAV). The vaccine employed whole inactivated H1N2 SwIAV as an antigen and STING-agonist ADU-S100 as an adjuvant, with both surface adsorbed [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the development and characterization of an intranasal vaccine platform using adjuvanted nanoparticulate delivery of swine influenza A virus (SwIAV). The vaccine employed whole inactivated H1N2 SwIAV as an antigen and STING-agonist ADU-S100 as an adjuvant, with both surface adsorbed or encapsulated in mannose–chitosan nanoparticles (mChit-NPs). Optimization of mChit-NPs included evaluating size, zeta potential, and cytotoxicity, with a 1:9 mass ratio of antigen to NP demonstrating high loading efficacy and non-cytotoxic properties suitable for intranasal vaccination. In a heterologous H1N1 pig challenge trial, the mChit-NP intranasal vaccine induced cross-reactive sIgA antibodies in the respiratory tract, surpassing those of a commercial SwIAV vaccine. The encapsulated mChit-NP vaccine induced high virus-specific neutralizing antibody and robust cellular immune responses, while the adsorbed vaccine elicited specific high IgG and hemagglutinin inhibition antibodies. Importantly, both the mChit-NP vaccines reduced challenge heterologous viral replication in the nasal cavity higher than commercial swine influenza vaccine. In summary, a novel intranasal mChit-NP vaccine platform activated both the arms of the immune system and is a significant advancement in swine influenza vaccine design, demonstrating its potential effectiveness for pig immunization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)
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18 pages, 3619 KiB  
Article
Ferritin Nanoparticle Delivery of the E2 Protein of Classical Swine Fever Virus Completely Protects Pigs from Lethal Challenge
by Dailang Zhong, Zhanhao Lu, Yu Xia, Hongxia Wu, Xinyu Zhang, Mingzhi Li, Xin Song, Yanjin Wang, Assad Moon, Hua-Ji Qiu, Yongfeng Li and Yuan Sun
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060629 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1160
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), results in significant economic losses to the swine industry in many countries. Vaccination represents the primary strategy to control CSF and the CSFV E2 protein is known as the major protective [...] Read more.
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), results in significant economic losses to the swine industry in many countries. Vaccination represents the primary strategy to control CSF and the CSFV E2 protein is known as the major protective antigen. However, the E2 protein expressed or presented by different systems elicits distinct immune responses. In this study, we established a stable CHO cell line to express the E2 protein and delivered it using self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles (NPs). Subsequently, we compared the adaptive immune responses induced by the E2-ferritin NPs and the monomeric E2 protein produced by the CHO cells or a baculovirus expression system. The results revealed that the NP-delivered E2 protein elicited higher titers of neutralizing antibodies than did the monomeric E2 protein in pigs. Importantly, only the NP-delivered E2 protein significantly induced CSFV-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells. Furthermore, all the pigs inoculated with the E2-ferritin NPs were completely protected from a lethal CSFV challenge infection. These findings demonstrate the ability of the E2-ferritin NPs to protect pigs against the lethal CSFV challenge by eliciting robust humoral and cellular immune responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)
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26 pages, 5985 KiB  
Article
Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by Bivalent DNA Vaccines Expressing Fusion Capsid Proteins of Porcine Circovirus Genotypes 2a and 2b
by Sochanwattey Meas, Khuanjit Chaimongkolnukul, Jaraspim Narkpuk, Phenjun Mekvichitsaeng, Kanokwan Poomputsa, Nanchaya Wanasen and Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030324 - 18 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1751
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) that profoundly impacts the swine industry worldwide. While most of the commercial PCV vaccines are developed based on PCV genotype 2a (PCV2a), PCV genotype 2b (PCV2b) has become [...] Read more.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) that profoundly impacts the swine industry worldwide. While most of the commercial PCV vaccines are developed based on PCV genotype 2a (PCV2a), PCV genotype 2b (PCV2b) has become predominant since 2003. In this study, we developed and evaluated DNA-based bivalent vaccines covering both PCV2a and PCV2b. We generated a new immunogen, PCV2b-2a, by combining consensus sequences of the PCV2a and PCV2b capsid proteins (Cap2a and Cap2b) in a form of fusion protein. We also examined whether modifications of the PCV2b-2a fusion protein with a signal sequence (SS) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fusing with interleukine-4 (IL-4) (GI) could further improve the vaccine immunogenicity. An immunogenicity study of BALB/cAJcl mice revealed that the DNA vector pVAX1 co-expressing PCV2b-2a and GI (pVAX1.PCV2b-2a-GI) was most potent at inducing both antibody and cellular immune responses against Cap2a and Cap2b. Interestingly, the vaccines skewed the immune response towards Th1 phenotype (IgG2a > IgG1). By performing ELISA and ELISpot with predicted epitope peptides, the three most immunogenic B cell epitopes and five putative T cell epitopes were identified on Cap2a and Cap2b. Importantly, our DNA vaccines elicited broad immune responses recognizing both genotype-specific and PCV2-conserved epitopes. Sera from mice immunized with the DNAs expressing PCV2b-2a and PCV2b-2a-GI significantly inhibited PCV2a cell entry at serum dilution 1:8. All these results suggest a great potential of our PCV2b-2a-based vaccines, which can be further developed for use in other vaccine platforms to achieve both vaccine efficacy and economical production cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)
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23 pages, 2991 KiB  
Article
PRRSV-Vaccinated, Seronegative Sows and Maternally Derived Antibodies (II): Impact on PRRSV-1 Vaccine Effectiveness and Challenge Outcomes in Piglets
by Jorian Fiers, Dominiek Maes, Ann-Brigitte Cay, Frank Vandenbussche, Laurent Mostin, Anna Parys and Marylène Tignon
Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030257 - 1 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1707
Abstract
Vaccination against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) is widely practiced in both sows and piglets. However, it has been shown that multivaccinated sows sometimes lack a detectable antibody response, testing seronegative in ELISA (non-responders). Moreover, PRRSV-vaccinated piglets can remain seronegative [...] Read more.
Vaccination against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) is widely practiced in both sows and piglets. However, it has been shown that multivaccinated sows sometimes lack a detectable antibody response, testing seronegative in ELISA (non-responders). Moreover, PRRSV-vaccinated piglets can remain seronegative as well, which is mainly attributed to the interference of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs). The current study investigated the impact of the sow’s immune status on the PRRSV vaccine effectiveness in the progeny. The experimental trial included forty-eight piglets (n = 48) originating from a commercial Belgian breeding herd, with twenty-four piglets born from PRRSV vaccinated responder sows (E+ piglets) and twenty-four piglets born from PRRSV vaccinated non-responder sows (E− piglets). Eight piglets in each group were either non-vaccinated (NoVac piglets; n = 8), intramuscularly vaccinated (IM piglets; n = 8), or intradermally vaccinated (ID piglets; n = 8), with the same PRRSV-1 vaccine as used in the sow population. Vaccination was performed at weaning at three weeks of age, and all study piglets were challenged with a high dose of the PRRSV-1 07V063 strain at 6 weeks of age. A clear interference of MDAs was observed in the E+ piglets: 66.7% of the vaccinated E+ piglets lacked an antibody response at 3 weeks post-vaccination (non-responders). Consequently, post-challenge, only the responding E+ piglets had a significantly reduced serum viremia compared to the E+ NoVac piglets. The observed viremia in the non-responding E+ piglets was similar to the viremia of the E+ NoVac piglets. In the vaccinated E− piglets, a lack of antibody response at 3 weeks post-vaccination was observed in 18.8% of the piglets. Interestingly, despite the lack of a vaccine antibody response, the non-responding E− piglets had a significantly reduced serum viremia compared to the NoVac E− piglets. In contrast, the viremia of the responding E− piglets was only numerically reduced compared to the NoVac E− piglets. Finally, some clear differences were observed in both the kinetics of infection and the immune responses post-challenge between the E+ and E− piglets. The results of this study confirm the consequences of the MDA interference on the induced partial protection of PRRSV vaccination in experimentally challenged piglets. More research is warranted to understand the immunological mechanisms behind MDA interference in PRRSV vaccination and to explain the observed differences between E+ and E− piglets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)
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16 pages, 1686 KiB  
Article
Co-Formulation of Recombinant Porcine IL-18 Enhances the Onset of Immune Response in a New Lawsonia intracellularis Vaccine
by Angela Hidalgo-Gajardo, Nicolás Gutiérrez, Emilio Lamazares, Felipe Espinoza, Fernanda Escobar-Riquelme, María J. Leiva, Carla Villavicencio, Karel Mena-Ulecia, Raquel Montesino, Claudia Altamirano, Oliberto Sánchez, Coralia I. Rivas, Álvaro Ruíz and Jorge R. Toledo
Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121788 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1582
Abstract
Pig is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. One of the main conditions for pig production is Porcine Enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. Among the effects of this disease is chronic mild diarrhea, which affects the weight gain of pigs, generating [...] Read more.
Pig is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. One of the main conditions for pig production is Porcine Enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. Among the effects of this disease is chronic mild diarrhea, which affects the weight gain of pigs, generating economic losses. Vaccines available to prevent this condition do not have the desired effect, but this limitation can be overcome using adjuvants. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 18 (IL-18), can improve an immune response, reducing the immune window of protection. In this study, recombinant porcine IL-18 was produced and expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. The protein’s biological activity was assessed in vitro and in vivo, and we determined that the P. pastoris protein had better immunostimulatory activity. A vaccine candidate against L. intracellularis, formulated with and without IL-18, was used to determine the pigs’ cellular and humoral immune responses. Animals injected with the candidate vaccine co-formulated with IL-18 showed a significant increase of Th1 immune response markers and an earlier increase of antibodies than those vaccinated without the cytokine. This suggests that IL-18 acts as an immunostimulant and vaccine adjuvant to boost the immune response against the antigens, reducing the therapeutic window of recombinant protein-based vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)
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16 pages, 5516 KiB  
Article
PRRSV-Vaccinated, Seronegative Sows and Maternally Derived Antibodies (I): Impact on PRRSV-1 Challenge Outcomes in Piglets
by Jorian Fiers, Dominiek Maes, Ann-Brigitte Cay, Laurent Mostin, Anna Parys and Marylène Tignon
Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121745 - 23 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1698
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) remains an infectious agent with high importance in the swine industry. In this study, the influence of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) on an experimental PRRSV-1 challenge is investigated. Piglets included in the study (n = [...] Read more.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) remains an infectious agent with high importance in the swine industry. In this study, the influence of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) on an experimental PRRSV-1 challenge is investigated. Piglets included in the study (n = 36) originated from a Belgian farrow-to-finish herd in which the sow population was routinely vaccinated with a modified live vaccine against PRRSV. Eighteen piglets were born from three PRRSV-seropositive sows (responders to vaccination) and had a clear presence of PRRSV-specific MDAs (E+ piglets). The other eighteen piglets were born from three PRRSV-seronegative sows (non-responders to vaccination) and did not have PRRSV-specific MDAs (E− piglets). In each group, twelve piglets were intranasally challenged with a high dose of the heterologous PRRSV-1 07V063 strain, the remaining piglets were mock-challenged (PBS) and served as controls. During the first days after infection, higher serum viremia and nasal shedding were observed in the challenged E− piglets compared to the challenged E+ piglets. However, at 10 days post-infection, the peak serum viremia was significantly higher in the E+ piglets in comparison to the E− piglets and serum viremia remained slightly higher in this group until the end of the study. Additionally, the two challenged groups had a different immune response to the PRRSV infection. The E− challenged piglets showed an earlier and more intense seroconversion, leading to significantly higher antibody titers at 10 dpi compared to the E+ challenged piglets. Furthermore, a trend towards both higher induction of serum IFN-γ and higher induction of IFN-γ secreting cells was observed in the E− challenged piglets. In contrast, a significantly higher induction of serum TNF-α at 7 dpi was seen in the E+ challenged piglets compared to the E− challenged piglets. The results gathered in this study suggest that PRRSV-specific MDAs induce partial protection during the early stages of infection but are not sufficient to protect against a high challenge dose. The presence of piglets lacking PRRSV-specific MDAs might pose a risk for PRRSV infection and enhanced transmission in pig farms in young piglets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)
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15 pages, 2332 KiB  
Article
Safety and Immunogenicity of Chimeric Pestivirus KD26_E2LOM in Piglets and Calves
by Gyu-Nam Park, Jihye Shin, SeEun Choe, Ki-Sun Kim, Jae-Jo Kim, Seong-In Lim, Byung-Hyun An, Bang-Hun Hyun and Dong-Jun An
Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101622 - 21 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1500
Abstract
A chimeric pestivirus (KD26_E2LOM) was prepared by inserting the E2 gene of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) LOM strain into the backbone of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) KD26 strain. KD26_E2LOM was obtained by transfecting the cDNA pACKD26_E2LOM into PK-15 cells. [...] Read more.
A chimeric pestivirus (KD26_E2LOM) was prepared by inserting the E2 gene of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) LOM strain into the backbone of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) KD26 strain. KD26_E2LOM was obtained by transfecting the cDNA pACKD26_E2LOM into PK-15 cells. KD26_E2LOM chimeric pestivirus proliferated to titers of 106.5 TCID50/mL and 108.0 TCID50/mL at 96 h post-inoculation into PK-15 cells or MDBK cells, respectively. It also reacted with antibodies specific for CSFV E2 and BVDV Erns, but not with an anti-BVDV E2 antibody. Piglets (55–60 days old) inoculated with a high dose (107.0 TCID50/mL) of KD26_E2LOM produced high levels of CSFV E2 antibodies. In addition, no co-habiting pigs were infected with KD26_E2LOM; however, some inoculated pigs excreted the virus, and the virus was detected in some organs. When pregnant sows were inoculated during the first trimester (55–60 days) with a high dose (107.0 TCID50/mL) of KD26_E2LOM, anti-CSFV E2 antibodies were produced at high levels; chimeric pestivirus was detected in one fetus and in the ileum of one sow. When 5-day-old calves that did not consume colostrum received a high dose (107.0 TCID50/mL) of KD26_E2LOM, one calf secreted the virus in both feces and nasal fluid on Day 2. A high dose of KD26_E2LOM does not induce specific clinical signs in most animals, does not spread from animal to animal, and generates CSFV E2 antibodies with DVIA functions. Therefore, chimeric pestivirus KD26_E2LOM is a potential CSFV live marker vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)
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Review

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36 pages, 1278 KiB  
Review
Developing Next-Generation Live Attenuated Vaccines for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Using Reverse Genetic Techniques
by Ruisong Yu, Shijuan Dong, Bingqing Chen, Fusheng Si and Chunhua Li
Vaccines 2024, 12(5), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050557 - 19 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1771
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the etiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly contagious digestive disease in pigs and especially in neonatal piglets, in which a mortality rate of up to 100% will be induced. Immunizing pregnant sows remains the most [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the etiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly contagious digestive disease in pigs and especially in neonatal piglets, in which a mortality rate of up to 100% will be induced. Immunizing pregnant sows remains the most promising and effective strategy for protecting their neonatal offspring from PEDV. Although half a century has passed since its first report in Europe and several prophylactic vaccines (inactivated or live attenuated) have been developed, PED still poses a significant economic concern to the swine industry worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel vaccines in clinical practice, especially live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) that can induce a strong protective lactogenic immune response in pregnant sows. Reverse genetic techniques provide a robust tool for virological research from the function of viral proteins to the generation of rationally designed vaccines. In this review, after systematically summarizing the research progress on virulence-related viral proteins, we reviewed reverse genetics techniques for PEDV and their application in the development of PED LAVs. Then, we probed into the potential methods for generating safe, effective, and genetically stable PED LAV candidates, aiming to provide new ideas for the rational design of PED LAVs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)
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