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The Perspective of Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis: Polio and Non-polio...
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The Perspective of Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis: Polio and Non-polio Enteroviruses and Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 4659

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Olga E. Ivanova

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Guest Editor
1. Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution "Chumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences" (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819, Moscow, Russia
2. Department of Organization and Technology of Production of Immunobiological Preparations, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
Interests: poliomyelitis eradication; poliomyelitis; polioviruses; poliovirus vaccine; non-polio enteroviruses; epidemiological surveillance
Prof. Dr. Alexander Lukashev

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Guest Editor
Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Interests: evolution and taxonomy of polio- and non-polio enteroviruses; non-polio enterovirus emerging human infections: enterovirus meningitis; hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The eradication of wild poliovirus has been a goal for over 30 years. Despite the outstanding progress of the WHO Global Polio Eradication Initiative in the elimination of wild polioviruses almost all over the world, the final eradication of poliomyelitis has not yet been achieved, due to both organizational barriers and the clinical, epidemiological and biological properties of poliovirus, primarily the peculiarities of its evolution. The main challenge following the impressive success in eradicating wild polioviruses with Sabin Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) has been the emergence of outbreaks caused by viruses derived from the same vaccine, which have neurovirulence and transmissibility—VDPV. The epidemiological significance of VDPV is indistinguishable from wild polioviruses. The development and introduction of new, effective, genetically stable, safer vaccines that combine the best properties of traditional OPV and IPV poliovirus vaccines is urgently need. Apparently, polio immunization will never be stopped. Recently, a new type 2 monovalent vaccine from genetically modified Sabin strains (nOPV2) has been developed and put into use, following the approach of nOPV types 1 and 3, but their global impact remains to be seen.

A new threat is the emergence of non-polio enterovirus diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71, acute flaccid myelitis caused by enterovirus 68. At present, the non-polio enterovirus threat is under vaccine control only in some countries around the world. The factors leading to the emergence of new enteroviral diseases remain poorly understood; the need for vaccines against non-polio enteroviral diseases has not been determined.

In this Special Issue, we would like to invite papers covering a wide range of topics and recent developments in all phases of the development of vaccines against polio and non-polio enterovirus infections. Providing epidemiological information on the circulation of polio and non-polio enteroviruses will help to justify the need for vaccines. The study of the immune response to the introduction of the vaccine will allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of the formation and the role of different types of immune protection.

Dr. Olga E. Ivanova
Prof. Dr. Alexander Lukashev
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  •  poliovirus
  •  non-polio enteroviruses
  •  acute flaccid paralysis
  •  polio vaccine
  •  non-polio enterovirus vaccine
  •  enterovirus types
  •  hand-foot-and-mouth disease
  •  acute flaccid myelitis
  •  enterovirus meningitis

Published Papers (3 papers)

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12 pages, 1443 KiB  
Article
Non-Polio Enterovirus Surveillance in the Ural Federal District and Western Siberia, 2022: Is There a Need for a Vaccine?
by Tarek M. Itani, Vladislav I. Chalapa, Vasilii N. Slautin, Roman O. Bykov, Bolat S. Imangaliev, Polina K. Starikova, Aleksandr G. Sergeev and Aleksandr V. Semenov
Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101588 - 12 Oct 2023
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Abstract
Human non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) are the etiological agents involved in most cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina and aseptic meningitis. Information on the epidemiology profiles of NPEV in the Ural Federal District and Western Siberia is very limited, with no published data available. [...] Read more.
Human non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) are the etiological agents involved in most cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina and aseptic meningitis. Information on the epidemiology profiles of NPEV in the Ural Federal District and Western Siberia is very limited, with no published data available. The aim of this study is to describe NPEV incidence in the Ural Federal District and Western Siberia among patients with different forms of non-polio enterovirus infections (NPEVIs) during 2022, stratified by age and clinical manifestations. A total of 265 samples that tested positive for NPEV using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were genotyped by semi-nested PCR for the VP1 gene. The results showed that 21 genotypes were identified among patients in this study. CVA6 was the most common genotype for HFMD. CVA6, along with CVA10, accounted for the majority of herpangina cases, while CVA9 was implicated in most meningitis cases. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that nearly all of the CVA6 strains identified in this study displayed a close genetic relationship to strains identified in other cities in Russia and strains from China. NPEV surveillance allows for monitoring the circulation of clinically relevant genotypes, resulting in continuous data about NPEV epidemiology. This is important for improving case prevention, diagnosis and guiding clinical management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspective of Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis: Polio and Non-polio Enteroviruses and Vaccines)
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12 pages, 1353 KiB  
Article
Enterovirus 71-Associated Infection in South Vietnam: Vaccination Is a Real Solution
by Natalia I. Romanenkova, Thi Thanh Thao Nguyen, Liudmila N. Golitsyna, Natalia V. Ponomareva, Nadezhda R. Rozaeva, Olga I. Kanaeva, Artem V. Leonov, Nadezhda A. Novikova and Maina A. Bichurina
Vaccines 2023, 11(5), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050931 - 3 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2004
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is the most common enteroviral infection in South-East Asia. When evaluating the role of enterovirus 71 (EVA71) as an etiological agent of infectious disease in South Vietnam, we revealed a high proportion of EVA71 among identified species A enteroviruses found [...] Read more.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is the most common enteroviral infection in South-East Asia. When evaluating the role of enterovirus 71 (EVA71) as an etiological agent of infectious disease in South Vietnam, we revealed a high proportion of EVA71 among identified species A enteroviruses found in 3542 samples from HFMD cases; 125 samples from cases of enteroviral meningitis; and 130 samples from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases. These represent 50%, 54.8%, and 51.5%, respectively. According to molecular analysis, 90% of EVA71 were attributed to genotype C4 and 10% were attributed to genotype B5. The predominance of EVA71 circulation among the population proves the need to strengthen surveillance (with monitoring of enterovirus circulation for facilitation of HFMD outbreak prediction) and to increase the effectiveness of preventative measures by the implementation of vaccination against EVA71-associated infections. A phase III trial of a Taiwanese vaccine (EV71vac) in Taiwan and South Vietnam showed its safety, tolerability, and efficacy in children aged 2–71 months. This B4 genotype-based vaccine, which features cross-protection against B5 and C4 genotypes, and other existing EV71 vaccines can serve as a good approach to solving the HFMD problem, which is so important for Vietnam. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspective of Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis: Polio and Non-polio Enteroviruses and Vaccines)
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15 pages, 1830 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology of Type 3 Poliovirus AFP Cases in Israel between 1973 and 1988: Whole Genome Sequencing of RNA Extracted Directly from Archived Stocks to Avoid Re-Culturing Neurovirulent Wild Poliovirus
by Lester M. Shulman, Majid Laassri, Rachel Handsher, Tatiana Zagorodnyaya, Danit Sofer, Merav Weil, Ella Mendelson and Konstantin Chumakov
Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122154 - 15 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1125
Abstract
Background: Poliovirus post-eradication containment of wild-type 2 poliovirus (PV2) requires the destruction of all materials containing, or potentially containing, PV2. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases in Israel between 1973 and 1988 were caused by all three serotypes; thus, isolates from cases and case-contacts [...] Read more.
Background: Poliovirus post-eradication containment of wild-type 2 poliovirus (PV2) requires the destruction of all materials containing, or potentially containing, PV2. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases in Israel between 1973 and 1988 were caused by all three serotypes; thus, isolates from cases and case-contacts were either PV2 or potentially contaminated with PV2. Aims: To provide a proof-of-concept that whole genome sequences (WGS) of wild-type 3 poliovirus (PV3s) could be salvaged from the RNA extracted directly from archived poliovirus stocks avoiding re-amplification of neurovirulent viruses, we link WGSs to case histories and determine the phylogenetic relationships among the PV3s. Methods: Data retrieved from 427 poliovirus-positive cases reported between 1973 and 1988 identified 85 PV3-associated cases. A total of 71 archived PV3 isolates were available from PV3-positive cases and contacts. WGSs were obtained by NGS from cDNA libraries constructed from RNA extracted directly from archived viral stocks. Sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis and linked to case data. Results: WGSs were successfully constructed for 55 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of seven lineages of PV3. One lineage, with 23 isolates, presented as an outbreak of six-year duration. Isolates from six other lineages were consistent with subsequent separate introductions, sporadic cases, and limited transmission. Recombinant vaccine-like PV3 recombinants were isolated from some cases. Conclusions: Whole or near-whole genome sequence information, obtained from RNA extracted directly from the archived material, safely provided detailed genetic information linked to patient data from a time when limited sequence information was previously available and revealed the pattern of transmission of wild PV3 in Israel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspective of Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis: Polio and Non-polio Enteroviruses and Vaccines)
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