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Article

Sequential MCR via Staudinger/Aza-Wittig versus Cycloaddition Reaction to Access Diversely Functionalized 1-Amino-1H-Imidazole-2(3H)-Thiones

by
Cecilia Ciccolini
,
Giacomo Mari
,
Gianfranco Favi
*,
Fabio Mantellini
,
Lucia De Crescentini
and
Stefania Santeusanio
*
Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3785; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203785
Submission received: 25 September 2019 / Revised: 11 October 2019 / Accepted: 15 October 2019 / Published: 21 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Strategies for Heterocycle Synthesis)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A multicomponent reaction (MCR) strategy, alternative to the known cycloaddition reaction, towards variously substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives has been successfully developed. The novel approach involves α-halohydrazones whose azidation process followed by tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction with CS2 in a sequential MCR regioselectively leads to the target compounds avoiding the formation of the regioisomer iminothiazoline heterocycle. The approach can be applied to a range of differently substituted α-halohydrazones bearing also electron-withdrawing groups confirming the wide scope and the substituent tolerance of the process for the synthesis of the target compounds. Interestingly, the concurrent presence of reactive functionalities in the scaffolds so obtained ensures post-modifications in view of N-bridgeheaded heterobicyclic structures.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Imidazoles belong to an important class of heterocyclic compounds that play a crucial role in various biochemical processes [1]. A lot of imidazole-based molecules have been shown bioactivities, [2] such as antifungal, antiinflammatory, antihystamine, antihelmintic, analgesic, antineoplastic, antihypertensive activity [3,4,5,6,7].
Among imidazole derivatives, imidazole-2-thiones have been associated to a special class of biologically relevant thiourea derivatives [8] endowed with antithyroid [9], antiproliferative [10], matrix metalloproteinases (MPP) inhibitory [11] properties and can be used as building blocks for the synthesis of N-aminoimidazole with antiretroviral activity [12].
To date, the most widespread method used for the synthesis of N-substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazol-2(3H)-thiones can be referred to the Schantl’s protocol, which consists of reacting α-haloketones with potassium thiocyanate and monosubstituted arylhydrazines in weak acidic medium (Scheme 1) [13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. This multistep reaction is considered to proceed via the formation of conjugated azoalkenes, derived from α-thiocyanatohydrazones D (Scheme 2) and dipolarophile isothiocyanic acid intermediate that in turn undergo a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction providing substituted 1-arylamino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione I scaffolds [20,21].
Even if this method appears robust, it seems to suffer of some limitations in terms of insertion of electron-withdrawing groups placed on the α-halohydrazone precursors of conjugated azoalkene intermediates. In this regard, for our research purposes, we tried to apply the Schantl’s method reacting 2-chloro-N,N-dimethyl-3-oxobutanamide (A), potassiun thiocyanate (B) and tert-butyl hydrazinecarboxylate (C) in acetic acid to obtain the corresponding N-substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione derivative I but without success. As shown in Scheme 2, instead of the cycloaddition, a 5-exo-dig cyclization reaction leading to 2-iminothiazole II took place. This evidence is in agreement with the result obtained by Lagoja and coworkers where a pathway involving the key α-thiocyanatohydrazone intermediate D is invoked [12].
The structure of the iminothiazoline II was confirmed by comparison of the spectral data of the same compound obtained by means of a different procedure previously described by some of us that foresees the conjugated hydrothiocyanation of the pertinent conjugated azoalkene in acidic medium followed by intramolecular cyclization [22].
Inspired by our previous experience [23], and in order to perform a complete regioselective-oriented method for the desired 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thiones I, we have planned a different strategy that avoids the use of bidentate-nucleophilic reagents such as the potassium thiocyanate. In the construction of I, three strategic disconnections between the N1-C2, C2-N3 and N3-C4 were hypothesized (Scheme 3).
We reasoned that the azidation process of the pertinent α-halohydrazone derivative followed by tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction with CS2 could have been a successful route [24,25].

2. Results and Discussion

To validate our hypothesis we began to explore the process step by step. Thus, α-chlorohydrazone derivative 1a [26,27,28,29,30] (2.0 mmol) dissolved in THF (9.0 mL) subjected to α-azidation using an ice-cooled aqueous solution of NaN3 [31] (2.0 mmol/1.0 mL) under magnetic stirring at room temperature. After the evaporation of the solvent and an appropriate extraction, the α-azidohydrazone derivative 2a was obtained in 70% yield. In the next step, the addition of a stoichiometric amount of PPh3 to 2a (1.0 mmol) dissolved in CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL) furnished the iminophosphorane derivative 3a by precipitation from the reaction medium (66%). Then, 3a (0.65 mmol) was dissolved in 5.0 mL of THF/MeOH mixture (4:1) and treated with an excess of CS2 at reflux to afford, after column chromatography purification, the corresponding N-substituted 1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thione derivative 5a (53%) arising from intramolecular cyclization of the α-isothiocyanate hydrazone intermediate 4a (Scheme 4).
Motivated by this result, we aimed to develop a one-pot sequential multicomponent reaction (MCR) [32,33,34,35] as alternative method for regioselective synthesis of a new series of imidazole-2-thione-containing structures as suitable precursors for drug-like compounds [36].
Hence, our new approach to N-substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thiones 5a–k (53%–85%) is depicted in Scheme 5. The whole process that permits the formation of the desired heterocycle can be easily checked by the complete disappearance of the pertinent α-azidohydrazone derivative and by the observation of Ph3P=S as byproduct (thin-layer chromatography (TLC) check, see Experimental Section). It is to be noted that for 5a, the efficiency of the reaction benefits by this latter protocol increasing the overall yield from 25% (obtained employing the step-by-step procedure) to 79% (Table 1). Moreover, the implemented strategy broadens the substitution patterns at the amino-N1 and at C4 of the heterocycle skeleton with electron-withdrawing groups (5a–e) and tolerates the aromatic (amino-N1) and aliphatic (C4) groups, as for 5j [15,17,18] (Table 1).
These results not only lie in the wide scenario of the heterocyclic scaffolds obtainable through tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig sequence [24,25,37,38,39,40,41], but the concurrent presence of reactive functionalities in the target compounds 5a–k ensures post-modifications in view of heterobicyclic structures. In fact, the tautomerism thionoamide/thioloimide permits the introduction of a further element of diversity at the sulfur atom producing imidazole derivatives suitable to be combined with the useful 1-amino-Boc protected group [42] directly installed by this approach, as for 5a, 5c–f, 5k. Thus, as an example, 5c,d,f (1.0 mmol) solved in acetone (10.0 mL), were reacted with 2-bromo-1-phenylethanone (6a) (1.0 mmol), 1-chloropropan-2-one) (6b) (1.0 mmol), and ethyl 2-bromoacetate (6c) (1.0 mmol), respectively, in the presence of K2CO3 (1.0 mmol). After the removal of solvent followed by extraction, the corresponding α-(imidazol-2-ylthio) carbonyl compounds 7a–c were obtained as solid after column chromatography purification (84%–93%) (Scheme 6). The subsequent cleavage of the Boc-protecting group under homogeneous [43] or heterogeneous acidic conditions [44] was able to produce free amino function available to interact with the carbonyl appendage in 2-position of the ring, affording new 2H-imidazo [2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives 8a,b by condensation or 2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazinone derivative 8c by acylic nucleophilic substitution process (Scheme 6, Table 2).
It is worthwhile to note that the proposed synthetic pathway can offer an alternative method for obtaining 2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives 8 with respect to the ring transformation of α-(oxazol-2-ylthio) ketones 9 on treatment with hydrazine hydrate 10 [45], together with the possibility of wide diversification of the substituents at the different positions of the N-bridgeheaded heterobicyclic structures. As depicted in Scheme 7, a different disconnection for the assembly of the 2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine scaffold can be envisaged.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General

All the commercially available reagents and solvents were used without further purification. α-Halohydrazones 1a–k were synthesized by known procedures [26,27,28,29,30]. Chromatographic purification of compounds was carried out on silica gel (60–200 μm). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was performed on pre-loaded (0.25 mm) glass supported silica gel plates (Silica gel 60, F254, Merck; Darmstadt, Germany); compounds were visualized by exposure to UV light. Melting points (Mp) were determined in open capillary tubes and are uncorrected.
All 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively at 25 °C on a Bruker Ultrashield 400 spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). Proton and carbon spectra were referenced internally to residual solvent signals as follows: δ = 2.50 ppm for proton (middle peak) and δ = 39.50 ppm for carbon (middle peak) in DMSO-d6 and δ = 7.27 ppm for proton and δ = 77.00 ppm for carbon (middle peak) in CDCl3. The following abbreviations are used to describe peak patterns where appropriate: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet q = quartet, m = multiplet and br = broad signal. All coupling constants (J) are given in Hz. Copies of 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra of compounds II, 2a, 3a, 5a–k, 7a–c, and 8a–c are in Supplementary Materials. FT-IR spectra were measured as Nujol mulls using a Nicolet Impact 400 (Thermo Scientific, Madison, WI, USA). Mass spectra were obtained by ESI-MS analyses performed on Thermo Scientific LCQ Fleet Ion Trap LC/MS and Xcalibur data System. High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were determined with ESI resource on a Waters Micromass QTOF instrument (Waters, Milford, MA, USA). Elemental analyses were within ±0.4 of the theoretical values (C, H, N).

3.2. Step-By-Step Synthetic Method for 5a

3.2.1. Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-(3-azido-4-(dimethylamino)-4-oxobutan-2-ylidene)hydrazinecarboxylate (2a)

To the α-halohydrazone 1a (555.5 mg, 2.0 mmol) solved in THF (9.0 mL), an ice-cooled aqueous solution (1.0 mL, T = 4 °C) of NaN3 (2.0 mmol, 130.02 mg) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until the disappearance of the starting 1a (TLC check). THF was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with water and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 × 15.0 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous NaSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude reaction was purified by crystallization from Et2O affording the α-azido derivative 2a. Yield 70.0% (398.0 mg) as a white solid; Mp 120–124 °C (dec); 1H-NMR, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.44 (s, 9H, OBut), 1.84 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.86 (s, 3H, NCH3), 2.92 (s, 3H, NCH3), 4.99 (s, 1H, CH), 9.82 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.8, 28.0, 35.5, 36.6, 64.6, 79.5, 146.2, 152.9, 166.5; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3239, 3150, 2982, 2172, 2098, 1706, 1686, 1664; MS m/z (ESI): 285.07 (M + H)+; anal. calcd. for C11H20N6O3 (284.31): 46.47; H, 7.09; N, 29.56; found: C, 46.36; H, 7.15; N, 29.65.

3.2.2. Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-(4-(dimethylamino)-4-oxo-3-((triphenylphosphoranylidene)amino)butan-2-ylidene)hydrazinecarboxylate (3a)

1.0 Mmol of 2a (284.31 mg) was solved in CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL). The reaction flask was then immersed in an ice bath (T = 0 °C), and a cooled solution of PPh3 (262.3 mg, 1.0 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1.0 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction was brought back to room temperature and stirred until the disappearance of organic azide 2a (monitored by TLC). The formation of phosphazene 3a was accompanied by the development of N2. After partial removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, 3a was isolated by precipitation from a solution of CH2Cl2/EtOAc as white powder; yield 66% (342.3 mg); Mp 127–131 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.42 (s, 9H, OBut), 1.81 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.59 (s, 3H, NCH3), 2.73 (s, 3H, NCH3), 4.62 (t, JH-P = 9.2 Hz, 1H, CH), 7.57–7.90 (m, 15H, Ar), 9.64 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.0, 28.0, 35.6, 36.1, 59.3, 79.5, 120.9 (1JC-P = 102.0 Hz), 129.7 (2JC-P = 14.0 Hz), 133.7 (3JC-P = 11.0 Hz), 133.8 (3J-CP = 12.0 Hz), 134.9 (4JC-P = 2.0 Hz), 150.7, 167.0 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3543, 3377, 3211, 1722, 1664; MS m/z (ESI): 519.31 (M + H)+; anal. calcd. for C29H35N4O3P (518.59): C, 67.17; H, 6.80; N, 10.80; found: C, 67.31; H, 6.86; N, 10.72.

3.2.3. Synthesis of tert-butyl (4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-5-methyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)carbamate (5a)

0.65 Mmol of 3a (337.0 mg,) was solved in a mixture of THF:MeOH (4:1, 5.0 mL) heating. Then, 0.5 mL of CS2 was added and the reaction was refluxed. The end of the reaction was defined (4.0 h) by the disappearance of 3a together with the formation of Ph3P=S as byproduct (monitored by TLC). After removal of the reaction solvents under reduced pressure, a first crop of 5a was obtained as white powder from a solution of THF/light petroleum ether. A further amount was be gained by column chromatography eluting with CH2Cl2/EtOAc mixtures. White powder from THF/light petroleum ether; yield 53% (103.4 mg); Mp 172–173 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6,) δ 1.32 and 1.45 (2 s, 9H, OBut), 1.99 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.94 [s, 6H, N(CH3)2], 9.69 and 10.15 (2 br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.50 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.9, 27.6, 27.8, 35.9, 80.8, 116.2, 128.2, 153.8, 160.2, 162.9 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3188, 3115, 1741, 1645, 1607; MS m/z (ESI): 301.15 (M + H)+; calcd. for C12H20N4O3S (300.38): C, 47.98; H, 6.71; N, 18.65; found: C, 48.11; H, 6.63; N, 18.57. The partition of some signals here, as well as in the following cases, is due to the N1-amide rotameric effect [46].

3.3. Typical MCR Procedure for the Synthesis of N-Substituted 1-Amino-1H-Imidazole-2(3H)-Thione Derivatives 5a–k

To a round flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar containing ice-cooled solution of NaN3 (1.0 mmol, 65.01 mg) dissolved in 0.5 mL of H2O, the corresponding α-halohydrazone 1a–k (1.0 mmol) dissolved in THF (4.5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature until the disappearance of 1 (monitored by TLC). Upon completion, Na2SO4 (0.5 g), a solution of PPh3 (1.1 mmol, 288.5 mg) in THF (1.0 mL) and CS2 (1.0 mL) were added in sequence, and the mixture was refluxed for the appropriate reaction time (3.0–20.0 h). The formation of the final products 5a–k was revealed by the complete disappearance of the spot corresponding to the α-azidohydrazone 2a–k as well as the detection of the byproduct Ph3P=S. The Na2SO4 was filtered in vacuo and washed with THF (10.0 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by crystallization and/or by chromatography eluting with cyclohexane:EtOAc or CH2Cl2:EtOAc mixtures. The resulting products 5a–k were isolated by crystallization from the specific solvents (see below). According to this procedure, 5a was obtained in 79% (237.3 mg).
N,N,5-trimethyl-1-(3-phenylureido)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (5b): Yield 53% (169.3 mg), pink powder from CH2Cl2/Et2O; Mp 247–248 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 2.06 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.97 [s, 6H, N(CH3)2], 7.01 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.29 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.46 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 9.00 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 9.33 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.56 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.3, 36.8, 116.1, 118.3, 122.3, 128.7, 129.0, 139.1, 153.6, 160.3, 162.6 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3323, 3248, 3195, 3136, 1713, 1638, 1605; MS m/z (ESI): 320.40 (M + H)+; calcd. for; C14H17N5O2S (319.38): C, 52.65; H, 5.37; N, 21.93; calcd. for; C14H17N5O2S (319.38): C, 52.65; H, 5.37; N, 21.93; found: C, 52.79; H, 5.44; N, 21.84.
tert-Butyl (4-(diethylcarbamoyl)-5-methyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)carbamate (5c): Yield 72% (236.3 mg), white powder from EtOAc/THF/light petroleum ether; Mp 168–169 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.06–1.10 (m, 6H, 2xNCH2CH3), 1.32 and 1.45 (2s, 9H, OBut), 1.94 and 1.97 (2s, 3H, CH3), 3.26–3.37 (m, 4H, 2xNCH2CH3), 9.68 and 10.07 (2 br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.49 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.6, 13.4, 27.5, 27.8, 34.8, 80.6, 117.0, 126.6, 153.8, 159.8, 162.7 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3169, 3120, 1748, 1642, 1634; MS m/z (ESI): 329.23 (M + H)+;calcd. for C14H24N4O3S (328.16): C, 51.20; H, 7.37; N, 17.06; found: C, 51.09; H, 7.42; N, 16.95.
tert-Butyl (5-methyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)carbamate (5d): Yield 69% (158.1 mg), white powder from EtOAc/THF/light petroleum ether; Mp 168–169 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.32 and 1.45 (2s, 9H, OBut), 1.93 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.60 (s, 1H, CH), 9.51 and 9.94 (2 br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 11.97 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.9, 27.9, 80.5, 108.9, 126.9, 153.9, 162.4 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3271, 3144, 3098, 1744, 1732, 1640; MS m/z (ESI): 229.96 (M + H)+; calcd. for C9H15N3O2S (229.09): C, 47.14; H, 6.59; N, 18.33; found: C, 47.01; H, 6.65; N, 18.41.
tert-Butyl (4-carbamoyl-5-methyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)carbamate (5e): Yield 58% (157.8 mg), white powder from CH2Cl2/light petroleum ether; Mp 270 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.32 and 1.45 (2s, 9H, OBut), 2.23 and 2.26 (2s, 3H, CH3), 7.23 and 7.53 (2 br s, 2H, NH2, D2O exch.), 9.71 and 10.17 (2s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.42 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.9, 10.1, 27.6, 27.8, 80.9, 115.8, 133.1, 153.7, 159.6, 162.9 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3395, 3354, 3182, 3137, 1754, 1717, 1676, 1594; MS m/z (ESI): 273.04 (M + H)+; calcd. for C10H16N4O3S (272.09): C, 44.10; H, 5.92; N, 20.57; found: C, 44.23; H, 5.96; N, 20.45.
tert-Butyl (5-methyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)carbamate (5f): Yield 67% (233.2 mg), white powder from EtOAc; Mp 170–171 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.34 and 1.46 (2s, 9H, OBut), 2.28 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.11 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.35 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.65 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 9.68 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 10.28 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.69 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.2, 27.8, 81.0, 116.0, 119.7, 123.8, 128.8, 133.9, 138.4, 153.7, 156.3, 163.2 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3375, 3243, 3066, 1752, 1659, 1630, 1598, 1545; MS m/z (ESI): 349.22 (M + H)+; calcd. for C16H20N4O3S (348.13): C, 55.16; H, 5.79; N, 16.08; found: C, 55.01; H, 5.72; N, 16.16.
1-(5-Methyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3-phenylurea (5g): Yield 82% (203.4 mg), white powder from THF/EtOAc; Mp 245–248 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 2.01 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.64 (s, 1H, CH), 6.99 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.28 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.46 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 8.91 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 9.25 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.05 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.1, 108.8, 118.3, 122.3, 127.6, 128.8, 139,1, 153.8, 161.9 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3305, 3154, 3119, 3097, 1714, 1681, 1637, 1602; MS m/z (ESI): 249.07 (M + H)+; calcd. for C11H12N4OS (248.07): C, 53.21; H, 4.87; N, 22.56; found: C, 53.08; H, 4.94; N, 22.65.
N-(5-methyl-2-thioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)benzamide (5h): Yield 59% (137.6 mg) white powder from MeOH; Mp 240–242 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.97 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.72 (s, 1H, CH), 7.56 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.65 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.99 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 11.44 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.15 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.9, 109.3, 127.0, 127.7, 128.6, 131.5, 132.5, 162.0, 165.4 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3168, 3106, 1666, 1631; MS m/z (ESI): 234.04 (M + H)+; calcd. for C11H11N3OS (233.29): C, 56.63; H, 4.75; N, 18.01; found: C, 56.76; H, 4.82; N, 17.89.
1-(4,5-Dimethyl-2.thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3-phenylurea (5i): Yield 85% (223.0 mg), white powder from THF/Et2O; Mp 245–250 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.94 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.99 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.99 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.28 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.46 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 8.89 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 9.19 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.00 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.8, 8.9, 116.6, 118.3, 122.2, 122.5, 128.7, 139.1, 153.9, 160.7 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3271, 3172, 3095, 1719, 1691, 1665, 1603; MS m/z (ESI): 263.11 (M + H)+; calcd. for C12H14N4OS (262.33): C, 54.94; H, 5.38; N, 21.36; found: C, 54.87; H, 5.46; N, 21.23.
4,5-Dimethyl-1-[(4-nitrophenyl)amino]-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione (5j): Yield 84% (222.0 mg), beige powder from THF/EtOAc/Et2O; Mp 279–282 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.90 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.03 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.59 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 8.10 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 10.09 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.19 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.6, 9.0, 111.3, 117.8, 121.7, 125.8, 139.3, 153.0, 160.8 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3199, 3094, 1673, 1594; HRMS m/z calcd. for [M + H]+ C11H13N4O2S 265.0759; found 265.0774.
tert-Butyl (5-phenyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)carbamate (5k): Yield 66% (192.3 mg), light yellow powder from THF/EtOAc/light petroleum ether; Mp 172–174 °C (dec.); 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.17 and 1.39 (2s, 9H, OBut), 7.18 (s, 1H, CH), 7.35–7.49 (m, 5H, Ar), 9.79 and 10.12 (2s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.51 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 27.5, 27.9, 80.2, 80.5, 110.7, 110.8, 126.9, 127.0, 127.7, 127.9, 128.1, 128.5, 130.6, 130.8, 153.2, 153.9, 162.0, 164.2 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3275, 3120, 3093, 1726, 1618, 1600; MS m/z (ESI): 292.18 (M + H)+; calcd. for C14H17N3O2S (291.37); C, 57.71; H, 5.88; N, 14.42; found: C, 57.83; H, 5.82; N, 14.37.

3.4. General Procedure for the Synthesis of α-(Imidazol-2-Ylthio) Carbonyl Compounds 7a–c.

To a suspension of the N-Boc-protected 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives 5c,d,f (1.0 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.0 mmol, 138 mg) in 10.0 mL of acetone, the corresponding α-halocarbonyl derivative 6a–c (1.0 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was kept under magnetic stirring at room temperature. Upon completion (monitored by TLC) the solvent was removed, and the crude reaction mixture was quenched to neutrality with a solution of HCl 1N and extracted with EtOAc (30.0 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The solvent was removed in vacuum and the crude extract was purified by crystallization or by column chromatography eluting with cyclohexane:ethyl acetate mixtures to furnish 7a–c derivatives in good yields (84%–93%).
tert-Butyl (4-(diethylcarbamoyl)-5-methyl-2-((2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)thio)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)carbamate (7a): Yield 84% (375.1 mg); white solid from Et2O; Mp 123–126 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.14–1.23 (m, 6H, 2xNCH2CH3), 1.48 (s, 9H, OBut), 1.98 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.37–3.64 (m, 4H, 2xNCH2CH3), 4.50 (br s, 1H, SCHaHb), 4.69 (br s, 1H, SCHaHb), 7.46 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.58 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.97 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 9.45 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.7, 12.9, 14.5, 28.0, 40.6, 41.6, 43.4, 82.5, 128.4, 128.5, 128.7, 130.9, 133.7, 135.3, 135.4, 139.9, 153.8, 164.5, 193.7 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3114, 3059, 1741, 1726, 1700, 1681, 1597, 1584; MS m/z (ESI): 447.35 (M + H)+; calcd. for C22H30N4O4S (446.56): C, 59.17; H, 6.77; N, 12.55; found: C, 59.02; H, 6.84; N, 11.67.
tert-Butyl (5-methyl-2-((2-oxopropyl)thio)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)carbamate (7b): Yield 93% (265.4 mg); ocher solid from EtOAc/cyclohexane; Mp 103–104 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.50 (s, 9H, OBut), 2.14 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.24 (s, 3H, COCH3), 3.81 (br s, 1H, SCHaHb), 3.94 (br s, 1H, SCHaHb), 6.77 (s, 1H, CH), 8.26 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.9, 28.0, 28.8, 44.8, 82.8, 125.1, 131.5, 139.5, 154.1, 203.5 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3125, 1725, 1714; MS m/z (ESI): 286.17 (M + H)+; calcd. for C12H19N3O3S (285.36): C, 50.51; H, 6.71; N, 14.73; found: C, 50.40; H, 6.78; N, 14.86.
Ethyl 2-((1-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino)-5-methyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)thio)acetate (7c): Yield 92% (399.7 mg), white solid from EtOAc/cyclohexane; Mp 134–136 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.27 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H, OCH2CH3), 1.51 (s, 9H, OBut), 2.55 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.66 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H, SCHaHb), 3.90 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H, SCHaHb), 4.17–4.24 (m, 2H, OCH2CH3), 7.10 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.34 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.67 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 8.18 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 8.96 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.4, 14.0, 28.0, 36.7, 62.7, 83.4, 119.5, 123.8, 128.9, 129.9, 137.3, 138.0, 139.0, 153.6, 160.6, 169.9 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 3315, 3182, 1733, 1647, 1601; MS m/z (ESI): 435.20 (M + H)+; calcd. for C20H26N4O5S (434.51): C, 55.28; H, 6.03; N, 12.89; found: C, 55.39; H, 5.97; N, 12.81.

3.5. General Procedure for the Synthesis of N-Bridgeheaded Heterobicyclic Derivatives 8a–c.

Derivative 7a,b (1.0 mmol) was solved in 5.0 mL of a solution of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and CH2Cl2 (1:1). The reaction mixture was left at room temperature until the disappearance of the starting 7a,b (TLC check). Then, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude reaction mixture was quenched to neutrality with a saturated solution of Na2CO3 and extracted with EtOAc (20.0 mL × 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After the removal of the solvent, the crude extract was purified by crystallization or by column chromatography eluting with cyclohexane/ethyl acetate mixtures to furnish 8a,b derivatives. For obtaining 8c, the best condition found was to treat 7c (1.0 mmol) with Amberlyst 15H (500 mg) in refluxing dioxane (15.0 mL) for 12.0 h. Upon completion (monitored by TLC) the resin was filtered off in vacuo and washed with THF (20.0 mL). The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure and the crude reaction mixture was purified by crystallization.
N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-3-phenyl-2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine-7-carboxamide (8a): Yield 82% (269.3 mg) white powder from EtOAc/cyclohexane; Mp 125–127 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.22 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H, 2xNCH2CH3), 2.56 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.53 (br s, 2H, NCH2CH3), 3.74 (br s, 2H, NCH2CH3), 3.97 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.50–7.52 (m, 3H, Ar), 7.90 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.7, 13.0, 14.5, 23.9, 40.3, 43.0, 127.0, 128.9, 129.7, 131.1, 131.3, 133.5, 134.2, 150.8, 164.1 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 1611, 1574, 1562, 1557; MS m/z (ESI): 329.28 (M + H)+; calcd. for C17H20N4OS (328.43): C, 62.17; H, 6.14; N, 17.06; found: C, 62.04; H, 6.19; N, 17.15.
3,6-Dimethyl-2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine (8b): Yield 65% (108.7 mg); white needles from CHCl3/cyclohexane; Mp 57–58 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.26 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.32 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.42 (s, 2H, SCH2), 6.70 (s, 1H, CH), ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.8, 23.5, 26.1, 123.7, 128.6, 130.1, 152.0 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 1640. 1582; MS m/z (ESI): 168.06 (M + H)+; calcd. for C7H9N3S (167.23): C, 50.27; H, 5.42; N, 25.13; found: C, 50.39; H, 5.39 N, 25.06.
6-Methyl-3-oxo-N-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine-7-carboxamide (8c): Yield 74% (213.3 mg), light yellow powder from EtOAc/light petroleum ether; Mp 229–232 °C; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 2.53 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.81 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.04 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.29 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.81 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar), 9.80 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.), 12.27 (br s, 1H, NH, D2O exch.) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 9.2, 29.7, 119.8, 123.0, 128.3, 128.4, 130.6, 132.2, 138.8, 160.8, 164.6 ppm; IR (Nujol, ν, cm−1): 1679, 1666, 1595, 1582; MS m/z (ESI): 288.97 (M + H)+; calcd. for C13H12N4O2S (288.32): C, 54.15; H, 4.20; N, 19.43; found: C, 54.08; H, 4.27; N, 19.31.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, combining sequential azidation, Staudinger, and aza-Wittig reactions with CS2 on α-halohydrazones in a one-pot protocol, variously substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thiones are directly accessible in good yields and with complete control of regioselectivity. The method is particularly attractive and advantageous for its mild conditions, operational simplicity, and its efficiency as well as its robustness (wide substrate scope and tolerance of various functional groups) and reliability. The concurrent presence of reactive appendages on the obtained scaffolds ensures post-modifications toward N-bridgeheaded heterobicyclic structures.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online: procedure followed for obtaining II; copies of 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra of II [22]; copies of 1H-NMR and 13C-MNR spectra of all newly synthesized compounds; copies of HMQC of compound 5a and 8c.

Author Contributions

C.C. performed all synthetic work in laboratory; G.M. designed the experiments; G.F.; supervised the project, F.M. funding acquisition; L.D.C. validation; S.S.* conceived the synthetic route and wrote the paper.

Funding

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully thank Anna Maria Gioacchini and Samuele Lillini who competently performed the mass spectra and the Department of Biomolecular Science of the University of Urbino for the economical support.

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 5a–k are available from the authors.
Molecules 24 03785 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Schantl’s protocol for the synthesis of N-substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives I.
Scheme 1. Schantl’s protocol for the synthesis of N-substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives I.
Molecules 24 03785 sch001
Molecules 24 03785 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Pathway for the formation of 2-iminothiazoline heterocycle II.
Scheme 2. Pathway for the formation of 2-iminothiazoline heterocycle II.
Molecules 24 03785 sch002
Molecules 24 03785 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Our hypothesized disconnection of 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione I derivatives.
Scheme 3. Our hypothesized disconnection of 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione I derivatives.
Molecules 24 03785 sch003
Molecules 24 03785 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Step-by-step synthetic pathway for N-substituted 1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thione derivative 5a.
Scheme 4. Step-by-step synthetic pathway for N-substituted 1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thione derivative 5a.
Molecules 24 03785 sch004
Molecules 24 03785 sch005 550
Scheme 5. New multicomponent reaction (MCR) method for N-substituted 1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thione derivatives 5a–k.
Scheme 5. New multicomponent reaction (MCR) method for N-substituted 1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thione derivatives 5a–k.
Molecules 24 03785 sch005
Molecules 24 03785 sch006 550
Scheme 6. Synthetic approach to 2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives.
Scheme 6. Synthetic approach to 2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives.
Molecules 24 03785 sch006
Molecules 24 03785 sch007 550
Scheme 7. Different synthetic approaches to 2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives.
Scheme 7. Different synthetic approaches to 2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives.
Molecules 24 03785 sch007
Table
Table 1. Substrate scope of the MCR synthetic pathway for N-substituted 1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thione derivatives 5a–k.
Table 1. Substrate scope of the MCR synthetic pathway for N-substituted 1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thione derivatives 5a–k.
Entryα-Halohydrazone 1 Molecules 24 03785 i001One-Pot MCR
Yield (%) a, b
5
R1R2R3X
11aCO2ButMeCON(Me)2Cl5a25 a; 79 b
21bCONHPhMeCON(Me)2Cl5b53 b
31cCO2ButMeCON(Et)2Br5c72 b
41dCO2ButMeHCl5d69 b
51eCO2ButMeCONH2Br5e58 b
61fCO2ButMeCONHPhBr5f67 b
71gCONHPhMeHCl5g82 b
81hCOPhMeHCl5h59 b
91iCONHPhMeMeCl5i85 b
101j4-NO2-PhMeMeCl5j84 b
111kCO2ButPhHBr5k66 b
a Overall yield of isolated product 5a from the step-by-step reaction based on 1a; b Overall yield of isolated products 5a–k from one-pot MCR based on 1a–k.
Table
Table 2. Substrate scope of the reaction between 1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thione derivatives 5 with α-haloketones 6a,b or α-haloester 6c.
Table 2. Substrate scope of the reaction between 1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-thione derivatives 5 with α-haloketones 6a,b or α-haloester 6c.
5 67Yield (%) a8Yield (%) b
R2R3 XR4
5cMeCON(Et)26aBrPh7a848a82
5dMeH6bClMe7b938b65
5fMeCONHPh6cBrOEt7c928c74
a Yield of isolated product 7a–c based on 6a–c; b Yield of isolated product 8a–c based on 7a–c.

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Ciccolini, C.; Mari, G.; Favi, G.; Mantellini, F.; De Crescentini, L.; Santeusanio, S. Sequential MCR via Staudinger/Aza-Wittig versus Cycloaddition Reaction to Access Diversely Functionalized 1-Amino-1H-Imidazole-2(3H)-Thiones. Molecules 2019, 24, 3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203785

AMA Style

Ciccolini C, Mari G, Favi G, Mantellini F, De Crescentini L, Santeusanio S. Sequential MCR via Staudinger/Aza-Wittig versus Cycloaddition Reaction to Access Diversely Functionalized 1-Amino-1H-Imidazole-2(3H)-Thiones. Molecules. 2019; 24(20):3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203785

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ciccolini, Cecilia, Giacomo Mari, Gianfranco Favi, Fabio Mantellini, Lucia De Crescentini, and Stefania Santeusanio. 2019. "Sequential MCR via Staudinger/Aza-Wittig versus Cycloaddition Reaction to Access Diversely Functionalized 1-Amino-1H-Imidazole-2(3H)-Thiones" Molecules 24, no. 20: 3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203785

APA Style

Ciccolini, C., Mari, G., Favi, G., Mantellini, F., De Crescentini, L., & Santeusanio, S. (2019). Sequential MCR via Staudinger/Aza-Wittig versus Cycloaddition Reaction to Access Diversely Functionalized 1-Amino-1H-Imidazole-2(3H)-Thiones. Molecules, 24(20), 3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203785

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