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Review

Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications

by
Bahare Salehi
1,
Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
2,
Rabin Gyawali
3,
Salam A. Ibrahim
3,
Jovana Rajkovic
4,
Zabta Khan Shinwari
5,
Tariq Khan
5,
Javad Sharifi-Rad
6,*,
Adem Ozleyen
7,
Elif Turkdonmez
7,
Marco Valussi
8,*,
Tugba Boyunegmez Tumer
9,*,
Lianet Monzote Fidalgo
10,
Miquel Martorell
11,* and
William N. Setzer
12,13,*
1
Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
2
Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
4
Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
5
Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
6
Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35198-99951, Iran
7
Graduate Program of Biomolecular Sciences, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020 Canakkale, Turkey
8
European Herbal and Traditional Medicine Practitioners Association (EHTPA), 25 Lincoln Close, Tewkesbury GL20 5TY, UK
9
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020 Canakkale, Turkey
10
Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kouri”, Havana 10400, Cuba
11
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, 4070386 Concepcion, VIII-Bio Bio Region, Chile
12
Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
13
Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
 
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Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2019, 24(7), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071364
Submission received: 13 March 2019 / Revised: 25 March 2019 / Accepted: 3 April 2019 / Published: 7 April 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications of the Piperaceae)
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Abstract

Piper species are aromatic plants used as spices in the kitchen, but their secondary metabolites have also shown biological effects on human health. These plants are rich in essential oils, which can be found in their fruits, seeds, leaves, branches, roots and stems. Some Piper species have simple chemical profiles, while others, such as Piper nigrum, Piper betle, and Piper auritum, contain very diverse suites of secondary metabolites. In traditional medicine, Piper species have been used worldwide to treat several diseases such as urological problems, skin, liver and stomach ailments, for wound healing, and as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, Piper species could be used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food preservation. The phytochemicals and essential oils of Piper species have shown strong antioxidant activity, in comparison with synthetic antioxidants, and demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities against human pathogens. Moreover, Piper species possess therapeutic and preventive potential against several chronic disorders. Among the functional properties of Piper plants/extracts/active components the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological activities of the extracts and extract-derived bioactive constituents are thought to be key effects for the protection against chronic conditions, based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, besides clinical studies. Habitats and cultivation of Piper species are also covered in this review. In this current work, available literature of chemical constituents of the essential oils Piper plants, their use in traditional medicine, their applications as a food preservative, their antiparasitic activities and other important biological activities are reviewed.
Keywords: pepper; essential oil; antimicrobial; traditional medicine; anticancer; anti-inflammatory pepper; essential oil; antimicrobial; traditional medicine; anticancer; anti-inflammatory
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MDPI and ACS Style

Salehi, B.; Zakaria, Z.A.; Gyawali, R.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Rajkovic, J.; Shinwari, Z.K.; Khan, T.; Sharifi-Rad, J.; Ozleyen, A.; Turkdonmez, E.; et al. Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications. Molecules 2019, 24, 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071364

AMA Style

Salehi B, Zakaria ZA, Gyawali R, Ibrahim SA, Rajkovic J, Shinwari ZK, Khan T, Sharifi-Rad J, Ozleyen A, Turkdonmez E, et al. Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications. Molecules. 2019; 24(7):1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071364

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salehi, Bahare, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria, Rabin Gyawali, Salam A. Ibrahim, Jovana Rajkovic, Zabta Khan Shinwari, Tariq Khan, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Adem Ozleyen, Elif Turkdonmez, and et al. 2019. "Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications" Molecules 24, no. 7: 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071364

APA Style

Salehi, B., Zakaria, Z. A., Gyawali, R., Ibrahim, S. A., Rajkovic, J., Shinwari, Z. K., Khan, T., Sharifi-Rad, J., Ozleyen, A., Turkdonmez, E., Valussi, M., Tumer, T. B., Monzote Fidalgo, L., Martorell, M., & Setzer, W. N. (2019). Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications. Molecules, 24(7), 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071364

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