Chitosan Hydrochloride Decreases Fusarium graminearum Growth and Virulence and Boosts Growth, Development and Systemic Acquired Resistance in Two Durum Wheat Genotypes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Hydrochloride
2.2. Biostimulant Effects of Chitosan Hydrochloride on Durum Wheat
2.3. In Vivo Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Hydrochloride and Its Effectiveness on Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Induction in Durum Wheat
2.4. Chitosan Hydrochloride Effectiveness on Maintaining Grain Yield, Containing F. graminearum Biomass Spread and FHB-Associated Compounds Accumulation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fungal, Chemical and Plant Materials
4.2. In Vitro Assays
4.2.1. 96 Microtiter Plates Assay and Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
4.2.2. Incorporated Medium Assay
4.2.3. Agar Diffusion Assay
4.2.4. Real-Time qPCR
4.3. Coating of Kernels and Evaluation of the Biostimulant Effect
4.4. In Vivo Antifungal Activity Evaluation
4.5. Evaluation of Induction of SAR by Real-Time qPCR
4.6. Quantification of Fungal Biomass, Mycotoxins Analysis, and Impact on Yield
4.6.1. Determination of the Impact on Grain Yield
4.6.2. Quantification of Fungal Biomass by Real-Time qPCR
4.6.3. Detection and Quantification of Mycotoxins by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Francesconi, S.; Steiner, B.; Buerstmayr, H.; Lemmens, M.; Sulyok, M.; Balestra, G.M. Chitosan Hydrochloride Decreases Fusarium graminearum Growth and Virulence and Boosts Growth, Development and Systemic Acquired Resistance in Two Durum Wheat Genotypes. Molecules 2020, 25, 4752. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204752
Francesconi S, Steiner B, Buerstmayr H, Lemmens M, Sulyok M, Balestra GM. Chitosan Hydrochloride Decreases Fusarium graminearum Growth and Virulence and Boosts Growth, Development and Systemic Acquired Resistance in Two Durum Wheat Genotypes. Molecules. 2020; 25(20):4752. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204752
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesconi, Sara, Barbara Steiner, Hermann Buerstmayr, Marc Lemmens, Michael Sulyok, and Giorgio Mariano Balestra. 2020. "Chitosan Hydrochloride Decreases Fusarium graminearum Growth and Virulence and Boosts Growth, Development and Systemic Acquired Resistance in Two Durum Wheat Genotypes" Molecules 25, no. 20: 4752. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204752