Solubility Determination, Hansen Solubility Parameters and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Thymoquinone in (Isopropanol + Water) Compositions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. TQ Solubility Determination
2.2. Computation of Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs)
2.3. Determination of Ideal Solubility and Activity Coefficients
2.4. Apparent Thermodynamic Analysis of TQ Solution
2.5. Modeling of TQ Solubility
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of Solvent Mixtures
3.3. TQ Solubility Evaluation
3.4. Estimation of HSPs
3.5. Determination of Ideal Solubility and Activity Coefficients
3.6. Apparent Thermodynamic Analysis of TQ Solution
3.7. Solubility Correlation With Theoretical/Computational Models
3.8. Statistical Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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m | xe | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T = 298.2 K | T = 303.2 K | T = 308.2 K | T = 313.2 K | T = 318.2 K | |
0.0 | 8.25 × 10−5 | 9.35 × 10−5 | 1.06 × 10−4 | 1.28 × 10−4 | 1.48 × 10−4 |
0.1 | 1.59 × 10−4 | 1.80 × 10−4 | 2.05 × 10−4 | 2.45 × 10−4 | 2.81 × 10−4 |
0.2 | 2.96 × 10−4 | 3.35 × 10−4 | 3.79 × 10−4 | 4.51 × 10−4 | 5.23 × 10−4 |
0.3 | 5.50 × 10−4 | 6.27 × 10−4 | 7.15 × 10−4 | 8.47 × 10−4 | 9.91 × 10−4 |
0.4 | 1.06 × 10−3 | 1.18 × 10−3 | 1.35 × 10−3 | 1.60 × 10−3 | 1.83 × 10−3 |
0.5 | 1.95 × 10−3 | 2.24 × 10−3 | 2.53 × 10−3 | 2.93 × 10−3 | 3.42 × 10−3 |
0.6 | 3.68 × 10−3 | 4.20 × 10−3 | 4.71 × 10−3 | 5.46 × 10−3 | 6.34 × 10−3 |
0.7 | 6.84 × 10−3 | 7.84 × 10−3 | 8.87 × 10−3 | 1.06 × 10−2 | 1.24 × 10−2 |
0.8 | 1.30 × 10−2 | 1.52 × 10−2 | 1.72 × 10−2 | 1.93 × 10−2 | 2.22 × 10−2 |
0.9 | 2.41 × 10−2 | 2.80 × 10−2 | 3.16 × 10−2 | 3.58 × 10−2 | 4.15 × 10−2 |
1.0 | 4.47 × 10−2 | 5.17 × 10−2 | 5.85 × 10−2 | 6.56 × 10−2 | 7.63 × 10−2 |
xidl | 6.16 × 10−1 | 6.96 × 10−1 | 7.85 × 10−1 | 8.83 × 10−1 | 9.92 × 10−1 |
m | δmix/MPa1/2 |
---|---|
0.1 | 45.25 |
0.2 | 42.70 |
0.3 | 40.15 |
0.4 | 37.60 |
0.5 | 35.05 |
0.6 | 32.50 |
0.7 | 29.95 |
0.8 | 27.40 |
0.9 | 24.85 |
m | γi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T = 298.2 K | T = 303.2 K | T = 308.2 K | T = 313.2 K | T = 318.2 K | |
0.0 | 7350 | 7383 | 7349 | 6877 | 6702 |
0.1 | 3808 | 3823 | 3810 | 3598 | 3536 |
0.2 | 2049 | 2057 | 2064 | 1955 | 1898 |
0.3 | 1103 | 1099 | 1094 | 1042 | 1021 |
0.4 | 573.9 | 587.2 | 577.3 | 552.5 | 543.7 |
0.5 | 310.2 | 308.0 | 309.6 | 301.3 | 290.6 |
0.6 | 164.9 | 164.2 | 166.1 | 161.7 | 156.6 |
0.7 | 88.66 | 88.06 | 88.14 | 82.92 | 79.84 |
0.8 | 46.47 | 45.30 | 45.56 | 45.79 | 44.71 |
0.9 | 25.14 | 24.66 | 24.74 | 24.68 | 23.90 |
1.0 | 13.54 | 13.34 | 13.35 | 13.44 | 12.99 |
m | ΔsolH0/kJ/mol | ΔsolG0/kJ/mol | ΔsolS0/J/mol/K | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 23.47 | 23.35 | 0.36 | 0.9923 |
0.1 | 22.74 | 21.68 | 3.42 | 0.9942 |
0.2 | 22.65 | 20.10 | 8.25 | 0.9967 |
0.3 | 22.70 | 18.50 | 13.62 | 0.9965 |
0.4 | 22.10 | 16.87 | 16.99 | 0.9935 |
0.5 | 21.85 | 15.27 | 21.34 | 0.9962 |
0.6 | 21.31 | 13.67 | 24.78 | 0.9957 |
0.7 | 23.69 | 12.02 | 37.88 | 0.9932 |
0.8 | 20.51 | 10.41 | 32.76 | 0.9978 |
0.9 | 21.03 | 8.84 | 39.59 | 0.9980 |
1.0 | 20.66 | 7.27 | 43.48 | 0.9975 |
m | a | b | R2 | RMSD (%) | Overall RMSD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 0.02 | –2818.90 | 0.9921 | 2.09 | |
0.1 | 0.39 | –2731.50 | 0.9940 | 1.74 | |
0.2 | 0.97 | –2720.50 | 0.9926 | 1.94 | |
0.3 | 1.62 | –2726.90 | 0.9964 | 1.34 | |
0.4 | 2.03 | –2655.40 | 0.9933 | 1.76 | |
0.5 | 2.55 | –2624.40 | 0.9961 | 1.20 | 1.51 |
0.6 | 2.96 | –2559.90 | 0.9956 | 1.55 | |
0.7 | 4.54 | –2846.30 | 0.9930 | 1.74 | |
0.8 | 3.93 | –2464.00 | 0.9979 | 0.83 | |
0.9 | 4.74 | –2527.00 | 0.9980 | 1.28 | |
1.0 | 5.21 | –2482.30 | 0.9975 | 1.22 |
m | A | B | C | R2 | RMSD (%) | Overall RMSD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.0 | −423.43 | 16,530.02 | 62.93 | 0.9967 | 1.10 | |
0.1 | −331.45 | 12,432.20 | 49.31 | 0.9970 | 0.98 | |
0.2 | −446.40 | 17,720.89 | 66.49 | 0.9980 | 0.80 | |
0.3 | −273.39 | 9840.95 | 40.87 | 0.9984 | 0.75 | |
0.4 | −325.33 | 12,303.02 | 48.65 | 0.9965 | 1.11 | |
0.5 | −353.02 | 13,623.04 | 52.84 | 0.9997 | 0.51 | 0.84 |
0.6 | −361.45 | 14,091.46 | 54.16 | 0.9995 | 0.58 | |
0.7 | −455.99 | 18,196.27 | 68.44 | 0.9982 | 0.89 | |
0.8 | −47.03 | −131.00 | 7.57 | 0.9977 | 0.91 | |
0.9 | −160.29 | 5017.23 | 24.52 | 0.9987 | 0.76 | |
1.0 | −156.94 | 4929.95 | 24.09 | 0.9966 | 0.85 |
m | Log xYal | RMSD (%) | Overall RMSD (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T = 298.2 K | T = 303.2 K | T = 308.2 K | T = 313.2 K | T = 318.2 K | |||
0.1 | −3.81 | −3.75 | −3.70 | −3.62 | −3.55 | 2.40 | |
0.2 | −3.53 | −3.48 | −3.42 | −3.35 | −3.28 | 1.29 | |
0.3 | −3.26 | −3.20 | −3.15 | −3.07 | −3.01 | 1.18 | |
0.4 | −2.98 | −2.93 | −2.87 | −2.80 | −2.74 | 2.62 | |
0.5 | −2.71 | −2.65 | −2.60 | −2.53 | −2.47 | 1.71 | 2.02 |
0.6 | −2.44 | −2.38 | −2.32 | −2.26 | −2.20 | 1.30 | |
0.7 | −2.16 | −2.10 | −2.05 | −1.99 | −1.93 | 3.33 | |
0.8 | −1.89 | −1.83 | −1.78 | −1.72 | −1.65 | 2.87 | |
0.9 | −1.62 | −1.56 | −1.50 | −1.45 | −1.38 | 1.53 |
Samples | λ | h | RMSD (%) | Overall RMSD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 | 7.17 | 380.55 | 2.59 | |
0.2 | 6.56 | 414.57 | 2.42 | |
0.3 | 5.93 | 459.14 | 2.89 | |
0.4 | 5.30 | 500.45 | 1.98 | |
0.5 | 4.68 | 560.08 | 1.36 | 2.43 |
0.6 | 4.06 | 629.23 | 3.12 | |
0.7 | 3.39 | 838.70 | 3.24 | |
0.8 | 2.80 | 878.21 | 1.68 | |
0.9 | 2.18 | 2527.00 | 2.67 |
System | Jouyban–Acree | Jouyban–Acree-van’t Hoff |
---|---|---|
A1 5.21 B1 –2482.30 A2 0.02 B2 –2818.90 Ji 67.38 0.64 | ||
(IPA + H2O) | Ji 73.49 | |
RMSD (%) | 0.72 |
Material | Molecular Formula | Molar Mass (g/mole) | CAS Registry No. | Purification Method | Mass Fraction Purity | Analysis Method | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TQ | C10H12O2 | 164.20 | 490–91-5 | None | 0.980 | HPLC | Sigma Aldrich | |
IPA | C3H8O | 60.10 | 67–63-0 | None | 0.997 | GC | Sigma Aldrich | |
H2O | H2O | 18.07 | 7732–18-5 | None | - | - | Milli-Q |
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Ghazwani, M.; Begum, M.Y.; Alam, P.; Alqarni, M.H.; Yusufoglu, H.S.; Shakeel, F. Solubility Determination, Hansen Solubility Parameters and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Thymoquinone in (Isopropanol + Water) Compositions. Molecules 2021, 26, 3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113195
Ghazwani M, Begum MY, Alam P, Alqarni MH, Yusufoglu HS, Shakeel F. Solubility Determination, Hansen Solubility Parameters and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Thymoquinone in (Isopropanol + Water) Compositions. Molecules. 2021; 26(11):3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113195
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhazwani, Mohammed, M. Yasmin Begum, Prawez Alam, Mohammed H. Alqarni, Hasan S. Yusufoglu, and Faiyaz Shakeel. 2021. "Solubility Determination, Hansen Solubility Parameters and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Thymoquinone in (Isopropanol + Water) Compositions" Molecules 26, no. 11: 3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113195