Anticancer Effect of Benzimidazole Derivatives, Especially Mebendazole, on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) and Radiotherapy-Resistant TNBC In Vivo and In Vitro
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Benzimidazole Derivatives—Specifically Four Derivatives, ALB, FLU, FBZ, and MBZ—Significantly Reduced Colony Formation in MDA-MB-231 and RT-R-MDA-MB-231 Cells at No Cytotoxic Doses
2.2. ALB, FLU, FBZ, and MBZ Exhibit Anticancer Effects in an Allograft Mouse Model without Weight Loss or Hepatic and Kidney Toxicity
2.3. MBZ Effectively Suppresses Cell Migration and Invasion at Low Doses
2.4. MBZ Induces Cell Cycle Arrest in Both MDA-MB-231 and RT-R-MDA-MB-231 Cells in the G2/M Phase by Inhibiting Polymerization of Tubulin, and Effectively Induces DNA Damage in RT-R-MDA-MB-231 Cells
2.5. MBZ Downregulates the Expression of Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) Markers CD44 and OCT3/4 and Cancer-Progression-Related Protein Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule-1 (ESM-1)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Cell Viability Assay
4.4. Colony Formation Assay
4.5. Scratch Wound Healing Assay
4.6. Matrigel Invasion Assay
4.7. Cell Cycle Analysis
4.8. Tubulin Polymerization Assay
4.9. Western Blot Analysis
4.10. Animal Experiments
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
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Choi, H.S.; Ko, Y.S.; Jin, H.; Kang, K.M.; Ha, I.B.; Jeong, H.; Song, H.-N.; Kim, H.J.; Jeong, B.K. Anticancer Effect of Benzimidazole Derivatives, Especially Mebendazole, on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) and Radiotherapy-Resistant TNBC In Vivo and In Vitro. Molecules 2021, 26, 5118. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175118
Choi HS, Ko YS, Jin H, Kang KM, Ha IB, Jeong H, Song H-N, Kim HJ, Jeong BK. Anticancer Effect of Benzimidazole Derivatives, Especially Mebendazole, on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) and Radiotherapy-Resistant TNBC In Vivo and In Vitro. Molecules. 2021; 26(17):5118. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175118
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Hoon Sik, Young Shin Ko, Hana Jin, Ki Mun Kang, In Bong Ha, Hojin Jeong, Haa-Na Song, Hye Jung Kim, and Bae Kwon Jeong. 2021. "Anticancer Effect of Benzimidazole Derivatives, Especially Mebendazole, on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) and Radiotherapy-Resistant TNBC In Vivo and In Vitro" Molecules 26, no. 17: 5118. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175118