Valorization of Moroccan Bentonite Deposits: “Purification and Treatment of Margin by the Adsorption Process”
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of Adsorbent
2.1.1. Physicochemical Properties
2.1.2. XRD Characterization
2.1.3. Spectrum Analysis
2.1.4. XRF Characterization
2.2. Characteristics of Raw Margin
2.3. Adsorption Experiments
2.3.1. Evolution of Physico-Chemical Parameters
2.3.2. Total Suspended Solid Removal
2.3.3. Organic Matter Reduction
- -
- The first phase (5–50%): where the COD concentrations for the margin mixture with Iboughrdayn bentonite were reduced from 161.03 to 77.83 g·L−1. At the same time, we noticed an increase in the COD removal rate from 6.77% to 54.94%. In addition, Trebia margin/bentonite, characterized by reduced concentrations from 165.81 to 105.70 g·L−1, corresponds to elimination rates from 4.00% to 38.80%;
- -
- The second phase (50–70%): the COD concentrations for the almost constant margin/bentonite mixture vary successively for the Iboughrdain and Trebia bentonite in the interval between 73 and 96.5 g·L−1. In addition, COD removal rates vary between 57% and 44%;
- -
- The third phase beyond 70%: we distinguished a remarkable increase at the end of the treatment of the rate of elimination, with Iboughrdayn and Trebia bentonite reaching up to 93.73% and 82.80%, respectively.
2.3.4. Nitrogen Removal
2.3.5. Phosphorus Removal
- -
- The first Phase (5–20%): where the maximum phosphorus retention rate by Trebia bentonite, on the one hand, reached 34.48%, and on the other hand, Iboughrdayn bentonite at abatement reached 32.76%;
- -
- The second phase (20–99%): where the maximum total phosphorus removal reaches values between 75% and 98.14%. Phosphorus can be removed by adsorption on iron and aluminum hydroxides (Al3+), by the precipitation process [36,37,38,39], which is indeed part of the chemical composition of bentonite (Table 2).
2.3.6. Total Phenolic Compound Removal
2.3.7. Variation of Microelements
2.3.8. Heavy Metal Ion Removal
2.4. Phenol Adsorption Mechanism on Bentonite
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of the Adsorbent/Adsorbate
3.3. Characterization Methods
3.4. Adsorption Methodology
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Sample | % Sand (>60 μm) | % Silts (2–60 μm) | % Clay (<2 μm) | IG (%) | C (%) | SST (m2/g) | CEC (meq/100 g) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TrB | 32.20 | 58.69 | 9.09 | 59.18 | 36 | 518.92 | 42.42 | 9.12 |
IB | 43.9 | 38.7 | 17.3 | 36.53 | 45 | 630 | 127.12 | 8.7 |
Weight (%) | IB | TrB |
---|---|---|
Ca | 14.01 | 11.1 |
Fe | 30.93 | 28.6 |
Al | 4.81 | 7.3 |
Si | 7.94 | 0.1 |
Mn | 0.18 | 0.8 |
K | 4.06 | 4.4 |
Sr | 0.68 | 0.4 |
P | 2.12 | 3.1 |
S | 1.04 | 1.6 |
Th | 0.033 | 0.1 |
Rb | ND | 0.05 |
Y | 0.033 | 0.02 |
Mg | 32.1 | 29.3 |
Zn | 0.55 | 0.08 |
Sn | ND | 0.07 |
Ti | 1.25 | 1.2 |
Pb | 0.05 | ND |
Zr | 0.18 | 0.3 |
As | ND | 0.02 |
Parameter | Unit | Mean ± Standard Deviation (n = 3) |
---|---|---|
pH | (Unit) | 4.03 |
Electrical conductivity | (mS/cm) | 16.93 |
Chemical oxygen demand | (g·L−1) | 172.72 |
Total suspended solids | (g·L−1) | 5.93 |
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen | (g·L−1) | 2.39 |
Total polyphenols | (g·L−1) | 9.17 |
Total phosphorus | (mg·L−1) | 1.16 |
Micro-element concentrations (g·L−1) | ||
Ca | (g·L−1) | 0.62 |
K | (g·L−1) | 6.17 |
Na | (g·L−1) | 1.04 |
Cl | (g·L−1) | 1.72 |
Heavy metal concentrations (mg·L−1) | ||
Fe | (mg·L−1) | 154.82 |
Cu | (mg·L−1) | 31.72 |
Zn | (mg·L−1) | 36.14 |
Pb | (mg·L−1) | 5.28 |
Sample | Mr | Tr5% | Tr10% | Tr20% | Tr30% | Tr40% | Tr50% | Tr60% | Tr70% | Tr80% | Tr90% | Tr99% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH (Unit) | 4.03 | 4.17 | 4.19 | 4.28 | 4.84 | 5.06 | 5.63 | 5.88 | 6.19 | 6.72 | 7.81 | 8.04 |
EC (mS/cm) | 16.93 | 16.88 | 15.37 | 14.82 | 12.76 | 10.04 | 8.82 | 7.45 | 5.92 | 3.28 | 0.93 | 0.17 |
Sample | Mr | Ib5% | Ib10% | Ib20% | Ib30% | Ib40% | Ib50% | Ib60% | Ib70% | Ib80% | Ib90% | Ib99% |
pH (Unit) | 4.03 | 4.04 | 4.11 | 4.13 | 4.16 | 4.29 | 4.64 | 4.83 | 5.28 | 6.83 | 7.74 | 7.83 |
EC (mS/cm) | 16.93 | 16.72 | 16.02 | 15.83 | 14.94 | 11.73 | 9.24 | 6.38 | 5.29 | 3.82 | 0.93 | 0.12 |
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Ait Hmeid, H.; Akodad, M.; Baghour, M.; Moumen, A.; Skalli, A.; Azizi, G.; Gueddari, H.; Maach, M.; Aalaoul, M.; Anjjar, A.; et al. Valorization of Moroccan Bentonite Deposits: “Purification and Treatment of Margin by the Adsorption Process”. Molecules 2021, 26, 5528. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185528
Ait Hmeid H, Akodad M, Baghour M, Moumen A, Skalli A, Azizi G, Gueddari H, Maach M, Aalaoul M, Anjjar A, et al. Valorization of Moroccan Bentonite Deposits: “Purification and Treatment of Margin by the Adsorption Process”. Molecules. 2021; 26(18):5528. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185528
Chicago/Turabian StyleAit Hmeid, Hanane, Mustapha Akodad, Mourad Baghour, Abdelmajid Moumen, Ali Skalli, Ghizlane Azizi, Hicham Gueddari, Mostapha Maach, Mimoun Aalaoul, Ahmed Anjjar, and et al. 2021. "Valorization of Moroccan Bentonite Deposits: “Purification and Treatment of Margin by the Adsorption Process”" Molecules 26, no. 18: 5528. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185528