Corn Husk Phenolics Modulate Hepatic Antioxidant Response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Hypoxia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phenolic Compounds Profile from Corn Husk
2.2. Growth Performance and Feed Efficiency
2.3. Hepatic Antioxidant-Enzyme Activities
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Processing of Corn Husk
4.2. Phenolic Compound Extraction from Corn Husk
4.3. Identification and Quantification of PCs by UPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS
4.4. Diet Preparation
4.5. Chemical Analysis of Diets
4.6. Feeding Trial (Experiment 1)
4.6.1. Growth Parameters and Feed Efficiency (Experiment 1)
4.6.2. Liver Collection in Normoxia Condition (Experiment 1)
4.7. Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzymes (Experiment 2)
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Phenolic Compound | Rt * [min] | m/z [M − H]− | Fragment Ions MS/MS (m/z) [M − H]− | Molecular Formula | Concentration (mg/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorogenic acid | 3.73 | 353.08 | 191.05,353.08 | C16H18O9 | 10.15 |
Ferulic acid | 5.45 | 193.058 | 134.03,178.02,193.04 | C10H10O4 | 1293.41 |
p-coumaric acid | 5.06 | 163.047 | 117.04,163.03 | C9H8O3 | 573.87 |
p-hydroxybenzoic acid | 3.79 | 137.032 | 137.02,122.88,137.01 | C7H6O3 | 15.38 |
Variable | Control Diet (without CHM) | Test Diet (25 g CHM) |
---|---|---|
IW (g) | 5.09 ± 0.10 | 5.09 ± 0.08 |
FW (g) | 21.40 ± 1.34 | 21.92 ± 1.34 |
WG (%) | 320.50 ± 26.33 | 330.71 ± 24.25 |
SGR (%/day) | 3.99 ± 0.18 | 4.05 ± 0.15 |
FI (mg/fish/day) | 782.73 ± 64.43 | 803.79 ± 70.56 |
FCR | 1.73 ± 0.02 | 1.72 ± 0.03 |
HSI (%) | 1.92 ± 0.52 | 2.06 ± 0.66 |
S (%) | 93.33 ± 6.67 | 95.56 ± 3.85 |
Ingredient (g/kg) | Control Diet (without CHM) | Test Diet (25 g CHM) |
---|---|---|
Fish meal (sardine) a | 615 | 615 |
Fish oil b | 43 | 43 |
Cellulose c | 50 | 25 |
Corn husk meal d | - | 25 |
Cornstarch c | 261.4 | 261.4 |
Alginate c | 20 | 20 |
* Mineral premix e | 5 | 5 |
** Vitamin premix e | 5 | 5 |
Vitamin C f | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Composition (g/kg dry matter) | ||
Dry matter | 946.45 | 945.96 |
Crude protein | 449.99 | 449.63 |
Crude lipid | 93.95 | 93.54 |
Ash | 201.04 | 203.76 |
NFE g | 255.02 | 252.79 |
Phenolic content (g GAE/kg) | 0.00 | 0.28 |
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Galeana-López, J.A.; Lizárraga-Velázquez, C.E.; Hernández, C.; Leyva-López, N.; Heredia, J.B. Corn Husk Phenolics Modulate Hepatic Antioxidant Response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Hypoxia. Molecules 2021, 26, 6161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206161
Galeana-López JA, Lizárraga-Velázquez CE, Hernández C, Leyva-López N, Heredia JB. Corn Husk Phenolics Modulate Hepatic Antioxidant Response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Hypoxia. Molecules. 2021; 26(20):6161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206161
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaleana-López, José Andrés, Cynthia E. Lizárraga-Velázquez, Crisantema Hernández, Nayely Leyva-López, and J. Basilio Heredia. 2021. "Corn Husk Phenolics Modulate Hepatic Antioxidant Response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Hypoxia" Molecules 26, no. 20: 6161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206161