Spermidine Prevents Ethanol and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Spermidine Prevents Ethanol and LPS-induced Liver Injury
2.2. Spermidine Prevents Ethanol and LPS-induced Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation
2.3. Spermidine Prevents Ethanol and LPS-induced Activation of Inflammatory Mediators
2.4. Spermidine Prevents Ethanol and LPS-induced Hepatic Fibrosis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Mice and Diet
4.2. Plasma Liver Injury Markers
4.3. Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
4.4. Reactive Oxygen Species and Hydroxyproline Determinations
4.5. Total, Nuclear and Cytosolic Protein Extraction
4.6. SDS-PAGE and Western Blot Analysis
4.7. RNA Extraction and Quantitative RT-PCR
4.8. Sirius Red Staining
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations:
4-HNE | 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal |
DEN | diethylnitrosamine |
EtOH | ethanol |
IκB | inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B |
IL1β | interleukin 1 beta |
IL6 | interleukin 6 |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
NFκB | nuclear factor kappa B |
PDGF-βR | platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
αSMA | alpha smooth muscle actin |
SPN | spermidine |
TNFα | tumor necrosis factor alpha |
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Adhikari, R.; Shah, R.; Reyes-Gordillo, K.; Arellanes-Robledo, J.; Cheng, Y.; Ibrahim, J.; Tuma, P.L. Spermidine Prevents Ethanol and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice. Molecules 2021, 26, 1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061786
Adhikari R, Shah R, Reyes-Gordillo K, Arellanes-Robledo J, Cheng Y, Ibrahim J, Tuma PL. Spermidine Prevents Ethanol and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice. Molecules. 2021; 26(6):1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061786
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdhikari, Raghabendra, Ruchi Shah, Karina Reyes-Gordillo, Jaime Arellanes-Robledo, Ying Cheng, Joseph Ibrahim, and Pamela L. Tuma. 2021. "Spermidine Prevents Ethanol and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice" Molecules 26, no. 6: 1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061786