Application of the Dehydration Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction (DHLLE) Sample Preparation Method for Fingerprinting of Honey Volatiles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. GC-MS Profiles of the Obtained Honey Extracts
2.2. Comparison of the Results with Literature Data Obtained Using Ultrasonic Solvent Extraction and Solid-Phase Extraction Methods
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Samples
3.2. Dehydration Homogenous Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method
3.3. Chromatographic Conditions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Compound | RI | Cornflower | Willow | Coffee | Phacelia | Buckwheat | Eucalyptus | Heather | Savory | Canola | Mandarin | Black locust | Asphodel | Purple milk thistle | Dandelion | Rosemary | Sunflower | Fir | Linden | Red clover | Sage | Moltkia | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area [%] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Benzene derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1,3-Dimethylbenzene ** | <900 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | 1,2-Dimethylbenzene ** | 902 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | Benzaldehyde S | 966 | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | 0.4 | 0.1 | - | - | 0.3 | 0.7 | - | - | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.4 | - | - | 1.1 | - |
4 | Benzyl alcohol S | 1037 | 0.7 | 0.9 | - | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 2.2 | - | - | - | 0.8 | - |
5 | Phenylacetaldehyde S | 1048 | 0.4 | - | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | - | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 21.0 | 0.2 | 2.9 | - | - | - | 2.1 | 14.3 | 0.7 |
6 | 1-Phenylethanone S | 1072 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - |
7 | 2-Phenylethanol S | 1116 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - | 1.0 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
8 | Phenylacetonitrile S | 1142 | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
9 | Benzoic acid S | 1162 | 1.4 | 2.1 | - | 2.5 | 4.5 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 1.2 | - | - | 0.5 | 4.3 | - | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.3 | - | 3.2 | - |
10 | 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran (coumaran) S | 1249 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 4.0 | - | 0.3 | - | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.3 | - | - | 2.0 | - | 3.8 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 0.5 | - |
11 | Phenylacetic acid S | 1269 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 3.5 | - | 5.7 | - | - | 1.3 | - | - | 4.5 | 15.6 | 2.0 | - | 10.3 | 1.6 | - | 2.0 | - |
12 | 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)phenol S | 1309 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - |
13 | 4-Vinyl-2-methoxyphenol S | 1314 | 1.1 | 0.2 | - | 2.1 | 2.1 | - | 0.3 | - | - | 5.5 | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.5 | - |
14 | 2,4,5-Trimethylphenol * | 1317 | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 1.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
15 | Hydroquinone S | 1328 | - | - | 1.4 | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
16 | 3-Hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one S | 1354 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.6 | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
17 | Eugenol S | 1361 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.9 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | 0.3 | - |
18 | 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol S | 1402 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 1.6 | - | 0.3 | - | - | 3.0 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 4.2 | 2.6 | 1.2 | - | 3.2 | 1.5 | 3.3 |
19 | α-(Phenylmethyl)benzeneethanol S | 1418 | 3.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
20 | 4-(1-Methylethyl)benzoic acid (cumic acid) S | 1437 | 0.4 | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - |
21 | 3-Phenylprop-2-enoic acid (cinnamic acid) S | 1445 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
22 | 4-Hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol) S | 1445 | - | 1.3 | - | 0.5 | 0.9 | - | - | 0.4 | 3.3 | 0.7 | - | - | 0.2 | 0.5 | - | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | - | - | - |
23 | Dimethyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate S | 1468 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
24 | 2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol S | 1514 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
25 | 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol S | 1517 | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | - | - |
26 | Methyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate S | 1521 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
27 | β-Phenyllactic acid S | 1543 | 9.4 | - | - | - | - | - | 25.6 | - | - | - | - | - | 26.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
28 | p-Hydroxybenzoic acid S | 1575 | - | 1.6 | - | - | 3.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | 7.6 |
29 | Methyl 3,5-dimethoxybenzoate S | 1579 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
30 | 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde S | 1608 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
31 | 4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)butan-2-one (zingerone) S | 1649 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.7 | - | - | - | - | - |
32 | Syringaldehyde S | 1665 | - | - | - | 1.6 | - | - | - | 5.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 | - | 2.2 | - | - |
33 | 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzenemethanol S | 1667 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | - |
34 | 4-Hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde S | 1738 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
35 | 4-(3-Hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-methoxyphenol ** (coniferyl alcohol) | 1744 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - |
36 | Methyl syringate (methyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate) S | 1774 | - | 3.7 | - | 4.7 | - | 5.7 | - | 72.6 | 25.9 | 0.7 | - | 85.8 | 4.1 | - | 6.2 | 4.7 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 6.1 | 5.2 | - |
37 | 2-Phenoxyethyl phenyl ether (1,2-diphenoxyethane) S | 1802 | - | - | - | 0.9 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 1.3 | - | - | - | 1.7 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - |
Monoterpenes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | α-Pinene S | 942 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
39 | trans-Linalool oxide S | 1076 | 0.1 | - | - | 2.4 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | 0.3 | - | - |
40 | cis-Linalool oxide S | 1095 | - | - | - | 2.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
41 | Linalool S | 1101 | - | 0.2 | - | - | 0.4 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
42 | Hotrienol S | 1113 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.9 | - | 0.3 | - | 2.9 | - | - | 0.2 | - | 1.5 | - |
43 | Lilac aldehyde D | 1168 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
44 | trans-Epoxylinalool | 1178 | - | - | - | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
45 | cis-Epoxylinalool | 1183 | - | - | - | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
46 | p-Cymen-8-ol S | 1188 | 0.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
47 | 3,7-Dimethylocta-1,5-diene-3,7-diol (terpendiol I) S | 1191 | - | 0.7 | - | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | 2.4 | - | 0.6 | - | - | 1.0 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - |
48 | 1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-ol (2-hydroxy-1,8-cineole) | 1226 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
49 | Thymol S | 1298 | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - |
50 | Limonene-1,2-diol S | 1345 | - | - | - | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | 1.0 | - | - | - |
51 | 8-Acetoxylinalool | 1349 | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
52 | Hydroxylinalool ** | 1365 | - | 0.7 | - | 2.6 | - | - | - | - | - | 5.5 | 1.9 | - | 1.0 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
53 | p-Menth-1-ene-7,8-diol S | 1463 | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
54 | 4-Isopropenylcyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid | 1531 | 5.3 | - | - | - | 5.0 | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | 15.6 | - | - | - |
55 | 4-(2-Hydroxy-2-propanyl)cyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid | 1611 | 1.5 | - | - | - | 9.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.6 | 29.5 | - | - | - |
Norisoprenoids | |||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | 4-Ketoisophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dione) S | 1147 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
57 | 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dione S | 1171 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
58 | 4-Hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one S | 1312 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
59 | β-Damascenone S | 1385 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
60 | 3,4-Dihydro-3-oxoedulan | 1488 | 1.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
61 | 3-Hydroxy-β-damascone | 1617 | - | 2.8 | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
62 | 3-Oxo-α-damascone | 1642 | - | 2.0 | - | - | - | - | 2.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
63 | 3-Hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionol | 1650 | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
64 | 3-Oxo-α-ionol (4-(3-hydroxy-but-1-enyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one) S | 1660 | 4.5 | - | - | 1.0 | - | 2.5 | 1.3 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 1.9 | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - |
65 | 3-Oxo-α-ionone (3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxo-but-1-enyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one) S | 1665 | 1.9 | - | 0.5 | 1.5 | - | 14.2 | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
66 | 3-Hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone | 1689 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.9 | - | - |
67 | 3-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionone | 1720 | - | - | - | 1.3 | - | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
68 | (E)-3-Oxo-retro-α-ionol (6,7-dehydro-7,8-dihydro-3-oxo-alpha-ionol) | 1734 | 7.6 | 1.0 | - | 1.8 | - | 0.8 | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
69 | (Z)-3-Oxo-retro-α-ionol (9-(hydroxymegastigma-4,6-dien-3-one) | 1787 | 9.4 | 7.6 | - | 2.4 | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
70 | 4-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-4-(3-oxo-1-butenyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one | 1790 | - | 1.9 | 1.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
71 | Dehydrovomifoliol S | 1796 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 9.4 | - | - | 3.6 | - | - | 18.2 | - |
72 | Vomifoliol S | 1802 | 5.4 | 17.1 | - | 4.5 | 0.9 | 33.2 | - | 0.8 | - | 2.2 | 2.4 | - | 5.0 | - | 2.3 | 0.2 | - | 2.4 | - | - | 15.2 |
73 | (E)-4-r-1′,t-2′,c-4′-Trihydroxy-3′,6′,6′-trimethylcyclohexyl)but-3-en-2-one | 1949 | - | - | - | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Aliphatic aldehydes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
74 | 3-Methylpentanal S | 1022 | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
75 | Nonanal S | 1105 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Aliphatic alcohols | |||||||||||||||||||||||
76 | Dodecan-1-ol S | 1479 | 1.3 | - | - | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 0.3 | - | - | 1.0 | 6.3 | - | - | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 1.8 | - | 3.4 | 1.2 | - |
77 | Hexadecan-1-ol S | 1882 | - | - | - | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | - | - | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | - | - | - | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | - | 0.6 | - | - |
78 | (Z)-Octadec-9-en-1-ol S | 2060 | - | - | - | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2.1 | - | 0.6 | 8.4 | 4.5 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 2.3 | 6.7 | 1.2 | 2.4 | - |
79 | Octadecan-1-ol S | 2084 | - | 1.9 | - | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 20.0 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 3.5 | - | 8.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | - |
Aliphatic acids | |||||||||||||||||||||||
80 | 3-Methylbutanoic acid (isovaleric acid) S | <900 | - | 0.2 | - | - | 3.5 | 7.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
81 | 2-Methylbutanoic acid S | <900 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
82 | Pentanoic acid (valeric acid) S | <900 | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
83 | 3-Methylpentanoic acid (3-methylvaleric acid S | 952 | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
84 | (E)-2-methylpent-2-enoic acid S | 1006 | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
85 | 2-Ethylhexanoic acid S | 1133 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
86 | Nonanoic acid S | 1283 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
87 | Dodecanoic acid S | 1573 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | 2.1 | 1.0 | - | - | - | - |
88 | Tetradecanoic acid S | 1769 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | - |
89 | Hexadecanoic acid S | 1963 | - | 1.0 | - | 1.2 | 2.4 | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.9 | - | - |
90 | (Z)-Octadec-9-enoic acid S | 2147 | 3.2 | 3.1 | - | 2.1 | 1.0 | - | 0.8 | - | - | 9.5 | 14.1 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 5.8 | 20.8 | 2.5 | 13.9 | 14.7 | 1.8 | 7.3 | - |
91 | Octadecanoic acid S | 2181 | 0.7 | 4.1 | - | 0.9 | - | - | - | - | 14.7 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.1 | - | 3.2 |
Aliphatic hydrocarbons | |||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | Dodecane S | 1200 | 0.2 | 0.4 | - | 2.0 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | 0.8 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - |
93 | Tetradecane S | 1400 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | - | - | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.7 | - | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.7 |
94 | Pentadecane S | 1500 | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - |
95 | Hexadecane S | 1600 | - | - | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | - | - | - | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.1 | - | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | - | 1.3 | 1.2 | - |
96 | Heptadecane S | 1700 | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.8 | 0.3 | - | 1.0 | - | - |
97 | Octadecane S | 1800 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.3 | 0.6 | - | 1.6 | - | - |
98 | Nonadecane S | 1900 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | 0.1 | - | - | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | - | 0.2 | - | - |
99 | Eicosane S | 2000 | - | - | - | - | 0.6 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 0.9 | 4.5 | 2.3 | - | - | - | - |
100 | Heneicosane S | 2100 | 0.7 | 4.1 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 1.0 | - | 0.5 | - | - | 2.5 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 9.9 | 13.6 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 4.5 |
101 | (Z)-Tricos-9-ene | 2265 | - | 1.1 | - | 2.5 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.7 | - | 4.1 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 2.3 |
102 | Tricosane S | 2300 | 3.4 | 11.1 | 1.1 | 7.1 | 13.2 | 5.5 | 1.4 | - | 8.0 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 20.8 | 9.5 | 1.5 | 9.5 | 2.7 | 17.0 |
103 | Tetracosane S | 2400 | 6.9 | - | - | - | - | 5.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Nitrogen compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||
104 | 1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one S | 1480 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
105 | 5-Aminoindanone S | 1594 | - | 2.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.9 | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | - | - |
106 | 1,4-Dimethylindan-2-yl acetate | 1651 | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
107 | 1H-Indole-2,3-dione S | 1724 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
108 | 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde S | 1824 | - | - | - | - | 1.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
109 | Caffeine S | 1856 | - | - | 56.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 12.5 | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
110 | Theobromine S | 1925 | - | - | 26.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
111 | Methyl indole-3-acetate S | 1995 | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | 5.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Furan derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||
112 | Furfural S | <900 | - | - | - | - | 2.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
113 | Furyl alcohol S | <900 | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
114 | 1-(2-Furanyl)ethanone (2-acetylfuran) S | 908 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
115 | Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone (α-methyl-γ-butyrolactone) S | 955 | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
116 | Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone (γ-valerolactone) S | 964 | - | - | - | - | 4.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
117 | 5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde S | 969 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
118 | 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one | 982 | 1.0 | - | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | - | 1.1 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | - | 0.5 | 3.0 |
119 | 3-Hydroxy-4,4-dimethyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone (pantolactone) S | 1043 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.3 | - | - | - | - |
120 | Furan-2,5-dicarboxaldehyde S | 1084 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 15.4 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 | - | - | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 7.9 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 8.1 | - | 15.2 | 10.5 | 13.6 |
121 | Furyl hydroxymethyl ketone S | 1086 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 1.6 | - | 4.3 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.4 | - | 2.7 | 7.6 | 1.8 | 4.1 | 2.7 | - | 3.3 | 4.7 | - | 10.6 | 9.0 | 11.2 |
122 | Dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone S | 1193 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
123 | 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural S | 1230 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 0.7 |
Pyran derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||
124 | Maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one) S | 1117 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 9.3 | - | 3.3 |
125 | 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one S | 1151 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | - | - | 4.3 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 1.9 | - | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 5.1 |
126 | 3,5-Dihydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one S | 1192 | 0.6 | - | - | - | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||
127 | 2-Hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-one S | 934 | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
128 | 2-Hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one (corylone) S | 1033 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - |
129 | 4-Methyl-4-vinylbutyrolactone (lavender lactone) | 1042 | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
130 | 1,1,6-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (dehydro-ar-ionene) S | 1354 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | - | - |
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Kuś, P.M.; Jerković, I. Application of the Dehydration Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction (DHLLE) Sample Preparation Method for Fingerprinting of Honey Volatiles. Molecules 2021, 26, 2277. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082277
Kuś PM, Jerković I. Application of the Dehydration Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction (DHLLE) Sample Preparation Method for Fingerprinting of Honey Volatiles. Molecules. 2021; 26(8):2277. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082277
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuś, Piotr M., and Igor Jerković. 2021. "Application of the Dehydration Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction (DHLLE) Sample Preparation Method for Fingerprinting of Honey Volatiles" Molecules 26, no. 8: 2277. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082277