Use of Ferulic Acid in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Use of FA to Prevent and Treat DM
2.1. The Effects of FA on Hepatic Glucose Production
2.2. The Effects of FA on β-Cell Function
2.3. The Effects of FA on Lipid Metabolism
3. Use of FA to Prevent and Treat DM Complications
3.1. The Effects of FA on Diabetic Nephropathy
3.2. The Effects of FA on Diabetic Neuropathy
3.3. The Effects of FA on Diabetic Hypertension
3.4. The Effects of FA on Diabetic Retinopathy
3.5. The Effects of FA on Wound Healing with DM
3.6. The Effects of FA on Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
3.7. The Effects of FA on Diabetic Alzheimer′s Disease
4. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Diabetic Models | Dosage Range | Major Reported Antidiabetic Endpoints | References |
---|---|---|---|
STZ (40 mg/kg i.p. injection) in Wistar rats | 10 mg/kg for 45 days, i.v. | Increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx, SOD and CAT, neutralizing STZ-induced free radicals in the pancreas. | [20] |
High-fat diet + fructose in Wistar rats | 50 mg/kg for 30 days, i.g. | Decreasing hepatic glucose production in the liver tissue, returning blood glucose, serum insulin, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance to the normal range. | [11] |
High-fat diet in male C57BL/6N mice | 0.5% supplemented diet ad libitum for 7 weeks | Increasing the activity of hepatic GK enzyme, and reducing the activities of G6Pase and PEPCK. | [19] |
High-fat diet in gestational SD rat | 20 mg/kg for 12 weeks, i.g. | Inhibiting the apoptosis of β-cells in pancreatic islets. | [28] |
STZ (60 mg/kg i.p. injection) in Wistar rats | 50 mg/kg for 8 weeks, i.g. | Reducing the lipid peroxidation in pancreatic tissues. | [29] |
STZ (60 mg/kg i.p. injection) in Wistar rats | 10 mg/kg for 3 weeks (in combination with metformin), i.g. | Improving impaired β-cell regeneration. | [30] |
High-fat diet in ICR mice | 25 and 50 mg/kg for 8 weeks, i.v. | Reducing the levels of plasma TG, FFA, cholesterol and phospholipids, decreasing expression of SREBP1c, FAS, ACC, CPT1a, and PPARα. | [35] |
STZ (40 mg/kg i.p. injection) in Wistar rats | 10 mg/kg for 45 days, i.g. | Reducing the levels of TBARS, hydroperoxides and FFA in the liver. | [37] |
STZ (150 mg/kg i.p. injection) in ICR mice | 0.01% supplemented diet ad libitum for 7 weeks | Reducing TBARS in brown adipose tissue. | [38] |
Diabetic Models (In Vitro and In Vivo) | Dosage Range | Diabetic Complications | Beneficial Effects and Involved Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
STZ (50 mg/kg i.v. injection) in male SD rats | 100 mg/kg for 8 weeks, i.g. | Diabetic nephropathy | Improving the renal organ coefficient, increasing activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx. | [39] |
STZ (50 mg/kg i.p. injection) in Wistar rats | 50 mg/kg for 8 weeks, i.g. | Diabetic nephropathy | Ameliorating renal cell apoptosis, inflammation and defective autophagy, modulating advanced AGEs, NF-κB, MAPKs, P38, JNK Erk1/2 signaling pathways. | [43] |
Sucrose (30% in drinking water) in OLETF rats | 10 mg/kg for 20 weeks, i.g. | Diabetic nephropathy | Reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and decreasing the ACR, urinary MDA and MCP-1 levels. | [48] |
STZ (55 mg/kg i.p. injection) in SD rats | 100 mg/kg for 4 weeks (in combination with insulin), i.g. | Diabetic neuropathy | Downregulating the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, decreasing COX-2 activity in the sciatic nerve. | [54] |
STZ (50 mg/kg i.p. injection) in male Wistar rats | 20 mg/kg for 6 weeks, i.g. | Diabetic hypertension | Improving endothelial-dependent relaxation, NO production and vasoconstriction capacity in isolated aorta. | [71] |
STZ (55 mg/kg i.p. injection) in C57BL/5J mice | 100 mg/kg HF containing FA as a major component for 4 weeks, i.g. | Diabetic retinopathy | Attenuating retinal vascular degeneration through upregulating the level of claudin-1 and inhibiting the activation of AGEs receptors | [78] |
HG (30 mmol/L) induced ARPE-19 cells | 10 mmol/L | Diabetic retinopathy | Ameliorating the expression p53, Bcl2 and Bax. | [76] |
STZ (50 mg/kg i.p. injection) in Wistar rats | 10 and 20 mg/kg for 14 days, i.g. | Diabetic wound healing | Improving blood fluidity, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and exhibiting strong antioxidant activity. | [77] |
STZ (50 mg/kg i.p. injection) in Wistar rats | 50 mg/kg for 8 weeks, i.g. | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Activating cardiac PI3K, Akt and GSK-3β, and ameliorating the translocation GLUT4. | [89] |
STZ (35 mg/kg i.p. injection) and high-glucose-fat diet in Wistar rats | 15 and 30 mg/kg for 4 weeks, i.g. | Diabetic Alzheimer′s disease | Regulating the accumulation of PTP1B and Aβ, as well as blocking neuroinflammation and activating the insulin signaling pathway. | [9] |
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Li, X.; Wu, J.; Xu, F.; Chu, C.; Li, X.; Shi, X.; Zheng, W.; Wang, Z.; Jia, Y.; Xiao, W. Use of Ferulic Acid in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Molecules 2022, 27, 6010. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186010
Li X, Wu J, Xu F, Chu C, Li X, Shi X, Zheng W, Wang Z, Jia Y, Xiao W. Use of Ferulic Acid in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Molecules. 2022; 27(18):6010. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186010
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xu, Jingxian Wu, Fanxing Xu, Chun Chu, Xiang Li, Xinyi Shi, Wen Zheng, Zhenzhong Wang, Ying Jia, and Wei Xiao. 2022. "Use of Ferulic Acid in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications" Molecules 27, no. 18: 6010. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186010