Research of Nanomaterials as Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Chemical method of producing hydrides. Here, metal hydrides are synthesized by chemical interactions [1], but this can be realized only for a limited amount of hydrides [18]. The disadvantage of this method of producing hydrides is the irreversibility of this process. Fundamentally, the process of regenerating the starting hydrides for their use in chemical reactions is possible, but not practical, based on economic considerations. Because of this, the method discussed is considered unacceptable for onboard hydrogen storage systems.
- The standard thermochemical method allows the accumulation of hydrogen in metal hydrides and carbon materials by applying a certain temperature and pressure for hydrogenation (T1, P1) and dehydrogenation (T2, P2), respectively:
- The electrochemical method is associated with the accumulation of hydrogen in metal hydrides and carbon materials by decomposition of the electrolyte. Hydrogen, which is released as a result of the reaction, is adsorbed at the cathode. Then most of it escapes into the atmosphere, and a small part of hydrogen penetrates into the deep layers of the cathode. In addition, due to the dense packing of the electrodes in batteries, part of the hydrogen enters the anode and accumulates in it. First, hydrogen is present inside the cathode (and anode) in an unbound state as the α-phase. With a long electrolysis process, hydrogen forms bound states over time with the metal in the form of a β-phase. Metal hydrides [1,18] are thus formed.
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
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Battery Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Service life (years) | New | 1.0 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 7.5 |
Amount of gas (Ni) (liters) | 0 | 11.0 | 16.3 | 25.2 | 28.7 | 32.0 | 32.1 | 32.1 | 32.0 |
Amount of gas (Cd) (liters) | 0 | 11.0 | 12.8 | 15.4 | 19.9 | 21.0 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 21.1 |
Battery Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Service life (years) | New | 1.0 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 10.0 |
Amount of gas (Ni) (liters) | 0 | 16.4 | 31.3 | 35.7 | 36.2 | 36.1 | 36.0 | 35.9 | 36.0 |
Amount of gas (Cd) (liters) | 0 | 8.5 | 16.3 | 24.6 | 27.1 | 27.2 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 26.9 |
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Yazvinskaya, N.N.; Lipkin, M.S.; Galushkin, N.E.; Galushkin, D.N. Research of Nanomaterials as Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage. Molecules 2022, 27, 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030837
Yazvinskaya NN, Lipkin MS, Galushkin NE, Galushkin DN. Research of Nanomaterials as Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):837. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030837
Chicago/Turabian StyleYazvinskaya, Nataliya N., Mikhail S. Lipkin, Nikolay E. Galushkin, and Dmitriy N. Galushkin. 2022. "Research of Nanomaterials as Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage" Molecules 27, no. 3: 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030837