Rapid Sample Screening Method for Authenticity Controlling of Vanilla Flavours Using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection Using Aluminium-Doped Zirconia Nanoparticles-Modified Electrode
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterisation of Aluminium-Doped ZrO2 Nanoparticles (Al-ZrO2-NPs)
2.2. Optimisation the Experimental Parameters
2.3. Validation of the Methodology
2.4. Analytical Application
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Standards
3.2. Instruments and Apparatus
3.3. Preparation of Aluminum-Doped ZrO2 Nanoparticles (Al-ZrO2-NPs)
3.4. Preparation of Modified Electrode
3.5. Sample Preparation
3.6. Chromatographic Conditions and Amperometric Detection at Al-ZrO2-NPs/SPCE
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Markers | Linear Range (µg g−1) | A = (a ± Sa)C + (b ± Sb) | R2 | LOD (µg g−1) | LOQ (µg g−1) | RSD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V-OH | 0.5–25 | A = (9.76 × 10−7 ± 7.68 × 10−9 )C + (1.27 × 10−7 ± 3.59 × 10−8) | 0.9997 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 3.94 |
p-HBA | 0.5–25 | A = (3.62 × 10−7 ± 3.4 × 10−9)C − (1.16 × 10−7 ± 1.73 × 10−8) | 0.9997 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 4.32 |
VA | 0.5–25 | A = (1.06 × 10−6 ± 1.07 × 10−8)C − (1.01 × 10−8 ± 5.01 × 10−8) | 0.9995 | 0.14 | 0.46 | 2.89 |
p-HB | 0.5–25 | A = (1.63 × 10−7 ± 1.07 × 10−9)C − (1.88 × 10−8 ± 5.46 × 10−9) | 0.9998 | 0.10 | 0.33 | 4.33 |
Van | 0.5–25 | A = (1.31 × 10−6 ± 1.37 × 10−8)C + (1.15 × 10−7 ± 6.39 × 10−8) | 0.9995 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 4.76 |
EVan | 0.5–25 | A = (1.39 × 10−6 ± 1.44 × 10−8)C + (3.68 × 10−7 ± 6.75 × 10−8) | 0.9995 | 0.13 | 0.48 | 3.54 |
Markers | Vanilla Natural Extract (A); µg g−1 | Vanilla Extract Product (B); µg g−1 | Vanilla Extract Product (C); µg g−1 | Vanilla Extract Product (D); µg g−1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ED Detector | DAD Detector | ED Detector | DAD Detector | ED Detector | DAD Detector | ED Detector | DAD Detector | |
V-OH | ND | ND | 31.07 ± 0.32 | 33.07 ± 1.21 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
p-HBA | 6.67 ± 0.39 | 7.12 ± 0.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
VA | 9.15 ± 0.19 | 8.84 ± 0.07 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
p-HB | 5.10 ± 0.01 | 6.05 ± 0.14 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Van | 98.57 ± 3.61 | 101.5 ± 1.38 | 61.62 ± 0.36 | 59.2 ± 0.81 | 10.25 ± 0.31 | 11.06 ± 0.85 | ND | ND |
EVan | ND | ND | 66.02 ± 0.9 | 68.41 ± 0.22 | ND | ND | 11.7 ± 0.08 | 10.2 ± 0.26 |
Ratio Level Limits (1): Van/p-HBA = 110 − 53 | Ratio Level Limits (1): Van/p-HB = 20 − 10 | Ratio Level Limits (1): Van/VA = 29 − 15 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-HBA (µg g−1) | p-HB (µg g−1) | VA (µg g−1) | |||
Expected Concentration (2) | LOQ | Expected Concentration (2) | LOQ | Expected Concentration (2) | LOQ |
0.093–0.19 | 0.47 | 0.51–1.02 | 0.33 | 0.35–0.68 | 0.46 |
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Benmassaoud, Y.; Murtada, K.; Salghi, R.; Zougagh, M.; Ríos, Á. Rapid Sample Screening Method for Authenticity Controlling of Vanilla Flavours Using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection Using Aluminium-Doped Zirconia Nanoparticles-Modified Electrode. Molecules 2022, 27, 2915. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092915
Benmassaoud Y, Murtada K, Salghi R, Zougagh M, Ríos Á. Rapid Sample Screening Method for Authenticity Controlling of Vanilla Flavours Using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection Using Aluminium-Doped Zirconia Nanoparticles-Modified Electrode. Molecules. 2022; 27(9):2915. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092915
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenmassaoud, Yassine, Khaled Murtada, Rachid Salghi, Mohammed Zougagh, and Ángel Ríos. 2022. "Rapid Sample Screening Method for Authenticity Controlling of Vanilla Flavours Using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection Using Aluminium-Doped Zirconia Nanoparticles-Modified Electrode" Molecules 27, no. 9: 2915. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092915